Efeito pró-inflamatório de uma lectina purificada da esponja marinha Cliona varians

A galactose and sucrose specific lectin from the marine sponge Cliona varians named CvL was purified by acetone fractionation followed by Sepharose CL 4B affinity chromatography. Models of leukocyte migration in vivo were used to study the inflammatory activity of CvL through of mouse paw oedema and peritonitis. Effect of CvL on peritoneal macrophage activation was analyzed. Effects of corticoids and NSAIDS drugs were also evaluated on peritonitis stimulated by CvL. Results showed that mouse hind-paw oedema induced by sub plantar injections of CvL was dependent dose until 50µg/paw. This CvL dose when administered into mouse peritoneal cavities induced maxima cell migration (9283 cells/µL) at 24 hours after injection. This effect was preferentially inhibited by incubation of CvL with the carbohydrates D-galactose followed by sucrose. Pre-treatment of mice with 3% thioglycolate increases the peritoneal macrophage population 2.3 times, and enhanced the neutrophil migration after 24h CvL injection (75.8%, p<0.001) and no significant effect was observed in presence of fMLP. Finally, Pre-treatment of mice with dexamethason (cytokine antagonist) decreased 65.6%, (p<0.001), with diclofenac (non-selective NSAID) decreased 34.5%, (p<0.001) and Celecoxib (selective NSAID) had no effect on leukocyte migration after submission at peritonitis stimulated by CvL, respectively. Summarizing, data suggest that CvL shows pro-inflammatory activity, inducing neutrophil migration probably by pathway on resident macrophage activation and on chemotaxis mediated by cytokines

Produção de lacases pelo fungo filamentoso de origem marinha Peniophora sp. CBMAI 1063 em biorreator de bancada

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

I. Development of the In Situ Reductive Ozonolysis of Alkenes with Tertiary Amine N-Oxides. II. Progress toward the Asymmetric Synthesis of Peroxyplakoric Acid A3.

Ozone, first discovered in the mid 1800’s, is a triatomic allotrope of oxygen that is a powerful oxidant. For over a century, research has been conducted into the synthetic application and mechanism of reactions of ozone with organic compounds. One of the major areas of interest has been the ozonolysis of alkenes. The production of carbonyl compounds is the most common synthetic application of ozonolysis. The generally accepted mechanism developed by Rudolf Criegee for this reaction involves the 1,3-electrocyclic addition of ozone to the π bond of the alkene to form a 1,2,3-trioxolane or primary ozonide. The primary ozonide is unstable at temperatures above -100 °C and undergoes cycloreversion to produce the carbonyl oxide and carbonyl intermediates. These intermediates then recombine in another 1,3-electrocyclic addition step to form the 1,2,4-trioxolane or final ozonide. While the final ozonide is often isolable, most synthetic applications of ozonolysis require a subsequent reductive or oxidative step to form the desired carbonyl compound. During investigations into the nucleophilic trapping of the reactive carbonyl oxide, it was discovered that when amines were used as additives, an increased amount of reaction time was required in order to consume all of the starting material. Surprisingly, significant amounts of aldehydes and a suppression of ozonide formation also occurred which led to the discovery that amine N-oxides formed by the ozonation of the amine additives in the reaction were intercepting the carbonyl oxide. From the observed production of aldehydes, our proposed mechanism for the in situ reductive ozonolysis reaction with amine N-oxides involves the nucleophilic trapping of the carbonyl oxide intermediate to produce a zwitterionic adduct that fragments into 1O2, amine and the carbonyl thereby avoiding the formation of peroxidic intermediates. With the successful total syntheses of peroxyacarnoates A and D by Dr. Chunping Xu, the asymmetric total synthesis of peroxyplakorate A3 was investigated. The peroxyplakoric acids are cyclic peroxide natural products isolated from the Plakortis species of marine sponge that have been found to exhibit activity against malaria, cancer and fungi. Even though the peroxyplakorates differ from the peroxyacarnoates in the polyunsaturated tail and the head group, the lessons learned from the syntheses of the peroxyacarnoates have proven to be valuable in the asymmetric synthesis of peroxyplakorate A3. The challenges for the asymmetric synthesis of peroxyplakorate A3 include the stereospecific formation of the 3-methoxy-1,2-dioxane core with a propionate head group and the introduction of oxidation sensitive dienyl tail in the presence of a reduction sensitive 1,2-dioxane core. It was found that the stereochemistry of two of the chiral centers could be controlled by an anti-aldol reaction of a chiral propionate followed by the stereospecific intramolecular cyclization of a hydroperoxyacetal. The regioselective ozonolysis of a 1,2-disubstituted alkene in the presence of a terminal alkyne forms the required hydroperoxyacetal as a mixture of diastereomers. Finally, the dienyl tail is introduced by a hydrometallation/iodination of the alkyne to produce a vinyl iodide followed by a palladium catalyzed coupling reaction. While the coupling reaction was unsuccessful in these attempts, it is still believed that the intramolecular cyclization to introduce the 1,2-dioxane core could prove to be a general solution to many other cyclic peroxides natural products.

Sponges as substrata and early life history of the tubulariid Zyzzyzus warreni (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) in the Sao Sebastiao Channel, Brazil

The hydroid Zyzzyzus warreni is usually found in shallow coastal waters forming aggregations of solitary polyps embedded in demosponges. Early life history transformations and settlement responses by the actinulae of this hydroid were studied in the laboratory using 13 species of sponges and 2 species of algae collected in the Sao Sebastiao Channel (Brazil) as substrata. The absence of oral tentacles and mouth in the actinulae and early events of metamorphosis suggest that these larvae are unable to spend long periods in the plankton and attach quickly near conspecifics when a preferred substratum is encountered. The time required for settlement and the number of elicited settlings indicated four settlement responses: (a) frequent and short-time settlement, in actinulae exposed to Halichondria cebimarensis, Mycale angulosa, M. aff. americana, M. laxissima (skeleton) and Tedania ignis; (b) moderate and delayed settlement, in actinulae exposed to Aplysina caissara, A. fulva, Haliclona melana and M. microsigmatosa; (c) no settlement, in actinulae exposed to Suberites aurantiacus and to the algae Hypnea musciformis and Sargassum cymosum; and (d) lethal response, in actinulae exposed to Amphimedon viridis, Aplysilla rosea, Dragmacidon reticulatum and M. laxissima. These responses indicate a considerable degree of species discrimination by the actinulae and are consistent with substrata used by the hydroid in the natural environment.

Identifizierung und Charakterisierung neuer Proteine des Abwehrsystems der Porifera - ein Apoptoseregulator und ein antimikrobielles Protein aus dem Schwamm Suberites domuncula

Aufgrund ihrer Lebensweise und -umgebung sind effiziente Strategien zur Abwehr bedrohender Einflüsse essentiell für die Porifera. Eine dieser Strategien stellen die Apoptose in höheren Metazoen, sowie ein effizientes Immunsystem dar. Diese sichern sowohl das Überleben des Organismus als auch die Entfernung beschädigter, infizierter oder redundanter Zellen. Bei Untersuchungen der Porifera auf Moleküle, die an diesen Prozessen beteiligt sind, konnten in den letzten Jahren beachtliche Erfolge erzielt werden. So konnten das in der Apoptose involvierte Protein GCDD2 (proapoptotisch), die antiapoptotischen GCBHP1 und GCBHP2 Proteine (Wiens et al., 2001), sowie ein LPS induzierbarer TNF (Wiens et al., 2007) und zwei Caspasen (Wiens et al., 2003) in Schwämmen identifiziert werden. Um diese essentiellen Mechanismen besser verstehen zu können, sollte ein möglicher Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor-Rezeptor identifiziert werden. Hierzu wurde die SpongeBase Datenbank nach Proteinen mit Todesdomänen durchsucht und diese unter Anwendung von PCR- und Screening-Techniken in einer cDNA-Bank des marinen Schwammes S. domuncula komplettiert. Im Anschluss an ihre Sequenzierung wurde ein Klon ausgewählt, dessen Todesdomäne größte Homologie zu einem TNFR zeigte. Dieser Klon SD_TNFR-like (Suberites domuncula TNFR-homologes Protein) wurde anschließend diversen Sequenz- und Strukturanalysen unterzogen. Diese offenbarten die Existenz zweier funktional bedeutsamer Domänen (Ubiquitin-like und Todesdomäne). Vor allem die Todesdomäne impliziert eine Beteiligung des Proteins an apoptotischen Prozessen. Über einen „Yeast Two Hybrid Screen“ sollten Proteine identifiziert werden, welche mit dem Ausgangsprotein interagieren. Hierbei wurde ein Protein identifiziert, das Ähnlichkeit mit einem antimikrobiellen Peptid aufweist. Dieses Protein kann analog zu einer Gruppe von antimikrobiellen Peptiden, den α-helikalen kationischen Peptiden, in drei Teile gespalten werden. Das Signalpeptid sowie ein anionisches Propeptid werden abgespalten und es entsteht ein kationisches, antimykotisch wirksames Peptid. Beide Proteine sollten, sofern sie in die Abwehrreaktionen involviert sind, durch Inkubation mit mikrobiellen Strukturen vermehrt exprimiert werden. Eine Überprüfung der Transkription mittels Northern Blot Analysen bestätigte dies für das SD_TNFR-like nach Inkubation mit LPS und TNF- α sowie für SD_Brevinin-like nach Inkubation mit LPS, PAM und Hefe. Mit der Herstellung eines rekombinanten SD_TNFR-like-Proteins wurde die Immunisierung von Kaninchen und die folgende Gewinnung eines polyklonalen SD_TNFR-like-Antikörpers ermöglicht. Dieser gestattete den Nachweis der SD_TNFR-like -Expression mittels Western Blot-Analysen sowie die stressinduzierte erhöhte Expression mittels Dot Blot-Analysen auch auf Proteinebene. Um die Funktion des SD_TNFR-like Proteins zu charakterisierten, wurde ein Test mit RAW-Blue™-Zellen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse implizieren, dass das Protein Teil der Immunreaktion analog der der TLR- bzw. NLR- Reaktion ist. Auch die Interaktion mit einem antimikrobiellen Protein, welches für das Überleben des Organismus und die Bekämpfung der Mikroorganismen sorgt, deutet auf eine solche Beteiligung hin. Zusätzlich wird diese These durch ein Ergebnis der Strukturanalysen unterstützt, nämlich die Identifizierung einer TRAF2 Bindestelle. TRAF2 ist ein Adapterprotein der TNFR und aktiviert Überlebensfaktoren über den NF - B-Weg. Immunohistochemische Analysen zeigten, dass das SD_TNFR-like Protein im Organismus vor allem um die Bakteriozysten, um verschiedene Mikroorganismen und am Rand des Schwammes exprimiert wird, was ebenfalls für eine immunologische Funktionsweise spricht. Auch im restlichen Gewebe wird es kontinuierlich, auch ohne vorherige LPS Inkubation exprimiert. Diese Akkumulation zeigt deutlich, dass das Protein in einen Schutzmechanismus gegen äußere Bedrohungen involviert ist. Es scheint dabei direkt an den eindringenden Mikroorganismen zu wirken. Das SD_TNFR-like ist demnach ein potentieller Bestandteil der Immunantwort des Schwammes, welches Apoptose verhindern und Überlebensmechanismen aktivieren kann. Das SD_Brevinin-like Protein besitzt antimykotische Aktivität, wie in einem antimikrobiellen Test gezeigt werden konnte. Weiterhin scheint es für das SD_TNFR-like Protein als positiver bzw. negativer Regulator von Bedeutung zu sein, der eine Reaktion entweder beendet oder die Expression von Überlebensfaktoren verstärkt. Die in dieser Arbeit präsentierten Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen demonstrieren somit die Identifizierung eines neuen Schwammproteins, welches eine Rolle in der Immunantwort spielt, sowie eines neuen antimikrobiellen Peptids, welches die Wirkung des TNFR-like moduliert. Es müssen jedoch noch weitere Funktionsanalysen folgen, um den Mechanismus des SD_TNFR-like Proteins und seine Regulation genauer charakterisieren zu können

Klonierung und Charakterisierung der Luziferase und des Luziferin regenerierenden Enzyms aus dem marinen Schwamm Suberites domuncula

Bereits 1971 erkannte Reiswig bei einigen Schwämmen in der Kontraktion des Osculums eine Reaktion auf Licht. Nachfolgend konnte für eine Reihe von Schwämmen die Existenz von Lichtreaktionen beobachtet werden (Wapstra & van Soest, 1987). In dieser Arbeit sollten Gene eines Luziferin/Luziferase Systems im marinen Schwamm Suberites domuncula identifiziert werden, die eine Rolle bei der Bio¬lumineszenz spielen. Mit Hilfe der PCR-Technik konnten die in der cDNA-Bank identifizierten Fragmente einer Luziferase und eines Luziferin regenerierenden Enzyms erfolgreich vervollständigt, kloniert und analysiert werden. Datenbank¬analysen der abgeleiteten Aminosäuresequenzen ergeben sowohl für die Luziferase als auch für das Luziferin regenerierende Enzym Ähnlichkeiten zu den entsprechenden Proteinen aus Leuchtkäfern, wie z. B. Photinus pyralis. Ausgehend von der cDNA wurden zunächst beide Enzyme in E. coli rekombinant exprimiert und affinitätschromatographisch aufgereinigt. Für die Luziferase gelang es, spezifische Antikörper herzustellen, die im Anschluss an den im Western Blot durchgeführten Nachweis eine Identifizierung in histologischen Schwamm¬schnitten ermöglichte. Weitere Analysen konnten für Suberites domuncula sowohl im Schwammgewebe, im Proteinextrakt als auch für das rekombinante Protein die Licht-generierende Fähigkeit nachweisen. Das ermittelte in vitro Biolumineszenz-Emissionsspektrum der rekombinanten Luziferase weist eine Lichtemission im gelb-grünen Bereich des Spektrums mit einem Maximum bei 548 nm und einer Schulter bei 590 nm auf. Ausserdem bestätigte die Funktionanalyse des rekombinanten Enzyms die für Luziferasen bekannte ATP- und Temperatur¬abhängigkeit sowie den stimulierenden Effekt von Coenzym A. Die Existenz einer bioaktiven Luziferase in einem der ältesten, rezent vertretenen Metazoa deutet darauf hin, dass sich die Oxygenasefunktion der Luziferasen bereits früher entwickelte, als bisher von Viviani* vermutet. Die bisherigen Daten über die optischen Eigenschaften der Spiculae liefern gemeinsam mit den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit – einer Licht-emittierenden Luziferase in S. domuncula – die Voraussetzungen für die mögliche Existenz eines Photorezeptionssystems in Schwämmen.

Identifizierung, Expression und Charakterisierung des Nanos-verwandten Proteins aus dem marinen Schwamm Suberites domuncula

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte in dem marinen Schwamm Suberites domuncula ein Gen identifiziert werden, dessen C-terminale konservierte Domäne eine hohe Sequenzähnlichkeit zu den Zinkfingerdomänen der Nanos-Proteine aufweist. Weiter konnte ein N-terminales Sequenzmotiv identifiziert werden, das eine hohe Sequenzidentität zu den konservierten NIM Motiven (CNOT1-interagierendes-Motiv) von Nanos zeigt. Nach der Klonierung der cDNA erfolgte die Expression des als Sd_nrp bezeichneten Proteins in E. coli Bakterien, für dessen 231 Aminosäuren umfassende Polypeptidkette eine theoretische Molekülmasse von 25.8 kDa berechnet wurde. Anschließend gelang ein Nachweis des Proteins mithilfe eines polyklonalen, gegen Sd_nrp gerichteten Antikörpers in drei Gewebetypen, dem Pinacoderm, den Primmorphen (3D-Zellaggregate) und den Gemmulae (Dauerstadien der Schwämme). Dabei konnte die höchste Expression von Sd_nrp in den als totipotent geltenden Stammzellen der Schwämme, den Archaeocyten innerhalb der Gemmulae beobachtet werden. Die Identifizierung der Zellstrukturen, erfolgte dabei aufgrund morphologischer Vergleiche. Speziell die Merkmale der Zellen in den Gemmulae, der große Nukleus, die amöboide Form sowie die granulären Reservesubstanzen, entsprechen den typischen morphologischen Eigenschaften der Archaeocyten, und bestätigen die Interpretation der Ergebnisse. Weiter konnte mit Hilfe des Anti-Sd_nrp Antikörpers das native Protein in Proteinextrakten aus Gewebe adulter Tiere nachgewiesen werden. Die vergleichende Sequenzanalyse von Sd_nrp mit dem Nanos-verwandten Protein der Schwammspezies Ephydatia fluviatilis und die phylogenetische Stammbaum-Analyse mit Nanos-Homologen unterschiedlicher Invertebraten und Vertebraten lässt die Schlussfolgerung zu, dass es sich bei dem hier identifizierten Protein Sd_nrp um ein Nanos-verwandtes Protein handelt. Darüber hinaus konnte anhand eines Homologiemodells bestätigt werden, dass es sich bei der konservierten C-terminalen Domäne des Proteins Sd_nrp um die für Nanos-Proteine spezifische Zinkfingerstruktur mit dem konservierten Sequenzmotiv CCHC handelt. Dieses Ergebnis konnte auch bei einem Vergleich der Zinkfingerdomäne von Sd_nrp mit den Zinkfingerdomänen der Nanos-Homologen unterschiedlicher Invertebraten- und Vertebratenspezies bestätigt werden.

N-3,5 '-cycloxanthosine, the first natural occurrence of a cyclonucleoside

An Eryus sp. of marine sponge from the Great Australian Bight has yielded the first reported natural occurrence of a cyclonucleoside, N-3,5'-cycloxanthosine. The structure of N-3,5'-cycloxanthosine was confirmed by detailed spectroscopic analysis and total synthesis.

1,3-Dimethylisoguanine

The structure of 1,3-dimethylisoguanine [ or 6-amino-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purin- 2(3H)- one], C7H9N5O, has been redetermined and the correct assignment of H atoms on the heterocycle is now reported. Intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions confirm that this form is the correct molecular structure; this form is also in agreement with an earlier reported structure of the trihydrate form.

Avaliação do efeito citotóxico da lectina da esponja marinha Cliona varians contra células de leucemia mielóide crônica

In this study, a BCR-ABL expressing human chronic myelogenous leukaemia cell line (K562) was used to investigate the antitumoral potential of a novel lectin (CvL) purified from the marine sponge Cliona varians. CvL inhibited the growth of K562 cells with an IC50 value of 70 g/ml, but was ineffective to normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes in the same range of concentrations tested (180 g/ml). Cell death occurred after 72 h of exposure to the lectin and with sign of apoptosis as analysed by DAPI staining. Investigation of the possible effectors of this process showed that cell death occurred in the presence of Bcl-2 and Bax expression, and involved a caspase-independent pathway. Confocal fluorescence microscopy indicated a major role for the lysosomal protease cathepsin B in mediating cell death. Accordingly, pre-incubation of K562 cells with the cathepsin inhibitor L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane (E-64) abolished the cytotoxic effect of CvL. Furthermore, we found upregulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and down-modulation of p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NFB) expression in CvL-treated cells. These effects were accompanied by increased levels of p21 and downmodulation of pRb, suggesting that CvL is capable of cell cycle arrest. Collectively, these findings suggest that cathepsin B acts as death mediator in CvL-induced cytotoxicity possibly in a still uncharacterized connection with the membrane death receptor pathway

Indução de morte celular em células de adenocarcinoma cervical humano (HeLa) pela lectina da esponja Cinachyrella apion (CaL)

Cancer is a term used to represent a set of more than 100 diseases, including malignant tumors from different locations. The malignancies are the second leading cause of death in the population, representing approximately 17% of deaths of known cause. Strategies that induce differentiation have had limited success in the treatment of established cancers. In this work, a lectin purified from the marine sponge Cinachyrella apion (CaL) was evaluated due to its hemolytic, cytotoxic and antiproliferative properties, besides the ability to induce cell death via apoptosis in tumor cells. The antiproliferative activity of CaL was tested against cell lines, with the highest inhibition of tumor growth for HeLa, reducing cell growth at a dose dependent manner, with a concentration of 10 μg/mL. The hemolytic activity and toxicity against peripheral blood cells were tested using the concentration of IC50 for both trials and twice the IC50 for analysis in flow cytometry, indicating that CaL is not toxic to these cells. To assess the mechanism of cell death caused by CaL in HeLa cells, we performed flow cytometry and western blotting. The results showed the lectin probably induces cell death by apoptosis activation by pro-apoptotic protein Bax, promoting mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, cell cycle arrest in S phase, with accumulation of cells of approximately 57% in this phase, and acting as both dependent and/or independent of caspases pathway. These results suggest that CaL has the potential to be used as drug treatment against cancer.

Lectina da esponja marinha Tedania ignis: purificação, caracterização e interação com leishmanias

Lectin obtained from the marine sponge Tedania ignis was purified and characterized by extraction of soluble proteins (crude extract) in 50mM Borax, pH 7.5. The purification procedure was carried out by crude extract precipitation with ammonium sulfate 30% (FI). The precipitated was resuspended in the same buffer and fractionated with acetone 1.0 volume (F1.0). A lectin was purified from this specific fraction by using an affinity chromatography Sepharose 6B. This lectin preferentially agglutinated human erythrocytes from B type previously treated with papain enzyme. The hemagglutinating activity lectin was dependent of divalent Mn2+ cation and was inhibited by the carbohydrates galactose, xylose and fructose. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated a molecular mass of the lectin around 45 kDa. This protein showed stability until 40°C for 1 h. Further, it showed activity between pH 2.5 and 11.5, with an enhanced activity at pH 7.5. Leishmania chagasi promastigotes stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 were agglutinated by F1,0 and in the presence of galactose this interaction was abolished. These results show that this lectin could be implicated in defense procedures and it will can be used as biological tools in studies with this protozoon

Avaliação do efeito citotóxico da lectina da esponja marinha Cliona varians contra células de leucemia mielóide crônica

In this study, a BCR-ABL expressing human chronic myelogenous leukaemia cell line (K562) was used to investigate the antitumoral potential of a novel lectin (CvL) purified from the marine sponge Cliona varians. CvL inhibited the growth of K562 cells with an IC50 value of 70 g/ml, but was ineffective to normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes in the same range of concentrations tested (180 g/ml). Cell death occurred after 72 h of exposure to the lectin and with sign of apoptosis as analysed by DAPI staining. Investigation of the possible effectors of this process showed that cell death occurred in the presence of Bcl-2 and Bax expression, and involved a caspase-independent pathway. Confocal fluorescence microscopy indicated a major role for the lysosomal protease cathepsin B in mediating cell death. Accordingly, pre-incubation of K562 cells with the cathepsin inhibitor L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane (E-64) abolished the cytotoxic effect of CvL. Furthermore, we found upregulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and down-modulation of p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NFB) expression in CvL-treated cells. These effects were accompanied by increased levels of p21 and downmodulation of pRb, suggesting that CvL is capable of cell cycle arrest. Collectively, these findings suggest that cathepsin B acts as death mediator in CvL-induced cytotoxicity possibly in a still uncharacterized connection with the membrane death receptor pathway

Archaea appear to dominate the microbiome of Inflatella pellicula deep sea sponges

Microbes associated with marine sponges play significant roles in host physiology. Remarkable levels of microbial diversity have been observed in sponges worldwide through both culture-dependent and culture-independent studies. Most studies have focused on the structure of the bacterial communities in sponges and have involved sponges sampled from shallow waters. Here, we used pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes to compare the bacterial and archaeal communities associated with two individuals of the marine sponge Inflatella pellicula from the deep-sea, sampled from a depth of 2,900 m, a depth which far exceeds any previous sequence-based report of sponge-associated microbial communities. Sponge-microbial communities were also compared to the microbial community in the surrounding seawater. Sponge-associated microbial communities were dominated by archaeal sequencing reads with a single archaeal OTU, comprising similar to ∼60% and similar to ∼72% of sequences, being observed from Inflatella pellicula. Archaeal sequencing reads were less abundant in seawater (similar to ∼11% of sequences). Sponge-associated microbial communities were less diverse and less even than any other sponge-microbial community investigated to date with just 210 and 273 OTUs (97% sequence identity) identified in sponges, with 4 and 6 dominant OTUs comprising similar to ∼88% and similar to ∼89% of sequences, respectively. Members of the candidate phyla, SAR406, NC10 and ZB3 are reported here from sponges for the first time, increasing the number of bacterial phyla or candidate divisions associated with sponges to 43. A minor cohort from both sponge samples (similar to ∼0.2% and similar to ∼0.3% of sequences) were not classified to phylum level. A single OTU, common to both sponge individuals, dominates these unclassified reads and shares sequence homology with a sponge associated clone which itself has no known close relative and may represent a novel taxon.

Cruise Report NOAA Ship McARTHUR II Cruise AR-04-04: Leg 2 (June 1-12, 2004): A pilot survey of deepwater coral/sponge assemblages and their susceptibility to fishing/harvest impacts at the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (OCNMS)

Summary: The offshore shelf and canyon habitats of the OCNMS (Fig. 1) are areas of high primary productivity and biodiversity that support extensive groundfish fisheries. Recent acoustic surveys conducted in these waters have indicated the presence of hard-bottom substrates believed to harbor unique deep-sea coral and sponge assemblages. Such fauna are often associated with shallow tropical waters, however an increasing number of studies around the world have recorded them in deeper, cold-water habitats in both northern and southern latitudes. These habitats are of tremendous value as sites of recruitment for commercially important fishes. Yet, ironically, studies have shown how the gear used in offshore demersal fishing, as well as other commercial operations on the seafloor, can cause severe physical disturbances to resident benthic fauna. Due to their exposed structure, slow growth and recruitment rates, and long life spans, deep-sea corals and sponges may be especially vulnerable to such disturbances, requiring very long periods to recover. Potential effects of fishing and other commercial operations in such critical habitats, and the need to define appropriate strategies for the protection of these resources, have been identified as a high-priority management issue for the sanctuary. To begin addressing this issue, an initial pilot survey was conducted June 1-12, 2004 at six sites in offshore waters of the OCNMS (Fig. 2, average depths of 147-265 m) to explore for the presence of deep-sea coral/sponge assemblages and to look for evidence of potential anthropogenic impacts in these critical habitats. The survey was conducted on the NOAA Ship McARTHUR-II using the Navy’s Phantom DHD2+2 remotely operated vehicle (ROV), which was equipped with a video camera, lasers, and a manipulator arm for the collection of voucher specimens. At each site, a 0.1-m2 grab sampler also was used to collect samples of sediments for the analysis of macroinfauna (> 1.0 mm), total organic carbon (TOC), grain size, and chemical contaminants. Vertical profiles of salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, and pressure were recorded at each site with a small SeaCat conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiler. Niskin bottles attached to the CTD also obtained near-bottom water samples in support of a companion study of microbial indicators of coral health and general ecological condition across these sites. All samples except the sediment-contaminant samples are being analyzed with present project funds. Original cruise plans included a total of 12 candidate stations to investigate (Fig. 3). However, inclement weather and equipment failures restricted the sampling to half of these sites. In spite of the limited sampling, the work completed was sufficient to address key project objectives and included several significant scientific observations. Foremost, the cruise was successful in demonstrating the presence of target deepwater coral species in these waters. Patches of the rare stony coral Lophelia pertusa, more characteristic of deepwater coral/sponge assemblages in the North Atlantic, were observed for the first time in OCNMS at a site in 271 meters of water. A large proportion of these corals consisted of dead and broken skeletal remains, and a broken gorgonian (soft coral) also was observed nearby. The source of these disturbances is not known. However, observations from several sites included evidence of bottom trawl marks in the sediment and derelict fishing gear (long lines). Preliminary results also support the view that these areas are important reservoirs of marine biodiversity and of value as habitat for demersal fishes. For example, onboard examination of 18 bottom-sediment grabs revealed benthic infaunal species representative of 14 different invertebrate phyla. Twenty-eight species of fishes from 11 families, including 11 (possibly 12) species of ommercially important rockfishes, also were identified from ROV video footage. These initial discoveries have sparked considerable interests in follow-up studies to learn more about the spatial extent of these assemblages and magnitude of potential impacts from commercial-fishing and other anthropogenic activities in the area. It is essential to expand our knowledge of these deep-sea communities and their vulnerability to potential environmental risks in order to determine the most appropriate management strategies. The survey was conducted under a partnership between NOAA’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) and National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) and included scientists from NCCOS, OCNMS, and several other west-coast State, academic, private, and tribal research institutions (see Section 4 for a complete listing of participating scientists). (PDF contains 20 pages)