Bacterial colonization in hemodialysis temporary dual lumen catheters: A prospective study

Aims. The use of hemodialysis temporary dual-lumen catheters is often complicated by infections, which may be a significant cause of death among patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of bacteremia and bacterial colonization related to non-tunneled, non-cuffed, dual-lumen temporary catheters in patients with ESRD submitted to hemodialysis. Methods. This study included 29 patients with ESRD. After catheter implantation, patients were monitored throughout the period of catheter permanence by means of blood samples collected weekly from a peripheral vein. Bacteria were isolated and identified according to CLSI recommendations. When catheters were removed for any reason, their tips were evaluated microbiologically. Results. A total of 194 blood samples from the 29 patients implanted with 55 catheters were analyzed. Of these, 15.5% (30 samples) demonstrated bacterial growth, principally Staphylococcus epidermidis (64.5%). Twenty patients (68.9%) presented at least one positive blood culture during follow-up. The median time for catheter colonization was 18.5 days (95% CI: 16.8-30.3). Of the 55 catheters implanted, 28 (50.9%) showed bacterial colonization, corresponding to 23.4 episodes/1000 catheter/days and 9.2 episodes of bacteremia /1000 catheter/days. Fifteen of 28 catheter tips analyzed showed bacterial growth (53.5%). In 14 of these (93.3%), there was agreement between the isolates from the catheter tip and blood cultures. Of 24 episodes of positive blood cultures from 20 different patients in 17 episodes (70.8%), the patients showed no clinical signs or symptoms of bacteremia. Conclusions. The high incidence of catheter colonization, the correlation between blood and catheter tip cultures, and the occurrence of frequent cases of asymptomatic bacteremia justify the proposal of routine peripheral blood collections to monitor patients undergoing hemodialysis with temporary dual-lumen catheters.

Protective effect of an extract from Ascaris suum in experimental arthritis models

We investigated the effect of an extract from a helminth (Ascaris suum) in zymosan-induced arthritis (ZYA) or collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Rats and mice, respectively, received 1 mg and 0.1 mg zymosan intra-articularly (i.a.). Test groups received an A. suum extract either per os (p.o.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) 30 min prior to i.a. zymosan. Controls received saline. Hypernociception was measured using the articular incapacitation test. Cell influx, nitrite, and cytokine levels were assessed in joint exudates. The synovia and distal femoral extremities were used for histopathology. Cartilage damage was assessed through determining glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. DBA/1J mice were subjected to CIA. The test group received A. suum extract i.p. 1 day after CIA became clinically detectable. Clinical severity and hypernociception were assessed daily. Neutrophil influx was determined using myeloperoxidase activity. The A. suum extract, either i.p. or p.o., significantly and dose-dependently inhibited cell influx and hypernociception in ZYA in addition to reducing GAG loss and ameliorating synovitis. The A. suum extract reduced i.a. levels of NO, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and IL-10 but not tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in rats subjected to ZYA while reducing i.a. IL-10, but not IL-1 beta or TNIT-alpha, levels in mice. Clinically, mice subjected to CIA treated with the A. suum extract had less severe arthritis. Hypernociception, myeloperoxidase activity, and synovitis severity were significantly reduced. These data show that a helminth extract given p.o. protects from arthritis severity in two classical arthritis models. This A. suum effect is species independent and functions orally and parenterally. The results show clinical and structural benefits when A. suum extract is given either prophylactically or therapeutically.

In vitro study of the antimicrobial activity of Brazilian propolis against Paenibacillus larvae

The honey bee disease American foulbrood (AFB) is a serious problem since its causative agent (Paenibacillus larvae) has become increasingly resistant to conventional antibiotics. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro activity of propolis collected from various states of Brazil against P. larvae. Propolis is derived from plant resins collected by honey bees (Apis mellifera) and is globally known for its antimicrobial properties and particularly valued in tropical regions. Tests on the activity of propolis against P. larvae were conducted both in Brazil and Minnesota, USA using two resistance assay methods that measured zones of growth inhibition due to treatment exposure. The propolis extracts from the various states of Brazil showed significant inhibition of P. larvae. Clear dose responses were found for individual propolis extracts, particularly between the concentrations of 1.7 and 0.12 mg propolis/treatment disk, but the source of the propolis, rather than the concentration, may be more influential in determining overall activity. Two of the three tested antibiotics (tylosin and terramycin) exhibited a greater level of inhibition compared to most of the Brazilian samples, which could be due to the low concentrations of active compounds present in the propolis extracts. Additionally, the majority of the Brazilian propolis samples were more effective than the few collected in MN, USA. Due to the evolution of resistance of P. larvae to conventional antibiotic treatments, this research is an important first step in identifying possible new active compounds to treat AFB in honey bee colonies. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Dimensional Accuracy of Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Assisted Manufactured Orbital Prostheses

Purpose: The aim of this research was to assess the dimensional accuracy of orbital prostheses based on reversed images generated by computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) using computed tomography (CT) scans. Materials and Methods: CT scans of the faces of 15 adults, men and women older than 25 years of age not bearing any congenital or acquired craniofacial defects, were processed using CAD software to produce 30 reversed three-dimensional models of the orbital region. These models were then processed using the CAM system by means of selective laser sintering to generate surface prototypes of the volunteers` orbital regions. Two moulage impressions of the faces of each volunteer were taken to manufacture 15 pairs of casts. Orbital defects were created on the right or left side of each cast. The surface prototypes were adapted to the casts and then flasked to fabricate silicone prostheses. The establishment of anthropometric landmarks on the orbital region and facial midline allowed for the data collection of 31 linear measurements, used to assess the dimensional accuracy of the orbital prostheses and their location on the face. Results: The comparative analyses of the linear measurements taken from the orbital prostheses and the opposite sides that originated the surface prototypes demonstrated that the orbital prostheses presented similar vertical, transversal, and oblique dimensions, as well as similar depth. There was no transverse or oblique displacement of the prostheses. Conclusion: From a clinical perspective, the small differences observed after analyzing all 31 linear measurements did not indicate facial asymmetry. The dimensional accuracy of the orbital prostheses suggested that the CAD/CAM system assessed herein may be applicable for clinical purposes. Int J Prosthodont 2010;23:271-276.

Olhares acerca do processo de construção dos Projetos Políticos Pedagógicos dos cursos Técnicos Integrados ao Ensino Médio de Jovens e Adultos no contexto do Ifes campus Vitória

Este trabalho é resultado da investigação que teve como objetivo analisar o processo de construção dos Projetos Políticos Pedagógicos dos cursos do Proeja no contexto do Ifes campus Vitória. O problema de pesquisa buscou captar os movimentos e as experiências desencadeados nesse processo. No percurso metodológico, com ênfase na pesquisa qualitativa, foi necessário entrelaçar duas abordagens: a etnografia escolar e a pesquisa-ação em função da atuação profissional da pesquisadora no lócus de estudo. Variados instrumentos foram utilizados para levantamento e a produção dos dados, dentre os quais: questionários, entrevistas, diário de campo das observações, pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Participaram da pesquisa aproximadamente 80 pessoas, entre docentes, alunos e gestores, abordados em contextos específicos: o grupo de formação continuada, a comissão dos projetos, o encontros dos alunos, a reunião intermediária dentre outros. O referencial teórico-metodológico pautado na perspectiva do materialismo histórico dialético embasou toda a trajetória investigativa, em coerência com a base da produção das pesquisas sobre trabalho e educação e por se constituir a referência que fundamenta os princípios estruturantes do currículo integrado na perspectiva da formação humana. Por meio da metáfora dos observatórios, focamos nossas lentes sobre as questões que desafiaram a construção dos projetos políticos pedagógicos e sua coerência com os princípios epistemológicos, políticos e pedagógicos do Proeja. Nesse movimento, diversos olhares foram captados, possibilitando-nos levantar os seguintes resultados: o percurso de construção dos projetos foi marcado por contradições que perpassam todo o processo e que constituíram um debate profícuo que tenciona a gestão pedagógica, administrativa e financeira do Ifes campus Vitória. O movimento se constituiu também em um processo de construção, partilha de saberes e experiências, impulsionado pela busca da apreensão dos sentidos da integração, que contraditoriamente não alcançou seus objetivos, embora não se possa negar os resultados positivos do processo no interior da Instituição. Dessa forma, os desafios para efetivação da formação integrada no Ifes persistem. Ganha centralidade nessa discussão os sujeitos a quem o programa se volta e suas demandas de formação, bem como as condições materiais de oferta dos cursos e de forma especial as condições de envolvimento dos professores com o programa e as reflexões sobre suas práticas.

Estudo da Influência do Número de Acidez Total e Teor de Enxofre Total nas Frações Destiladas no Processo de Corrosão em Aços do Tipo AISI 1020 e AISI 316

Os danos causados pelos processos corrosivos em equipamentos presentes nas refinarias de petróleo, durante as destilações, foram descritos inicialmente em 1920. Inúmeras são as referências reportando estudos de processos corrosivos envolvendo tanto os ácidos naftênicos como os compostos sulfurados; em contrapartida, raras são as fontes de estudo envolvendo simultaneamente ambos. Neste trabalho, escolheram-se dois tipos de óleos: um óleo A - com alto teor de enxofre e um petróleo B com elevada acidez. Fez-se então um blend 50/50 em volume obtendo assim o óleo C para verificar a influência tanto da acidez quanto dos teores de enxofre nos processos corrosivos pelos cortes destes óleos. Após a destilação das três amostras, os derivados obtidos foram caracterizados e submetidos aos testes laboratoriais de corrosão. Os cortes do petróleo A apresentaram teores de enxofre e taxas de corrosão crescentes em função do aumento da temperatura final dos derivados, apresentando uma corrosão máxima de 1,66 mm/ano e produtos de corrosão como troilita (FeS) e pirrota (Fe1-xS). As frações de B apresentaram altos valores de NAT na faixa de temperatura de 220-400 °C, enquanto as taxas de corrosão foram de 0,83 mm/ano para esta faixa de temperatura; os produtos de corrosão encontrados foram o óxido de ferro (Fe2O3) e goetite (α-FeOOH). Por fim, os derivados do blend C, apresentaram propriedades intermediárias aos cortes anteriores o que corroborou para taxas de corrosão menores de 0,50 mm/ano até uma temperatura de 300 °C, expondo assim, a eficiência em utilizar a técnica de misturas de petróleos para o refino.

Electrospun silk-elastin-like fiber mats for tissue engineering applications

Protein-based polymers are present in a wide variety of organisms fulfilling structural and mechanical roles. Advances in protein engineering and recombinant DNA technology allow the design and production of recombinant protein-based polymers (rPBPs) with an absolute control of its composition. Although the application of recombinant proteins as biomaterials is still an emerging technology, the possibilities are limitless and far superior to natural or synthetic materials, as the complexity of the structural design can be fully customized. In this work, we report the electrospinning of two new genetically engineered silk-elastin-like proteins (SELPs) consisting of alternate silk- and elastin-like blocks. Electrospinning was performed with formic acid and aqueous solutions at different concentrations without addition of further agents. The size and morphology of the electrospun structures was characterized by scanning electron microscopy showing to be dependent of concentration and solvent used. Treatment with air saturated with methanol was employed to stabilize the structure and promote water insolubility through a time-dependent conversion of random coils into β-sheets (FTIR). The resultant methanol-treated electrospun mats were characterized for swelling degree (570-720%), water vapour transmission rate (1083 g/m2/day) and mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity of ~126 MPa). Furthermore, the methanol-treated SELP fiber mats showed no cytotoxicity and were able to support adhesion and proliferation of normal human skin fibroblasts. Adhesion was characterized by a filopodia-mediated mechanism. These results demonstrate that SELP fiber mats can provide promising solutions for the development of novel biomaterials suitable for tissue engineering applications.

Fenologia reprodutiva e caracterização físico-química de abacateiros em Carmo da Cachoeira, Minas Gerais

O abacateiro é cultivado em algumas regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Seus frutos podem ser aproveitados de várias formas, utilizados ao natural ou na indústria de cosméticos, além da possibilidade de uso de seu óleo como fonte alternativa de biocombustível. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características fenológicas e físicoquímicas das variedades de abacateiros, visando a identificar variedades promissoras para Carmo da Cachoeira, Minas Gerais. O trabalho foi realizado durante os ciclos reprodutivos de 2008/2009 e 2009/2010. As variedades avaliadas foram: 'Breda', 'Fortuna', 'Fuerte', 'Hass', 'Margarida', 'Ouro Verde' e 'Quintal'. Foram avaliadas as características fenológicas (início das brotações, início da floração, plena floração, final de floração e período de duração da floração, início da frutificação, início e final da colheita e tempo de colheita). As análises físicas e químicas incluíram: diâmetros longitudinal e transversal, percentagens de polpa, casca e caroço em relação à massa total, composição centesimal (lipídeos e umidade). Para as avaliações fenológicas, foram marcadas ao acaso seis plantas de cada variedade. Para as análises físico-químicas, utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com sete tratamentos (variedades), seis repetições, com seis frutos por parcela. Concluiu-se que, em relação à fenologia, todas as variedades floresceram de maneira satisfatória na região estudada. As variedades 'Fortuna', 'Quintal' destacaram-se para o consumo in natura, para o mercado interno, por apresentarem características desejáveis para o consumidor brasileiro. As variedades 'Hass' e 'Fuerte' apresentaram os melhores resultados quanto ao teor de óleo na polpa, destacando-se como as mais promissoras para a extração de óleo.