Determinacion de condiciones laborales de los trabajadores de cuatro hospitales de primer nivel y dos de segundo nivel en el departamento del Quindio – Colombia 2012

Objetivo: Determinar condiciones laborales de los trabajadores de cuatro hospitales de primer nivel y dos de segundo nivel en el departamento del Quindío - Colombia 2012. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con una muestra de 577 trabajadores del sector sanitario de cuatro hospitales de primer nivel y dos de segundo nivel en el departamento de Quindío – Colombia mediante la recolección de datos demográficos y la aplicación de las siguientes encuestas: “Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo” del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo de España (INSHT), en su versión validada para el idioma español: “Irritation Index”. Con fines de analizar la información obtenida se creó una base de datos con base en lo contenido en las encuestas válidas y se realizaron tablas dinámicas en Excel Resultados: participaron 577 trabajadores hospitalarios, encontrándose un 72% de personal femenino y un 28% de personal masculino con una relación H:M 2:6. De la población total encuestada, un 72% corresponde a trabajadores del área asistencial y un 28% al área administrativa. Se encontró una alta percepción de riesgo ergonómico (manejo de cargas, 81%, movimientos repetitivos 91%, posturas forzadas, 49%). Los síntomas osteomusculares referidos fueron: dolor cervical 20%, dolor en región dorsal media 17%, dolor en el hombro 62%, dolor en muñeca 27% y dolor en codo 10%. En la percepción de carga mental y factores de riesgo psicosocial se observó que el 92% de los trabajadores requiere un alto nivel de atención en la ejecución de sus tareas, el 77%, debe atender varias tareas al mismo tiempo, el 52% realiza tarea complejas, el 49% ve necesario esconder sus emociones en el sitio de trabajo, el 13% considera que su trabajo es excesivo, el 43% manifiesta la necesidad de trabajar rápido en el desarrollo de sus funciones, el 69% trabaja con plazos estrictos muy cortos el66% considera que el ritmo de trabajo está determinado por plazos temporales a cumplir. Por otro lado se encuentra una adecuada percepción de la autonomía (93-94%) en la escogencia del método de trabajo, ritmo de trabajo, establecimiento del orden de las tareas a cumplir. En general las relaciones interpersonales son percibidas de manera positiva encontrándose que el 98% recibe ayuda de sus compañeros y el 97% afirma contar con la ayuda de sus superiores. En cuanto a la violencia física en el lugar de trabajo se encuentra que un 6 % ha sido víctima de agresión por parte de personas ajenas al lugar de trabajo. En lo concerniente al percepción de la salud física, el 48% refiere un óptimo estado de salud, mientras que en lo referente a la salud mental se encuentra más frecuentemente alteraciones del sueño (20%), sensación de tensión (20%), tristeza y/o depresión (13%), dificultad para desconectarse del trabajo (15%). Discusión: En la población estudiada se encontró una alta percepción de condiciones ergonómicas inadecuadas dadas por posturas forzadas, manipulación de cargas y movimientos repetitivos, así como exposición a riesgo biológico y factores de riesgo psicosocial. Resulta importante destacar que los hallazgos obtenidos reflejan lo reportado en la literatura internacional y dejan de manifiesto la importancia de reflexionar sobre la necesidad de identificar los riesgos, sensibilizar a la población y de priorizar las actuaciones preventivas.

Resultados clínicos, radiológicos del manejo de fracturas diafisiarias de fémur con clavos elásticos endomedulares en población pediátrica

Introducción: Las fracturas de fémur en pediatría son una causa de discapacidad por requerir una inmovilización prolongada, convirtiendo su manejo en un reto para el ortopedista. El tratamiento depende de muchos factores, como la edad, el peso, el tipo de fractura y mecanismo de trauma. El estudio evaluará los desenlaces clínicos y radiológicos del paciente pediátrico con fracturas diafisiaria de fémur manejadas quirúrgicamente con clavos elásticos endomedulares. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo, serie de casos, recolección de información a través de revisión de historias clínicas en pacientes sometidos quirúrgicamente con clavos elásticos. Resultados: Un total de 13 casos; promedio de edad de 8,2±2,86 años; relación hombre mujer es 3: 1. Principal mecanismo de trauma baja energía (9 casos). Con un seguimiento de 12.5±2,82 meses, el postoperatorio evidenció complicaciones menores relacionadas con irritación del punto de entrada del clavo (9 casos). Solo un caso presentó no unión de la fractura. No se documentaron otras complicaciones, existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la anteversión femoral del miembro fracturado y el sano (p=0,001) relacionado con problemas rotacionales, igual que la angulación en el plano sagital (p=0,030) sin repercusión para la consolidación ni la marcha. Conclusiones: El análisis de resultados clínicos y radiológicos concuerda con lo descrito en la literatura mundial, los clavos elásticos endomedulares es una técnica reproducible con resultados excelentes y satisfactorios, bajas tasas de complicaciones. Éste estudio presenta limitaciones debido al tamaño de muestra, no podemos hacer recomendaciones definitivas.

Caracterización de la exposición ocupacional a formaldehído en trabajadores del sector salud y educación en Colombia 2004-2013.

El Formaldehído es una sustancia química de amplio uso a nivel mundial con efectos documentados en personas expuestas entre los cuales se destacan irritación de la piel, mucosas, tracto respiratorio y ojos. Según la Agencia Internacional para la Investigación del Cáncer (IARC) el formaldehido se encuentra clasificado en el grupo 1 como agente cancerígeno con suficiente evidencia de producir neoplasias en humanos. Los sectores industriales en Colombia que utilizan de forma frecuente el formaldehído incluyen los fabricantes de maderas, los servicios funerarios, y los sectores de salud y educación. El presente estudio de corte transversal pretende, con base en mediciones históricas (2004-2013) construir un perfil de exposición a formaldehído en trabajadores vinculados al sector de salud y educación en Colombia, divididos y analizados según actividades de trabajo similares (Patólogos, Histotecnólogos, Auxiliares de laboratorio, Docentes y Estudiantes), con el fin de establecer una línea base de diagnóstico para la orientación acciones dirigidas al control del riesgo. Con base en los hallazgos y soportados en estimadores estadísticos aplicables a los grupos de exposición, en general existe un tendencia de no conformidad al comparar los resultados aplicables con valores de referencia de larga duración definidos para el agente por autoridades internacionales. De forma complementaria se encontraron brechas significativas respecto a la implementación de controles administrativos y técnicos que sugieren circunstancias de exposición no controladas en los colectivos de interés.

Designing Temperature-Responsive Biocompatible Copolymers and Hydrogels Based on 2-Hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylates

Free-radical copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate can be successively utilized for the synthesis of water-soluble polymers and hydrogels with excellent physicochemical properties, thus showing promise for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. In the work presented it has been demonstrated that water-soluble copolymers based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate exhibit lower critical solution temperature in aqueous solutions, whereas the corresponding high molecular weight homopolymers do not have this unique property. The temperature-induced transitions observed upon heating the aqueous solutions of these copolymers proceed via liquid−liquid phase separation. The hydrogels were also synthesized by copolymerizing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate in the absence of a bifunctional cross-linker. The cross-linking of these copolymers during copolymerization is believed to be due to the presence of bifunctional admixtures or transesterification reactions. Transparency, swelling behavior, mechanical properties, and porosity of the hydrogels are dependent upon the monomer ratio in the copolymers. Hydrogel samples containing more 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate are less transparent, have lower swelling capacity, higher elastic moduli, and pores of smaller size. The assessment of the biocompatibility of the copolymers using the slug mucosal irritation test revealed that they are also less irritant than poly(acrylic acid).

Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of mango seed kernel by product

The antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory properties of extracts of mango seed kernel (Mangifera indica L.), which is normally discarded when the fruit is processed, were studied. Extracts contained phenolic components by a high antioxidant activity, which was assessed in homogeneous solution by the 2,2-diphenyt-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothialozinesulfonic acid) radical cation-scavenging assays and in an emulsion with the ferric thiocyanate test. The extracts also possessed tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Drying conditions and extraction solvent were varied, and optimum conditions for preparation of mango seed kernel extract were found to be sun-drying with ethanol extraction at room temperature. Refluxing in acidified ethanol gave an increase in yield and the obtained extract had the highest content of total phenolics, and also was the most effective antioxidant with the highest radical-scavenging, metal-chelating and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The extracts did not cause acute irritation of rabbit skins. Our study for the first time reveals the high total phenol content, radical-scavenging, metal-chelating and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the extract from mango seed kernel. This extract may be suitable for use in food, cosmetic, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pungent general anesthetics activate transient receptor potential-A1 to produce hyperalgesia and neurogenic bronchoconstriction

BACKGROUND: Volatile anesthetics such as isoflurane and halothane have been in clinical use for many years and represent the group of drugs most commonly used to maintain general anesthesia. However, despite their widespread use, the molecular mechanisms by which these drugs exert their effects are not completely understood. Recently, a seemingly paradoxical effect of general anesthetics has been identified: the activation of peripheral nociceptors by irritant anesthetics. This mechanism may explain the hyperalgesic actions of inhaled anesthetics and their adverse effects in the airways. METHODS: To test the hypothesis that irritant inhaled anesthetics activate the excitatory ion-channel transient receptor potential (TRP)-A1 and thereby contribute to hyperalgesia and irritant airway effects, we used the measurement of intracellular calcium concentration in isolated cells in culture. For our functional experiments, we used models of isolated guinea pig bronchi to measure bronchoconstriction and withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation with von Frey filaments in mice. RESULTS: Irritant inhaled anesthetics activate TRPA1 expressed in human embryonic kidney cells and in nociceptive neurons. Isoflurane induces mechanical hyperalgesia in mice by a TRPA1-dependent mechanism. Isoflurane also induces TRPA1-dependent constriction of isolated bronchi. Nonirritant anesthetics do not activate TRPA1 and fail to produce hyperalgesia and bronchial constriction. CONCLUSIONS: General anesthetics induce a reversible loss of consciousness and render the patient unresponsive to painful stimuli. However, they also produce excitatory effects such as airway irritation and they contribute to postoperative pain. Activation of TRPA1 may contribute to these adverse effects, a hypothesis that remains to be tested in the clinical setting.

In situ gelling systems based on Pluronic F127/Pluronic F68 formulations for ocular drug delivery

This study evaluated the use of Pluronic F127 and Pluronic F68 as excipients for formulating in situ gelling systems for ocular drug delivery. Thermal transitions have been studied in aqueous solutions of Pluronic F127, Pluronic F68 as well as their binary mixtures using differential scanning calorimetry, rheological measurements, and dynamic light scattering. It was established that the formation of transparent gels at physiologically relevant temperatures is observed only in the case of 20 wt % of Pluronic F127. The addition of Pluronic F68 to Pluronic F127 solutions increases the gelation temperature of binary formulation to above physiological range of temperatures. The biocompatibility evaluation of these formulations using slug mucosa irritation assay and bovine corneal erosion studies revealed that these polymers and their combinations do not cause significant irritation. In vitro drug retention study on glass surfaces and freshly excised bovine cornea showed superior performance of 20 wt % Pluronic F127 compared to other formulations. In addition, in vivo studies in rabbits demonstrated better retention performance of 20 wt % Pluronic F127 compared to Pluronic F68. These results confirmed that 20 wt % Pluronic F127 offers an attractive ocular formulation that can form a transparent gel in situ under physiological conditions with minimal irritation.

Recurrent sores by ill-fitting dentures and intra-oral squamous cell carcinoma in smokers

Objectives: To examine whether denture use and recurrent sores caused by ill-fitting dentures are associated with intra-oral squamous cell carcinoma (IO-SCC) in individuals exposed to tobacco. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study. The study population comprised 124 patients with IO-SCC and the same number of controls (individually paired according to gender and age) recruited from outpatient units of the same hospital. Conditional logistic regression analysis assessed the effect of denture use and recurrent oral sores by ill-fitting dentures, adjusted by covariates on the lifetime exposure to alcohol and tobacco, socioeconomic standings, and dietary patterns. Results: The use of dentures showed no association with IO-SCC [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.40, 95 percent confidence interval 0.51-3.87, P = 0.513] in an assessment controlled by socioeconomic position, lifetime exposure to alcohol and tobacco, and dietary patterns. However, the report of recurrent sores caused by ill-fitting dentures showed significant association with the disease (adjusted OR 4.58, 95 percent confidence interval 1.52-13.76, P = 0.007). Conclusions: The association between recurrent oral sores caused by ill-fitting dentures and squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth in smokers is in agreement with the hypothesis that the chronic physical irritation of oral mucosa contributes to the topical carcinogenic effect of tobacco, which must be taken into careful consideration in the planning of dental services for adults and the elderly.

Connective tissue mast cells are the target of formaldehyde to induce tracheal hyperresponsiveness in rats: Putative role of leukotriene B(4) and nitric oxide

Formaldehyde (FA) exposure induces upper airways irritation and respiratory abnormalities, but its mechanisms are not understood. Since mast cells are widely distributed in the airways, we hypothesized that FA might modify the airways reactivity by mechanism involving their activation. Tracheal rings of rats were incubated with Dulbecco`s modified medium culture containing FA (0.1 ppm) in 96-well plastic microplates in a humid atmosphere. After 30 min, 6 h, and 24-72 h, the rings were suspended in an organ bath and dose-response curve to methacholine (MCh) were determined. incubation with FA caused a transient tracheal hyperresponsiveness to MCh that was independent from tracheal epithelium integrity. Connective tissue mast cell depletion caused by compound 48/80 or mast cell activation by the allergic reaction, before exposure of tracheal rings to FA prevented the increased responsiveness to MCh. LTB(4) concentrations were increased in the culture medium of tracheas incubated with FA for 48 h, whereas the LTB(4)-receptor antagonist MK886 (1 mu M) added before FA exposure rendered the tracheal rings normoreactive to MCh. In addition, FA exposure did not cause hyperresponsiveness in tracheal segments incubated with L-arginine (1 mu M). We suggest that airway connective tissue mast cells constitute the target and may provide the increased LTB(4) generation as well as an elevated consumption of NO leading to tracheal hyperresponsiveness to MCh. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Collagen Expression and Neutrophil Infiltrate in 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Oral Mucositis in Hamsters

Background and Objectives: Several studies have suggested that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) can ameliorate oral mucositis, however, the mechanisms involved are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action of LLLT on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, as related to effects on collagen expression and inflammation Materials and Methods: A hamster cheek pouch model of oral mucositis was used with all animals receiving intraperitoneal 5-fluorouracil, followed by surface irritation. Animals were randomly allocated into three groups, and treated with an InGaAIP diode laser at a wavelength of 660 nm and output power of 35 or 100 mW laser, or no laser Clinical severity of mucositis was assessed at four time-points by a blinded examiner Buccal pouch tissue was harvested from a subgroup of animals in each group at four time-points. Collagen was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated after picrosinus staining. The density of the neutrophil infiltrate was also scored Results: Peak clinical severity of mucositis was reduced in the 35 mW laser group as compared to the 100 mW and control groups The reduced peak clinical severity of mucositis in the 35 mW laser group was accompanied by a decrease in the number of neutrophils and an increase in the proportion of mature collagen as compared to the other two groups. The total quantity of collagen was significantly higher in the control (no laser) group at the day 11 time-point, as compared to the 35 mW laser group, consistent with a more prolonged inflammatory response in the control group. Conclusion: This study supports two mechanisms of action for LLLT in reducing mucositis severity. The increase in collagen organization in response to the 35 mW laser indicates that LLLT promotes wound healing In addition, LLLT also appears to have an anti-inflammatory effect, as evidenced by the reduction in neutrophil infiltrate Lasers Surg Med 42 546-552, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis in hamsters: evaluation of two low-intensity laser protocols

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms whereby low-intensity laser therapy may affect the severity of oral mucositis. A hamster cheek pouch model of oral mucositis was used with all animals receiving intraperitoneal 5-fluorouracil followed by surface irritation. Animals were randomly allocated into three groups and treated with a 35 mW laser, 100 mW laser, or no laser. Clinical severity of mucositis was assessed at four time-points by a blinded examiner. Buccal pouch tissue was harvested from a subgroup of animals in each group at four time-points. This tissue was used for immunohistochemistry for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and factor VIII (marker of microvessel density) and the resulting staining was quantified. Peak severity of mucositis was reduced in the 35 mW laser group as compared to the 100 mW laser and control groups. This reduced peak clinical severity of mucositis in the 35 mW laser group was accompanied by a significantly lower level of COX-2 staining. The 100 mW laser did not have an effect on the severity of clinical mucositis, but was associated with a decrease in VEGF levels at the later time-points, as compared to the other groups. There was no clear relationship of VEGF levels or microvessel density to clinical mucositis severity. The tissue response to laser therapy appears to vary by dose. Low-intensity laser therapy appears to reduce the severity of mucositis, at least in part, by reducing COX-2 levels and associated inhibition of the inflammatory response.

Effects of Micelles and Vesicles on the Oximolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Diphenyl Phosphate: A Model System for Surfactant-Based Skin-defensive Formulations against Organophosphates

The rates of oximolysis of p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate (PNPDPP) by Acetophenoxime; 10-phenyl-10-hydi-oxyiminodecanoic acid; 4-(9-carboxynonanyl)-1-(9-carboxy-1-hydroyiminononanyl) benzene; 1-dodecyl-2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-pyridinium chloride (IV) and N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime chloride were determined in micelles of N-hexadecyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium propanesulfonate and dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride (DODAC) vesicles. The effects of CTAC micelles and DODAC vesicles on the rates of oxymolysis of O,O-Diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (paraoxon) by oxime IV were also determined. Analysis of micellar and vesicular effects on oximolysis of PNPDPP, using pseudophase or pseudophase with explicit consideration of ion exchange models, required the determination of the aggregate`s effects on the pK(a), of oximes and on the rates of PNPDPP hydrolysis. All aggregates increased the rate of oximolysis of PNPDPP and the results were analyzed quantitatively. In particular, DODAC vesicles catalyzed the reaction and increased the rate of oximolysis of PNPDPP by IV several million fold at pH`s compatible with pharmaceutical formulations. The rate increase produced by DODAC vesicles on the rate of oximolysis paraoxon by IV demonstrates the pharmaceutical potential of this system, since the substrate is used as an agricultural defensive agent and the surfactant is extensively employed in cosmetic formulations. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:1040-1052, 2009

Att leva med långvarig smärta vid fibromyalgi : Upplevelser, hantering och omvårdnad

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva hur människor med fibromyalgi upplever att leva med långvarig smärta, hur denna hanteras i det dagliga livet samt vilka omvårdnadshandlingar som upplevs betydelsefulla av fibromyalgidrabbade. Litteratursökningen genomfördes via Högskolan Dalarnas databaser ELIN, Blackwell Synergy och EBSCO HOST med hjälp av sökord i olika kombinationer. Tre artiklar söktes manuellt. Inklusionskriterierna var att artiklarna skulle vara vetenskapliga och skrivna på engelska, svenska, norska eller danska samt vara publicerade mellan 1997-2007. Artiklarna (n=16) kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av granskningsmallar och de artiklar som var av hög eller medelhög kvalitet inkluderades. I resultatet framkom att den långvariga smärtan vid fibromyalgi upplevdes dominera medvetandet vilket kunde leda till känslor av ilska, hjälplöshet, frustration, irritation, desperation och utmattning. Flera delar av, eller i vissa fall hela kroppen, engagerades av smärtan. Exempel på strategier för att hantera smärtan var att använda sig av fysiska aktiviteter, avslappningsövningar, självdistrahering, alternativmedicinska behandlingar och att ha en positiv attityd. Den viktigaste formen av psykologiskt stöd var att bli lyssnad till och att få uttrycka sig utan att känna sig dömd. Vidare var praktiskt stöd, såsom assistans med hushållssysslor av stor betydelse. Att erhålla adekvat information om sjukdomstillståndet och prognosen upplevdes vara viktigt av fibromyalgidrabbade.

Patienters upplevelser och behov av stöd efter en hjärtinfarkt

Syfte: Att undersöka patienternas upplevelser efter en hjärtinfarkt samt deras behov av stöd efter hemgången från sjukhuset. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie. Resultat: Patienterna upplevde ofta känslor som irritation, vrede, depression, emotionella problem och uppfattade sig vara en börda för sin omgivning tiden efter hjärtinfarkten. De upplevde sig värdelösa och utan livsglädje relaterat till minskad energi för dagliga aktiviteter och oro för en ny hjärtinfarkt. Oro fanns även inför en nyupptäckt rädsla för döden och bristande kunskap om sjukdomen. Patienterna var tvungna att lära sig att leva med förändringar i hälsa, livsstil, emotionella reaktioner samt arbete och sociala aktiviteter. Överlevnad upplevdes vara en motivation för alla patienter att ändra sitt beteende. Stödet efter hjärtinfarkten var viktigt och patienterna kände press för att vara både fru/man, mamma/pappa, vän och beskyddare. Slutsats: Det fanns en stark vilja från patienterna att ha någon form av långsiktig kontroll och stöd som pågick efter hjärtrehabiliteringen. Patienterna ville att en sjuksköterska skulle stå för uppföljning och bland annat komma efter ett år och gå igenom allt i ett påminnande och klargörande syfte. Sjuksköterskans roll lyftes då patienterna upplevde att de stod för kontinuitet, stöd, säkerhet och praktisk hjälp.

The need to vent and dissatisfactory self-service technology encounters

Reports of customer dissatisfaction with self-service technologies (SSTs) are becoming increasingly common. The SST context is characterised by customer participation in service production and delivery, independently of service personnel. With no opportunity for humanto- human interaction, feelings of customer irritation and frustration can have a tendency to build-up in dissatisfactory SST encounters. If SSTs do not perform as promised, customers can become angry and frustrated, and do not have the security or reassurance of human service personnel. With this in mind, it is argued that customers’ “need to vent” will be an important predictor of customers’ complaint behaviours (CCBs), i.e., voice, negative word of mouth, negative “word of mouse”, third party action, false loyalty and exit, in dissatisfactory SST encounters. The “need to vent” is defined as the need, when one has a problem, to seek relief by expressing one’s problem / “getting it off one’s chest”. This construct has been subject to little conceptual or empirical scrutiny, and to the researchers’ knowledge, has not been previously operationalised or measured. This paper begins to address this gap by presenting a conceptual model and hypotheses depicting the relationships between the need to vent and CCBs in the context of SSTs.