939 resultados para Injeção de metais


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Uma etapa fundamental no desenvolvimento de sistemas tolerantes a falhas é a fase de validação, onde é verificado se o sistema está reagindo de maneira correta à ocorrência de falhas. Uma das técnicas usadas para validar experimentalmente um sistema é injeção de falhas. O recente uso de sistemas largamente distribuídos para execução dos mais diversos tipos de aplicações, faz com que novas técnicas para validação de mecanismos de tolerância a falhas sejam desenvolvidas considerando este novo cenário. Injeção de falhas no sistema de comunicação do nodo é uma técnica tradicional para a validação de aplicações distribuídas, para forçar a ativação dos mecanismos de detecção e recuperação de erros relacionados à troca de mensagens. A condução de experimentos com injetores de comunicação tradicionais é feita pelo uso do injetor em uma máquina do sistema distribuído. Se o cenário desejado é de múltiplas falhas, o injetor deve ser instanciado independentemente nas n máquinas que as falhas serão injetadas. O controle de cada injetor é individual, o que dificulta a realização do experimento. Esta dificuldade aumenta significativamente se o cenário for um sistema distribuído de larga escala. Outro problema a considerar é a ausência de ferramentas apropriadas para a emulação de determinados cenários de falhas. Em aplicações distribuídas de larga escala, um tipo comum de falha é o particionamento de rede. Não há ferramentas que permitam diretamente a validação ou a verificação do processo de defeito de aplicações distribuídas quando ocorre um particionamento de rede Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de uma abordagem para injeção de falhas que permita o teste de atributos de dependabilidade de aplicações distribuídas de pequena e larga escala implementadas em Java. A abordagem considera a não obrigatoriedade da alteração do código da aplicação sob teste; a emulação de um cenário de falhas múltiplas que ocorrem em diferentes nodos, permitindo o controle centralizado do experimento; a validação de aplicações que executem em sistemas distribuídos de larga escala e consideram um modelo de falhas realista deste tipo de ambiente, incluindo particionamentos de rede. A viabilidade da abordagem proposta é mostrada através do desenvolvimento do protótipo chamado FIONA (Fault Injector Oriented to Network Applications), o qual atualmente injeta falhas em aplicações desenvolvidas sob o protocolo UDP.

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Nos últimos anos, o aumento do preço dos metais vem sendo acompanhado por uma forte valorização do câmbio real dos principais exportadores deste tipo de produto, inclusive do câmbio real brasileiro. Com um câmbio real aparentemente valorizado e com um crescimento do PIB abaixo da média dos países em desenvolvimento, a política macroeconômica brasileira vem sofrendo fortes críticas sobre o patamar de sua moeda e sua conseqüência para a indústria brasileira. O objetivo destes trabalho é analisar a relação existente entre o preço das commodities metálicas e o câmbio real dos países, com destaque especial para o câmbio real brasileiro. Estabelecida esta relação examinaremos os impactos que o preço dos metais tem na indústria brasileira e nas exportações brasileiras, seja diretamente ou indiretamente via a valorização do câmbio real que será observada na primeira parte do trabalho. Os resultados nos revelam o que o aumento do preço dos metais foi realmetne relevante para a apreciação do câmbio nos países exportadores e também para o Brasil. Apesar de alguns setores sofrerem impactos no longo prazo, tanto diretos quanto através da apreciação cambial, do aumento do preço do metais, não há evidências suficientes do que se costuma chamar de Dutch Disease, que seria uma deterioração generalizada da indústria brasileira.

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Este trabalho relata um estudo de sulfatação, em escala laboratorial, com objetivo de propor um tratamento para a recuperação seletiva de determinados metais presentes em lodos galvânicos (LG). Os metais de interesse são cobre, zinco e níquel e o agente promotor da sulfatação é a pirita, obtida de rejeitos de carvão mineral. A particularidade deste tratamento é o emprego simultâneo de dois resíduos perigosos como matériasprimas. Estes resíduos são gerados em grande quantidade em sítios de extração de carvão (rejeito piritoso) e empresas galvânicas (lodo galvânico). Os resíduos foram caracterizados por fluorescência de raios X (XRF), distribuição granulométrica e percentual de umidade. A caracterização química apresentou lodos com alta concentração de cobre, maior do que 14% (base seca). Na etapa de sulfatação, o lodo galvânico foi misturado com o rejeito piritoso e os parâmetros avaliados foram: razão lodo galvânico/rejeito piritoso, temperatura de sulfatação e tempo de patamar. Depois da sulfatação, o produto da reação foi lixiviado com água, em temperatura ambiente, por 15 min. Nesta etapa hidrometalúrgica, os parâmetros variáveis foram tempo de lixiviação e concentração de sólidos na polpa.As condições que melhor refletem o compromisso de recuperar os metais de interesse e a viabilidade econômica do processo foram alcançados com a razão 1:0,4 lodo galvânico/rejeito piritoso, 90 min de patamar e 550ºC de temperatura de sulfatação, para a etapa pirometalúrgica e 15 min de lixiviação e 14g.L-1 de sólidos em polpa como condições hidrometalúrgicas. Estas condições propiciaram a recuperação de 60% de zinco, 49% de níquel e 50% de cobre.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi a produção e caracterização de componentes sinterizados de titânio para aplicação biomédica, obtidos através do processo de fabricação chamado de Moldagem de Pós por Injeção ( MPI ), ou “Metal Injection Molding” ( MIM ) na língua inglesa. Para a produção dos componentes de titânio, utilizou-se de pós de hidreto de titânio produzidos pelo processo de Hidretação-Dehidretação ( HDH ), no Laboratório de Transformação Mecânica - UFRGS. Foram realizados ensaios para a caracterização dos componentes sinterizados quanto às suas propriedades mecânicas, resistência à corrosão, características morfológicas e de biocompatibilidade. Este trabalho concentra-se no desenvolvimento e produção de componentes para área odontológica ( implantodontia ) e médica, visando a implementar a técnica de Moldagem de Pós por Injeção ( MPI ) de hidreto de titânio para aplicação na produção de implantes, tendo em vista que, atualmente, este processo não é utilizado para tal fim. Para as análises de biocompatibilidade foram produzidos parafusos corticais para utilização como implantes. Após a caracterização morfológica e química dos implantes produzidos foram realizados ensaios in vitro de corrosão e in vivo de biocompatibilidade onde foi possível observar algumas características da superfície do implante como, por exemplo, a susceptibilidade à corrosão por frestas e elevado recobrimento ósseo do implante.

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A execução de testes é um passo essencial na adoção de novos protocolos de comunicação e sistemas distribuídos. A forma com que estes se comportam na presença de falhas, tão comuns em ambientes geograficamente distribuídos, deve ser conhecida e considerada. Testes sob condições de falha devem ser realizados e as implementações devem trabalhar dentro de sua especificação nestas condições, garantindo explicitamente o funcionamento dos seus mecanismos de detecção e recuperação de erros. Para a realização de tais testes, uma técnica poderosa é a injeção de falhas. Ferramentas de injeção de falhas permitem ao projetista ou engenheiro de testes medir a eficiência dos mecanismos de um sistema antes que o mesmo seja colocado em operação efetiva. Este trabalho apresenta o projeto, desenvolvimento e teste do injetor de falhas FIRMAMENT. Esta ferramenta executa, dentro do núcleo do sistema operacional, microprogramas, ou faultlets, sobre cada mensagem processada para a emulação de situações de falha de comunicação, utilizando uma abordagem de scripts. A ferramenta é implementada como um módulo de núcleo do sistema operacional Linux, tendo acesso total aos fluxos de entrada e saída de pacotes de forma limpa e não intrusiva, permitindo o teste de sistemas baseados nos protocolos IPv4 e IPv6. Seu desempenho é significativo, já que a ferramenta evita que os mecanismos de injeção de falhas sejam invocados nos fluxos que não sejam de interesse aos testes, bem como dispensa a cópia de dados dos pacotes de comunicação a serem inspecionados e manipulados. A aplicabilidade da ferramenta, dada pela sua facilidade de integração a um ambiente de produção, é conseqüência de sua disponibilidade como um módulo de núcleo, podendo ser carregada como um plugin em um núcleo não modificado. As instruções por FIRMAMENT suportadas lhe dão alto poder de expressão dos cenários de falhas. Estas instruções permitem a inspeção e seleção de mensagens de forma determinística ou estatística. Além disso, fornecem diversas ações a serem realizadas sobre os pacotes de comunicação e sobre as variáveis internas do injetor, fazendo-o imitar o comportamento de falhas reais, como descarte e duplicação de mensagens, atraso na sua entrega e modificação de seu conteúdo. Estas características tornam a ferramenta apropriada para a realização de experimentos sobre protocolos e sistemas distribuídos.

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Novel cementing materials formulations containing flexible polymeric admixtures have been studied aiming at improving the mechanical behavior of oil well cement slurries submitted to steam injection. However, research activities in this sector are still under development. The steam injected directly into the well causes casing dilation, which after a reduction in temperature, tends to return to its original dimensions, resulting in crack formation and hydraulic isolation loss of the well, which will result in shortening of well life. In this scenario, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the mechanical behavior of Portland-based slurries containing SBR latex, applied in oil well cementing of wells submitted to steam injection. Were formulated slurries with densities of 1.797 g/cm3 (15.0 lb/Gal) and 1.869 g/cm3 (15.6 lb/Gal), containing admixtures with a latex concentration of 0; 66.88; 133.76; 200.64 and 267.52 L/m3 (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 gpc). Tests including rheology, fluid loss control, thickening time, API compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, beyond steam injection simulation. Microstrutural characteristics of the slurries were also performed (XRD, TG, FTIR and SEM). The results showed that increasing the polymer concentration increased in the rheological properties and fluid loss, and a decrease in the elasticity modulus of the cement slurries. The results obtained showed that the slurries can be applied in cementing operations of oil wells submitted to steam injection.

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Oil wells subjected to cyclic steam injection present important challenges for the development of well cementing systems, mainly due to tensile stresses caused by thermal gradients during its useful life. Cement sheath failures in wells using conventional high compressive strength systems lead to the use of cement systems that are more flexible and/or ductile, with emphasis on Portland cement systems with latex addition. Recent research efforts have presented geopolymeric systems as alternatives. These cementing systems are based on alkaline activation of amorphous aluminosilicates such as metakaolin or fly ash and display advantageous properties such as high compressive strength, fast setting and thermal stability. Basic geopolymeric formulations can be found in the literature, which meet basic oil industry specifications such as rheology, compressive strength and thickening time. In this work, new geopolymeric formulations were developed, based on metakaolin, potassium silicate, potassium hydroxide, silica fume and mineral fiber, using the state of the art in chemical composition, mixture modeling and additivation to optimize the most relevant properties for oil well cementing. Starting from molar ratios considered ideal in the literature (SiO2/Al2O3 = 3.8 e K2O/Al2O3 = 1.0), a study of dry mixtures was performed,based on the compressive packing model, resulting in an optimal volume of 6% for the added solid material. This material (silica fume and mineral fiber) works both as an additional silica source (in the case of silica fume) and as mechanical reinforcement, especially in the case of mineral fiber, which incremented the tensile strength. The first triaxial mechanical study of this class of materials was performed. For comparison, a mechanical study of conventional latex-based cementing systems was also carried out. Regardless of differences in the failure mode (brittle for geopolymers, ductile for latex-based systems), the superior uniaxial compressive strength (37 MPa for the geopolymeric slurry P5 versus 18 MPa for the conventional slurry P2), similar triaxial behavior (friction angle 21° for P5 and P2) and lower stifness (in the elastic region 5.1 GPa for P5 versus 6.8 GPa for P2) of the geopolymeric systems allowed them to withstand a similar amount of mechanical energy (155 kJ/m3 for P5 versus 208 kJ/m3 for P2), noting that geopolymers work in the elastic regime, without the microcracking present in the case of latex-based systems. Therefore, the geopolymers studied on this work must be designed for application in the elastic region to avoid brittle failure. Finally, the tensile strength of geopolymers is originally poor (1.3 MPa for the geopolymeric slurry P3) due to its brittle structure. However, after additivation with mineral fiber, the tensile strength became equivalent to that of latex-based systems (2.3 MPa for P5 and 2.1 MPa for P2). The technical viability of conventional and proposed formulations was evaluated for the whole well life, including stresses due to cyclic steam injection. This analysis was performed using finite element-based simulation software. It was verified that conventional slurries are viable up to 204ºF (400ºC) and geopolymeric slurries are viable above 500ºF (260ºC)

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Heavy metals are used in many industrial processestheirs discard can harm fel effects to the environment, becoming a serious problem. Many methods used for wastewater treatment have been reported in the literature, but many of them have high cost and low efficiency. The adsorption process has been used as effective for the metal remoal ions. This paper presents studies to evaluate the adsorption capacity of vermiculite as adsorbent for the heavy metals removal in a synthetic solution. The mineral vermiculite was characterized by differents techniques: specific surface area analysis by BET method, X-ray diffraction, raiosX fluorescence, spectroscopy in the infraredd region of, laser particle size analysis and specific gravity. The physical characteristics of the material presented was appropriate for the study of adsorption. The adsorption experiments weredriveal finite bath metod in synthetic solutions of copper, nickel, cadmium, lead and zinc. The results showed that the vermiculite has a high potential for adsorption, removing about 100% of ions and with removal capacity values about 85 ppm of metal in solution, 8.09 mg / g for cadmium, 8.39 mg/g for copper, 8.40 mg/g for lead, 8.26 mg/g for zinc and 8.38 mg/g of nickel. The experimental data fit in the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The kinetic datas showed a good correlation with the pseudo-second order model. It was conducteas a competition study among the metals using vermiculiti a adsorbent. Results showed that the presence of various metals in solution does not influence their removal at low concentrations, removing approximat wasely 100 % of all metals present in solutions

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Concern with the environment has lead to an increase in the research for new adsorption techniques, low cost adsorvent materials and with high availability. Many works search the development of higher selectivity modified adsorvents. The Brazil has the second world reserve of oiled shale, because of it, the use of that reject is of great interest. This study has the goal of characterize and analyze the retorted shale, reject of the pirobetuminous shale pyrolysis, and the retorted shale modified through the humid impregnation method, wich the precursors were the metals nitrates ( Cobalt, Nickel and Copper), to the usage has adsorvent materials. The samples were characterized chemically, textually and structurally by the X ray fluorescence (XRF), BET, X ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) techniques. The impregnated samples showed a reduction in the superficial area and in the pore volume when compared with the retorted shale. Besides that, diffractions referred to the impregnated metals where observed in the XRD analysis, wich were the same metals detected in the XRF and SEM analysis. The materials showed homogeneity in it s composition. The results shows that the materials presents adequate adsorption characteristics

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Steam injection is the most used method of additional recovery for the extraction of heavy oil. In this type procedure is common to happen gravitational segregation and this phenomenon can affect the production of oil and therefore, it shoulds be considered in the projects of continuous steam injection. For many years, the gravitational segregation was not adequately considered in the calculation procedures in Reservoir Engineering. The effect of the gravity causes the segregation of fluids inside the porous media according to their densities. The results of simulation arising from reservoirs could provide the ability to deal with the gravity, and it became apparent that the effects of the gravity could significantly affect the performance of the reservoir. It know that the gravitational segregation can happen in almost every case where there is injection of light fluid, specially the steam, and occurs with greater intensity for viscous oil reservoirs. This work discusses the influence of some parameters of the rock-reservoir in segregation as viscosity, permeability, thickness, cover gas, porosity. From a model that shows the phenomenon with greater intensity, optimized some operational parameters as the rate flow rate steam, distance between the wells injector-producer, and interval of completion which contributed to the reduction in gravity override, thus increasing the oil recovery. It was shown a greater technical-economic viability for the model of distance between the wells 100 m. The analysis was performed using the simulator of CMG (Computer Modeling Group-Stars 2007.11, in which was observed by iterating between studied variables in heavy oil reservoirs with similar characteristics to Brazilian Northeast

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Currently a resource more and more used by the petroleum industry to increase the efficiency of steam flood mechanism is the addition of solvents. The process can be understood as a combination of a thermal method (steam injection) with a miscible method (solvent injection), promoting, thus, the reduction of interfacial tensions and oil viscosity. The use of solvent alone tends to be limited because of its high cost. When co-injected with steam, the vaporized solvent condenses in the cooler regions of the reservoir and mixes with the oil, creating a zone of low viscosity between the steam and the heavy oil. The mobility of the displaced fluid is then improved, resulting in an increase of oil recovery. To better understand this improved oil recovery method, a numerical study of the process was done contemplating the effects of some operational parameters (distance between wells, injection steam rate, kind of solvent and injected solvent volume)on the accumulated production of oil, recovery factor and oil-steam rate. Semisynthetic models were used in this study but reservoir data can be extrapolated for practical applications situations on Potiguar Basin. Simulations were performed in STARS (CMG, 2007.11). It was found that injected solvent volumes increased oil recovery and oil rates. Further the majority of the injected solvent was produced and can be recycled

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Until the early 90s, the simulation of fluid flow in oil reservoir basically used the numerical technique of finite differences. Since then, there was a big development in simulation technology based on streamlines, so that nowadays it is being used in several cases and it can represent the physical mechanisms that influence the fluid flow, such as compressibility, capillarity and gravitational segregation. Streamline-based flow simulation is a tool that can help enough in waterflood project management, because it provides important information not available through traditional simulation of finite differences and shows, in a direct way, the influence between injector well and producer well. This work presents the application of a methodology published in literature for optimizing water injection projects in modeling of a Brazilian Potiguar Basin reservoir that has a large number of wells. This methodology considers changes of injection well rates over time, based on information available through streamline simulation. This methodology reduces injection rates in wells of lower efficiency and increases injection rates in more efficient wells. In the proposed model, the methodology was effective. The optimized alternatives presented higher oil recovery associated with a lower water injection volume. This shows better efficiency and, consequently, reduction in costs. Considering the wide use of the water injection in oil fields, the positive outcome of the modeling is important, because it shows a case study of increasing of oil recovery achieved simply through better distribution of water injection rates

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The gas injection has become the most important IOR process in the United States. Furthermore, the year 2006 marks the first time the gas injection IOR production has surpassed that of steam injection. In Brazil, the installation of a petrochemical complex in the Northeast of Brazil (Bahia State) offers opportunities for the injection of gases in the fields located in the Recôncavo Basin. Field-scale gas injection applications have almost always been associated with design and operational difficulties. The mobility ratio, which controls the volumetric sweep, between the injected gas and displaced oil bank in gas processes, is typically unfavorable due to the relatively low viscosity of the injected gas. Furthermore, the difference between their densities results in severe gravity segregation of fluids in the reservoirs, consequently leading to poor control in the volumetric sweep. Nowadays, from the above applications of gas injection, the WAG process is most popular. However, in attempting to solve the mobility problems, the WAG process gives rise to other problems associated with increased water saturation in the reservoir including diminished gas injectivity and increased competition to the flow of oil. The low field performance of WAG floods with oil recoveries in the range of 5-10% is a clear indication of these problems. In order to find na effective alternative to WAG, the Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) was developed. This process is designed to take advantage of gravity force to allow vertical segregation between the injected CO2 and reservoir crude oil due to their density difference. This process consists of placing horizontal producers near the bottom of the pay zone and injecting gás through existing vertical wells in field. Homogeneous models were used in this work which can be extrapolated to commercial application for fields located in the Northeast of Brazil. The simulations were performed in a CMG simulator, the STARS 2007.11, where some parameters and their interactions were analyzed. The results have shown that the CO2 injection in GAGD process increased significantly the rate and the final recovery of oil

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Exploration of heavy oil reservoirs is increasing every year in worldwide, because the discovery of light oil reservoirs is becoming increasingly rare. This fact has stimulated the research with the purpose of becoming viable, technically and economically, the exploration of such oil reserves. In Brazil, in special in the Northeast region, there is a large amount of heavy oil reservoir, where the recovery by the so called secondary methods Water injection or gas injection is inefficient or even impracticable in some reservoirs with high viscosity oils (heavy oils). In this scenario, steam injection appears as an interesting alternative for recover of these kinds of oil reservoirs. Its main mechanism consists of oil viscosity reduction through steam injection, increasing reservoir temperature. This work presents a parametric simulation study of some operational and reservoir variables that had influence on oil recovery in thin reservoirs typically found in Brazilian Northeast Basins, that use the steam injection as improved oil recovery method. To carry out simulations, it was used the commercial software STARS (Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator) from CMG (Computer Modeling Group) version 2007.11. Reservoirs variables studied were horizontal permeability, vertical and horizontal permeability ratio, water zone and pay zone thickness ratio, pay zone thickness and thermal conductivity of the rock. Whereas, operational parameters studied were distance between wells and steam injection rate. Results showed that reservoir variables that had more influence on oil recovery were horizontal permeability and water zone and pay zone thickness ratio. In relation to operational variables, results showed that short distances between wells and low steam injection rates improved oil recovery