Franks family papers, 1711-1821, [1965-1968].

Contains business correspondence, accounts and documents relating to Jacob Franks of New York, his two sons, Moses and David, a nephew, Isaac, and a John Franks of Halifax, possibly a member of the family.

Address to George Clinton

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Letter of K.K. Beth Elohim Charleston, regarding address to George Washington

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Hebrew hymns and prayers after an earthquake, during the reign of George II (1727-1760)

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Letter from Manuel Josephson to K.K.S.I. regarding joint letter to George Washington

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Oath of allegiance to George II by Jews in American colonies

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Expected Performance of the ATLAS Experiment - Detector, Trigger and Physics

A detailed study is presented of the expected performance of the ATLAS detector. The reconstruction of tracks, leptons, photons, missing energy and jets is investigated, together with the performance of b-tagging and the trigger. The physics potential for a variety of interesting physics processes, within the Standard Model and beyond, is examined. The study comprises a series of notes based on simulations of the detector and physics processes, with particular emphasis given to the data expected from the first years of operation of the LHC at CERN.

The Home of Hearing : George Lindbeck's understanding of community

The aim of this thesis was to examine the understanding of community in George Lindbeck s The Nature of Doctrine. Intrinsic to this question was also examining how Lindbeck understands the relation between the text and the world which both meet in a Christian community. Thirdly this study also aimed at understanding what the persuasiveness of this understanding depends on. The method applied for this task was systematic analysis. The study was conducted by first providing an orientation into the nontheological substance of the ND which was assumed useful with respect to the aim of this study. The study then went on to explore Lindbeck in his own context of postliberal theology in order to see how the ND was received. It also attempted to provide a picture of how the ND relates to Lindbeck as a theologian. The third chapter was a descriptive analysis into the cultural-linguistic perspective, which is understood as being directly proportional to his understanding of community. The fourth chapter was an analysis into how the cultural-linguistic perspective sees the relation between the text and the world. When religion is understood from a cultural-linguistic perspective, it presents itself as a cultural-linguistic entity, which Lindbeck understands as a comprehensive interpretive scheme which structures human experience and understanding of oneself and the world in which one lives. When one exists in this entity, it is the entity which shapes the subjectivities of all those who are at home in this entity which makes participation in the life of a cultural linguistic entity a condition for understanding it. Religion is above all an external word that moulds and shapes our religious existence and experience. Understanding faith then as coming from hearing, is something that correlates with the cultural-linguistic depiction of reality. Religion informs us of a religious reality, it does not originate in any way from ourselves. This externality linked to the axiomatic nature of religion is also something that distinguishes Lindbeck sharply from liberalist tendencies, which understand religion as ultimately expressing the prereflective depths of the inner self. Language is the central analogy to understanding the medium in which one moves when inhabiting a cultural-linguistic system because language is the transmitting medium in which the cultural-linguistic system is embodied. The realism entailed in Lindbeck s understanding of a community is that we are fundamentally on the receiving end when it comes to our identities whether cultural or religious. We always witness to something. Its persuasiveness rests on the fact that we never exist in an unpersuaded reality. The language of Christ is a self-sustaining and irreducible cultural-linguistic entity, which is ontologically founded upon Christ. It transmits the reality of a new being. The basic relation to the world for a Christian is that of witnessing salvation in Christ: witnessing Christ as the home of hearing the message of salvation, which is the God-willed way. Following this logic, the relation of the world and the text is one of relating to the world from the text, i.e. In Christ through the word (text) for the world, because it assumes it s logic from the way Christ ontologically relates to us.

Discrete Wiener¿Lee transforms

The use of Wiener–Lee transforms to construct one of the frequency characteristics, magnitude or phase of a network function, when the other characteristic is given graphically, is indicated. This application is useful in finding a realisable network function whose magnitude or phase curve is given. A discrete version of the transform is presented, so that a digital computer can be employed for the computation.

Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas

The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon(1-3). With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses(4-9). As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas stratified across the world's major tropical regions. Our analysis reveals great variation in reserve `health': about half of all reserves have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious biodiversity declines.

Positive Relationships between Association Strength and Phenotypic Similarity Characterize the Assembly of Mixed-Species Bird Flocks Worldwide

Competition theory predicts that local communities should consist of species that are more dissimilar than expected by chance. We find a strikingly different pattern in a multicontinent data set (55 presence-absence matrices from 24 locations) on the composition of mixed-species bird flocks, which are important sub-units of local bird communities the world over. By using null models and randomization tests followed by meta-analysis, we find the association strengths of species in flocks to be strongly related to similarity in body size and foraging behavior and higher for congeneric compared with noncongeneric species pairs. Given the local spatial scales of our individual analyses, differences in the habitat preferences of species are unlikely to have caused these association patterns; the patterns observed are most likely the outcome of species interactions. Extending group-living and social-information-use theory to a heterospecific context, we discuss potential behavioral mechanisms that lead to positive interactions among similar species in flocks, as well as ways in which competition costs are reduced. Our findings highlight the need to consider positive interactions along with competition when seeking to explain community assembly.

Non-neutral evolution in non-LEE-encoded type III effectors of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli

Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) employ type III secretion system (T3SS) to secrete effector proteins into host cells and regulate their function. Here we have investigated T3SS genes of AEEC for non-neutral evolution. Our analysis revealed non-neutral evolution in three genes (nleE1, nleB2 and nleD) which encode effector proteins. These genes are located outside the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). In general, non-LEE effector genes show greater deviation from neutral evolution than LEE effector genes. These results suggest that effector genes located outside LEE are under greater selection pressure than those present in LEE. (C) 2012 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Evaluacion del cultivo de sandia (Citrullus lanatus L) variedad Mickey Lee utilizando sustratos mejorados y determinacion de los coeficientes "kc" y ky", bajo riego. Finca Las Mercedes, Managua, 2009

El presente trabajo de investigación se estableció entre los meses de Marzo– Junio 2009, bajo sistema de riego por aspersión en la finca las Mercedes, ubicada en Managua km 11 carretera norte, 2 km entrada al Carnic en las coordenadas 12°10’14” a 12°08’05” de latitud Norte y 86°10’22” a 86°09’44” longitud Oeste, a una altura de 56 msnm. Con el objetivo de evaluar el cultivo de la sandía (Citrullus lanatus L) bajo tres tipos de fertilizantes orgánicos y un sintético, y obtención de los coeficientes del cultivo “Kc” y de rendimiento “Ky”. Se estableció un bloque completo al azar, con cuatro tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos orgánicos evaluados son: compost a razón de 25 595 kg ha-1 , bocashi 15 087 kg ha-1 y biofertilizante con aplicaciones de 20 000 lt ha-1 y un tratamiento sintético (testigo): fertilizante completo (NPK) formula 12-30-10, a razón de 350 kg ha-1 más urea 46% a razón de 219 kg ha-1 , todos los abonos orgánicos fueron elaborados como parte de la investigación haciendo uso de los distintos materiales que se tienen en la finca para su elaboración. Los resultados de campos se sometió a un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y separación de medias mediante el uso de la prueba de Diferencias Mínimas Significativas (LSD α=0.05). Utilizando el Software estadístico Infostat versión 2008. Con base a los datos obtenidos se puede afirmar, que no hubo diferencia significativa para las variables de crecimiento, tomadas en momentos diferentes, sin embargo para la variable de rendimiento y sus componentes se encontró diferencia significativas en número de frutos por planta (5.13), diámetro del fruto (15.90 cm), peso del fruto (5.96 lb) y rendimiento (70 020 kg ha-1 ) logrando obtener el mejor resultado cuando el cultivo se fertilizó con sintético, Con respecto a las variables de riego con un volumen de agua de 526.5 mm ha-1 en todo el ciclo del cultivo y tomando en cuenta las etapas fenológicas se le aplicó mayor volumen de agua en la etapa de floración y fructificación que es donde el cultivo requiere mayor cantidad de agua, logrando para todos los tratamientos un coeficiente de cultivo uniforme y curva de Kc siguió el mismo patrón de cualquier cultivo comercial, presentando una fase inicial, de desarrollo, de madurez y senescencia; En el caso de la reducción del coeficiente de rendimiento de la sandía en los tratamientos orgánicos no se debe a un estrés hídrico o limitación de agua durante los periodos de floración y fructificación que son los períodos más sensibles a la sequía, mas bien corresponde al factor de fertilidad ya que el abono orgánico no va dirigido a liberar grandes cantidades de nutrientes para el cultivo de una sola vez.