Investigating the process of translation:humour translation norms, strategies and approaches in children's literature

Research in the present thesis is focused on the norms, strategies,and approaches which translators employ when translating humour in Children's Literature from English into Greek. It is based on process-oriented descriptive translation studies, since the focus is on investigating the process of translation. Viewing translation as a cognitive process and a problem soling activity, this thesis Think-aloud protocols (TAPs) in order to investigate translator's minds. As it is not possible to directly observe the human mind at work, an attempt is made to ask the translators themselves to reveal their mental processes in real time by verbalising their thoughts while carrying out a translation task involving humour. In this study, thirty participants at three different levels of expertise in translation competence, i.e. tn beginner, ten competent, and ten experts translators, were requested to translate two humourous extracts from the fictional diary novel The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13 ¾ by Sue Townsend (1982) from English into Greek. As they translated, they were asked to verbalise their thoughts and reason them, whenever possible, so that their strategies and approaches could be detected, and that subsequently, the norms that govern these strategies and approaches could be revealed. The thesis consists of four parts: the introduction, the literature review, the study, and the conclusion, and is developed in eleven chapters. the introduction contextualises the study within translation studies (TS) and presents its rationale, research questions, aims, and significance. Chapters 1 to 7 present an extensive and inclusive literature review identifying the principles axioms that guide and inform the study. In these seven chapters the following areas are critically introduced: Children's literature (Chapter 1), Children's Literature Translation (Chapter 2), Norms in Children's Literature (Chapter 3), Strategies in Children's Literature (Chapter 4), Humour in Children's Literature Translation (Chapter 5), Development of Translation Competence (Chapter 6), and Translation Process Research (Chapter 7). In Chapters 8 - 11 the fieldwork is described in detail. the piolot and the man study are described with a reference to he environments and setting, the participants, the research -observer, the data and its analysis, and limitations of the study. The findings of the study are presented and analysed in Chapter 9. Three models are then suggested for systematising translators' norms, strategies, and approaches, thus, filling the existing gap in the field. Pedagogical norms (e.g. appropriateness/correctness, famililarity, simplicity, comprehensibility, and toning down), literary norms (e.g. sound of language and fluency). and source-text norms (e.g. equivalence) were revealed to b the most prominent general and specific norms governing the translators'  strategies and approaches in the process of translating humour in ChL. The data also revealed that monitoring and communication strategies (e.g. additions, omissions, and exoticism) were the prevalent strategies employed by translators. In Chapter 10 the main findings and outcomes of a potential secondary benefit (beneficial outcomes) are discussed on the basis of the research questions and aims of the study, and implications of the study are tackled in Chapter 11. In the conclusion, suggestions for future directions are given and final remarks noted.

La traduzione di humour e language-play: analisi contrastiva di un episodio di Modern Family

L’elaborato analizza forme di humour e di language-play, valutandone uso e traduzione in un episodio della serie Modern Family, sitcom famosa per la sua comicità che mescola ironia, giochi di parole e elementi culturali tipici del panorama americano. L’elaborato si articola in quattro capitoli: nel primo si presenta una descrizione della serie, dei suoi personaggi e delle motivazioni del suo successo; il secondo tratta invece di humour, di language-play e della loro traduzione; nel terzo, dopo un breve accenno alle difficoltà del doppiaggio, si affronta la traduzione di Verbally Expressed Humour on Screen (VEH); infine, il quarto capitolo è dedicato all’analisi contrastiva della versione originale e di quella doppiata dell’episodio, articolata secondo tre categorie: language-play, non-specific Verbally Expressed Humour e riferimenti culturali. In appendice, la trascrizione della versione originale e di quella doppiata con i relativi tempi di entrata e di uscita.

L'humour en protection de la jeunesse : « Êtes vous tombés sur la tête ?!?!?!?! »

Depuis le début du 20e siècle, plusieurs chercheurs (assez originaux il va s'en dire), provenant de disciplines différentes, ont exploré cette avenue de l'humour en démontrant certaines théories concernant son impact en intervention. De la psychanalyse à la sexologie en passant par la philosophie et la thérapie, pour n'en nommer que quelques-uns, tous ont mis leur grain de sel dans cet engrenage humoriste. Ainsi, dans le milieu hospitalier, on croit que les professionnels de la santé hésitent à utiliser l'humour avec les patients. Le contexte sérieux de la souffrance, l'image respectable du professionnel et la question du conservatisme religieux inhérent à la pratique infirmière constituent les trois facteurs expliquant ce fait. En psychanalyse, Freud (1929) indique que l'humour implique un processus de total défoulement. Bergson (1940), quant à lui, après l'avoir défini comme étant un geste social, nous explique que par l'humour, l'être humain réussit à se dégager émotivement de la dure réalité de l'existence, et en arrive, tout comme le mentionne la sexologue Claire Bouchard (1993), à dédramatiser les situations difficiles. Fry (1987) affirme pour sa part que le paradoxe fait partie intégrante de l'humour, et ce, dans le monde entier. Certains médecins, dont le Dr Drouin concluent quant à eux que l'humour, enfin le rire, en favorisant la synchronisation des deux hémisphères cérébraux, permet à l'humain de prendre des décisions à la fois logiques et intuitives. Et qu'en est-il de l'humour en lien avec la créativité ? Si pour Koestler (1964) l'humour constitue un type de créativité, Freud (1929) le relie au processus créateur par leur base commune, c'est-à-dire, le fantasme du retour à l’enfance. Le service social ne sera pas en reste, car aussi curieux, insolite et surtout paradoxal que cela puisse paraître aux yeux de certains, cet essai porte sur l'humour en protection de la jeunesse. Est-il possible ou illusoire de penser que cet outil qu'est l'humour peut contribuer, entre autres, à créer ou améliorer la relation de confiance entre l'intervenant et le client, et ce, dans le contexte tout à fait particulier qu'est la protection de la jeunesse ? À ce sujet, nous avons donné la parole à huit personnes (quatre clients et quatre intervenants) rattachés au Centre jeunesse de l'Estrie. Au terme de ces entrevues, nous avons analysé plusieurs éléments qui ont particulièrement capté notre attention. Nous avons relevé l’importance pour les intervenants de savoir doser l'humour. Nous avons donc défini quatre types de dosage l'humour, dont un dosage qualitatif, un dosage temporel, un dosage humaniste, et enfin, un dosage quantitatif. Nous avons également relevé un type de rapport à l'humour différent d'un participant à l'autre. Certains mettent ainsi l'emphase sur la complicité, d'autres sur le pouvoir que l'on peut obtenir par l'humour. Ah! Le pouvoir! L'humour implique donc, dans certaines situations une prise de pouvoir négative, mais aussi, et heureusement, dans certains cas, une prise de pouvoir positive. De même, l'humour procure à l'occasion une forme de protection positive ou négative (fuite) à son utilisateur, qu'il soit intervenant ou client. Enfin, ce qui ressort principalement de cette recherche exploratoire, c'est combien les participants, autant les clients que les intervenants ont un immense besoin d'humour dans leur vie. C'est une survie pour les clients face à ce qu'ils vivent par rapport à la protection de la jeunesse et à leur situation familiale, et pour les intervenants qui évitent entre autres l’épuisement professionnel.

What's so funny? An evaluation of the relations among humour use, mirth, and depressive symptomatology

Humour production and showing mirth (i.e., smiling and laughing) confer prosocial advantages. However, there is a paucity of literature evaluating how humour manifests in psychopathology. Humour and mirth may be especially relevant in depression, wherein profound impairments are evident in emotional and social functioning. Chapters 2 and 3 present correlational and predictive relations of depressive, social anxiety, and social anhedonia symptoms with humour styles, and consider the role of motivational systems and expressivity of positive affect as they relate to humour. As expected, symptoms and avoidance-based motivation were positively related to maladaptive humour styles and negatively related to adaptive humour styles. Interestingly, the pattern of relations shifted when considered among individuals in a depressive episode; acutely depressed individuals generally shy away from any humour style rather than gravitating toward specific styles. In a mediation model, the inverse relation between depressive symptoms and affiliative humour was fully mediated by approach-based motivation and expressivity of positive emotions. Chapters 4 and 5 examined subjective and observed mirth responses (facial affect and laughter) demonstrated by depressed and healthy comparison groups. Relative to non-depressed individuals, depressed persons reported less enjoyment, lower ratings of funniness, and fewer instances and shorter durations of positive facial affect and laughter when viewing humourous videos. There was no significant change in retrospective ratings of enjoyment and funniness at a one-week follow-up. The pattern of responsivity by depressed persons shifted when they viewed humourous videos while hearing others laughing. Both groups demonstrated more mirth when hearing others laugh; there were no differences between groups on mirthful behaviours. The one exception was that the total duration of laugher produced by depressed individuals was shorter than that produced by individuals in the healthy comparison group. This research project demonstrates that facets of depressive symptomatology are differentially associated with humour use and depressed individuals show blunted emotional responsivity to humourous stimuli. However, the pattern of reduced affective responsivity is context specific in that it fluctuates in response to hearing others’ laughter. These findings have important implications for the conceptualization of depression and the subsequent avenues for the treatment of individuals with depression.

Humour, Hate Crimes and British Radical Right Users on Twitter: A longitudinal Post-Brexit study

This dissertation explores the link between hate crimes that occurred in the United Kingdom in June 2017, June 2018 and June 2019 through the posts of a robust sample of Conservative and radical right users on Twitter. In order to avoid the traditional challenges of this kind of research, I adopted a four staged research protocol that enabled me to merge content produced by a group of randomly selected users to observe the phenomenon from different angles. I collected tweets from thirty Conservative/right wing accounts for each month of June over the three years with the help of programming languages such as Python and CygWin tools. I then examined the language of my data focussing on humorous content in order to reveal whether, and if so how, radical users online often use humour as a tool to spread their views in conditions of heightened disgust and wide-spread political instability. A reflection on humour as a moral occurrence, expanding on the works of Christie Davies as well as applying recent findings on the behavioural immune system on online data, offers new insights on the overlooked humorous nature of radical political discourse. An unorthodox take on the moral foundations pioneered by Jonathan Haidt enriched my understanding of the analysed material through the addition of a moral-based layer of enquiry to my more traditional content-based one. This convergence of theoretical, data driven and real life events constitutes a viable “collection of strategies” for academia, data scientists; NGO’s fighting hate crimes and the wider public alike. Bringing together the ideas of Davies, Haidt and others to my data, helps us to perceive humorous online content in terms of complex radical narratives that are all too often compressed into a single tweet.

In Your Face! Investigating Facework, Criticism, and Humour with Corpora in Electoral Debates

In political debates, the media[tisation] can determine the use of language with the aim to increase their spectacularisation and polarisation, possibly by means of criticism and humour, respectively. These linguistic strategies are often used in order to shape what was defined by Goffman as one’s face. Politicians, in particular, can recur to facework in a double sense: shaping their own face positively and/or that of their opponents negatively. Starting from the sociologic theory of face by Goffman and Levinson, with the help of corpus analysis tools, this research investigated the ways in which various forms of criticism and forms of humour were conducted in 3 electoral debates on a national scale (Germany, Ireland, and New Zealand) and 1 debate for the municipal election in Rome. The transcripts were revised after automatic transcriptions were extracted or found online, of which the audio-visual content is available on the Internet. The CADS research aimed to investigate the role that criticism and humour played within each participant’s discourse, and to identify differences and similarities among the strategies used by political leaders and moderators in different countries, and in different cultural, political, and media contexts.

Joking apart: humour in advertising and its translation are a serious matter

Through the analysis of some case studies, this thesis aims at exploring translation strategies of humour in advertising. Every day we are surrounded by advertising material which prompts us to buy a certain product. Consequently, translation in this field takes on an importance that goes beyond mere linguistic rendition: the quality of the translation may have economic consequences for the underlying company. To this peculiar situation, some advertisements show an even more specific feature on which this study focuses: humour. Humour in advertising is a rather recent strategy with the great advantage of attracting attention and ensuring a greater impact on potential consumers. As a result, translating humour in advertising becomes an operation to be carried out with great awareness: first of all, it is necessary to know the culture (and not only the language) of the audience to which the advertisement is addressed, in order to preserve the humorous effect and avoid introducing offensive elements, one of the risks that will be discussed in the paper. This thesis begins with a theoretical section, which is divided into four chapters devoted respectively to the history and language of advertising, the history and theories of humour, humour as a strategy in advertising, and the translation of humour in advertising (with particular reference to examples of creative translations that demonstrate a mastery of the language and knowledge of the target culture). The analytical section is entrusted to the fifth chapter, which is dedicated to the analysis of humour-based advertising material. In order to preserve the coherence of the case study, international advertising campaigns of only one product type (beer) were chosen.

Analisi dello humour nella serie RuPaul’s Drag Race e della sua traduzione dall’inglese in italiano.

L'elaborato analizza come humour e language-play siano presenti nella serie RuPaul's Drag Race e soprattutto in che modo vengano tradotti. I passaggi di testo che contengono questi elementi richiedono infatti particolare attenzione da parte del traduttore per essere trasposti al meglio nella lingua di arrivo. L'elaborato si struttura in tre capitoli: il primo è dedicato alla storia dei ball e del linguaggio sviluppatosi insieme a questa sottocultura, il secondo tratta dello humour in traduzione, in particolare dei giochi di parole e dei realia, e delle strategie studiate per tradurre questi elementi. Nel terzo e ultimo capitolo vengono analizzate alcune traduzioni dei nomi delle categorie che definiscono il tema della sfilata in ogni episodio. Negli anni sono diventati sempre più creativi e costituiscono un buon punto di analisi per descrivere l'impiego dello humour nella serie. Il titolo originale inglese viene qui comparato con i sottotitoli italiani proposti dalle piattaforme streaming Netflix Italia e WowPresents Plus.

Strappare Lungo i Bordi: il doppiaggio inglese a confronto con la cultura italiana, il dialetto e lo humour

Strappare Lungo i Bordi, serie TV animata scritta e diretta dal fumettista romano Zerocalcare e distribuita da Netflix, offre un interessante spunto di riflessione sulle difficoltà dell'adattamento di prodotti audiovisivi culturalmente specifici. Dopo aver offerto un quadro generale sulla nascita e lo sviluppo della pratica del doppiaggio e sulle problematiche della traduzione audiovisiva, verranno trattati più approfonditamente i temi della traduzione di variazioni linguistiche, nello specifico i dialetti, e dello humour, così da facilitare uno studio di questi elementi all'interno del prodotto in questione. Infine, attraverso l'analisi di traduzioni scelte, si potranno osservare le varie strategie che il traduttore ha utilizzato durante l'adattamento del dialetto romanesco e dell'elemento umoristico presenti in Strappare Lungo i Bordi.

A resilencia e a imagem corporal de adolescentes e adultos com mielomeningocele

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

The visual ecology of avian photoreceptors

The spectral sensitivities of avian retinal photoreceptors are examined with respect to microspectrophotometric measurements of single cells, spectrophotometric measurements of extracted or in vitro regenerated visual pigments, and molecular genetic analyses of visual pigment opsin protein sequences. Bird species from diverse orders are compared in relation to their evolution, their habitats and the multiplicity of visual tasks they must perform. Birds have five different types of visual pigment and seven different types of photo receptor-rods, double (uneven twin) cones and four types of single cone. The spectral locations of the wavelengths of maximum absorbance (lambda (max)) of the different visual pigments, and the spectral transmittance characteristics of the intraocular spectral filters (cone oil droplets) that also determine photoreceptor spectral sensitivity, vary according to both habitat and phylogenetic relatedness. The primary influence on avian retinal design appears to be the range of wavelengths available for vision, regardless of whether that range is determined by the spectral distribution of the natural illumination or the spectral transmittance of the ocular media (cornea, aqueous humour, lens, vitreous humour). Nevertheless, other variations in spectral sensitivity exist that reflect the variability and complexity of avian visual ecology. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

A study of "white spotted kidneys" in cattle

A study was performed at an abattoir in Australia, in an attempt to correlate focal chronic interstitial nephritis (FCIN) producing the so-called white spotted kidney, with Leptospira spp. and other pathogens in cattle. Samples of kidneys, urine and blood were collected immediately after slaughter from 46 two-year-old heifers, and 72 cows and bulls with gross lesions consistent with FCIN. The same samples were also collected from nine heifers and 12 cows with no gross kidney lesions. Aqueous humour was also collected from the eye of 17 of the adult animals. The sera were processed by a microscopic agglutination test for leptospira antibodies, while all the other samples were cultured for Leptospira spp. and also processed for routine aerobic and anaerobic culture for other pathogens. Sub-samples from all the kidneys were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and processed histologically. Antibody titers of 1:400 or higher for Lepstospira borgpeterseni serovar hardjo were found in six adult animals with FCIN and in one adult animal with no gross kidney changes, while antibody titers of 1:400 to L borgpeterseni serovar tarassovi were found in only one animal with FCIN. L. borgpeterseni serovar hardjo was isolated from the urine and kidney of one adult animal and from the urine of another adult animal, both with FCIN. No pathogens were isolated from any of the other samples. The histological lesions were consistent in most cases with FCIN. The results suggest that neither Leptospira spp. nor active infection by other bacteria are associated with c the so-called white spotted kidneys. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

How to teach mathematics with MOODLE

The aim of this article is to present a Project in the Oporto’s Institute of Accounting and Administration, which pretends to contribute for a change in the way of teaching and learning Mathematics. One of the main objectives of this project is to innovate the teaching and learning processes, exploring technologies as a pedagogical resource and to induce higher motivation to students, improve the rate of success and make available to students a set of materials adapted to their needs. This concern is justified due to the fact that students have a weak preparation, without consolidated basis. Since the year 2007/2008 the courses were adjusted to the Bologna process, which requires several changes in teacher’s and student’s roles, methodologies and assessment. The number of weekly classes has been reduced, so it was necessary to develop new strategies and methodologies to support the student. With the implementation of the Bologna Process in the Accounting degree, we felt a great need to provide other types of activities to students. To complement our theoretical and practical classes we have developed a project called MatActiva based on the Moodle platform offered by PAOL - Projecto de Apoio On-Line (Online Support Project). Moodle allows us to use the language TEX to create materials that use mathematical symbols. Using this functionality, we created a set of easy to use interactive resources. In MatActiva project, the students have access to a variety of different materials. We have followed a strategy that makes the project compatible with the theoretical and practical subjects/classes, complementing them. To do so, we created some resources, for instance multiple-choice tests, which are the most accessed by the students. These tests can be realized and corrected on-line and for each wrong answer there is a feedback with the resolution. We can find other types of resources: diagnostic tests, theoretical notes. There are not only the pre-requirements for subjects mathematics, but also materials to help students follow up the programs. We also developed several lessons. This activity consists of a number of pages, where each page has contents and leads to other pages, based on the student's progress. The teacher creates the choices and determines the next page that the student will see, based upon their knowledge. There is also an area of doubts, where the students can place all the mathematical doubts they have, and a teacher gives the answers or clues to help them in their work. MatActiva also offers an area where we can find some humour, curiosities, contests and games including mathematical contents to test the math skills, as well as links to pages about mathematical contents that could be useful for the study. Since ISCAP receives ERASMUS students and some of them attend mathematics, we developed some materials in English, so they can also use MatActiva. The main objectives of our project are not only to bring success in the subjects of mathematics, but also to motivate the students, encourage them to overcome theirs difficulties through an auto-study giving them more confidence and improve their relationship with the mathematics as well as the communication between students and teachers and among students.

O conto - Subversão e hibridismo na estrutura tradicional

The questioning of fictional identities is central in both texts. Their structure illustrates the Bakhtinian notions of heteroglossia and dialogism and one of their main themes is the structuring and restructuring of social and personal history. Together with the use of irony and humour, the parody of social context, the use of intertextuality and metafiction, the exploration of fragment and of discontinuity, the development of self reflection and the interrogation of the author before the condition of his work, the focusing on the presence of a reader lost in the interpretation of the text, this problematisation of fictional identities places these two novels between the acts of modernism and postmodernism.

Análise da tradução e legendagem da sátira no mockumentary

O presente trabalho foi elaborado no âmbito da dissertação do Mestrado em Tradução e Interpretação Especializadas, e tem como objectivo estudar o formato mockumentary, no qual se baseia a minha análise, e compreender as especificidades da tradução do elemento satírico de que este híbrido se pode revestir, enquanto elemento potenciador de comicidade. A Tradução Audiovisual é um fenómeno com que nos deparamos diariamente, seja a partir de uma televisão, de um ecrã de computador ou de um dispositivo móvel, em que estamos perante um conjunto de elementos semióticos diversos, para os quais concorre uma combinação essencial de quatro canais, a saber, o canal visual, acústico, verbal e não-verbal. O tradutor deve ter em consideração não só o código verbal, como também os elementos que não são estritamente linguísticos, como gestos, música, expressões faciais, etc. Dado que Uma Família Muito Moderna, sobre a qual baseei a minha análise, é uma série humorística com um forte pendor satírico, afigurou-se como primeiro objecto de estudo por descrever o mockumentary e analisar como esse humor se verifica na versão portuguesa. Deste modo, impõe-se abordar a questão da tradução do humor, neste caso de trocadilhos (wordplay), puns e casos de polissemia, bem como da tradução de referências culturais e intertextuais. Para esse efeito, procedi a uma análise contrastiva entre o texto original, em língua inglesa, e verificar a recuperação do tom satírico potenciador de humor nas legendas, na língua de chegada, em língua portuguesa. Em conjunto, estes elementos concorrem para a construção de um texto que, no caso deste mockumentary, se reveste de um forte tom satírico - mock - para a criação de humor, apresentando uma série que, apesar de indubitavelmente fictícia, revela determinados traços associados a formatos televisivos informativos - documentary - , transmitindo ao espectador uma ilusão de realidade e de factualidade.