A novel catalyst for clean production of diphenols - Ferric trisacetylacetonate MCM-41

Ferric trisacetylacetonate has been deposited within the zeolite MCM-41 and the product characterized by XRD and IR. In water at pH 7 it catalyzes the oxidation of phenol by H2O2, giving 58% conversion in 1 h at 50 degrees C: products are catechol (66%), hydroquinone (27%) and benzoquinone (7%). Other oxidants and solvents are much less effective. UV-VIS spectra suggest a radical substitution mechanism, and a pollution-free process for phenol hydroxylation is now possible.

Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Dihydric Phenol on Polypyrrole Film Modified Electrodes

The electrochemical behavior of catechol, hydroquinone and resorcinol on GC and PPy/GC electrode surface were studied by CV and RDE method. The results indicated that these three substance could be oxidized electrocatalytically on PPy film electrode. The possibility of fabrication of amperometric electrochemical sensor for catechol was also studied.

ELECTROCATALYSIS ON ELECTROCHEMICALLY PRETREATED GLASSY-CARBON ELECTRODE

The surface structure of glassy carbon electrode subjected to "galvanostat" pretreat- ment and its electrocatalytic behaviour in the presence of ascorbic acid, catechol and hydroquinone were studied by means of cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronocoulometry and scanning electron microscopy. The electrocatalytic mechanism was discussed, which was due to the adsorption and the catalysis of functional groups at the electrode surface. Three separated peaks from the mixture of catecnol, hydroq...

Electrochemical ammonia gas sensing in nonaqueous systems: A comparison of propylene carbonate with room temperature ffonc liquids

First, the direct and indirect electrochemical oxidation of ammonia has been studied by cyclic voltammetry at glassy carbon electrodes in propylene carbonate. In the case of the indirect oxidation of ammonia, its analytical utility of indirect for ammonia sensing was examined in the range from 10 and 100 ppm by measuring the peak current of new wave resulting from reaction between ammonia and hydroquinone, as function of ammonia concentration, giving a sensitivity 1.29 x 10(-7) A ppm(-1) (r(2)=0.999) and limit-of-detection 5 ppm ammonia. Further, the direct oxidation of ammonia has been investigated in several room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C(4)mim] [BF4]), 1-butyl-3-methylimiclazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate ([C4mim] [OTf]), 1-Ethyl -3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C(2)mim] [NTf2]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(tritluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4mim] [NTf2]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4mim] [PF6]) on a 10 put diameter Pt microdisk electrode. In four of the RTILs studied, the cyclic voltammetric analysis suggests that ammonia is initially oxidized to nitrogen, N-2, and protons, which are transferred to an ammonia molecule, forming NH4+ via the protonation of the anion(s) (A(-)). However, in [C4mim] [PF6], the protonated anion was formed first, followed by NH4+. In all five RTILs, both HA and NH4+ are reduced at the electrode surface, forming hydrogen gas, which is then oxidized. The analytical ability of this work has also been explored further, giving a limit-of-detection close to 50 ppm in [C(2)mim] [NTf2], [C(4)mim] [OTf], [C(4)mim] [BF4], with a sensitivity of ca. 6 x 10(-7) A ppm(-1) (r(2) = 0.999) for all three ionic liquids, showing that the limit of detection was ca. ten times larger than that in propylene carbonate since ammonia in propylene carbonate might be more soluble in comparison with RTILs when considering the higher viscosity of RTILs.

Photomineralisation of 4-chlorophenol sensitised by TiO2 thin films

The results of a study of the oxidative mineralisation of 4-CP by oxygen, sensitised by thin films of Degussa P25 TiO2, are reported. The films are used under conditions in which the kinetics of photomineralisation are independent of mass transfer effects and stable towards repeated irradiation. Using a TiO2 film, the process goes through the same mechanism as a TiO2 dispersion, generating the same intermediates, namely: 4-chlorocatechol and hydroquinone. The kinetics of photomineralisation show clear differences between a TiO2 film and a dispersion. With TiO2 films the initial rate of photomineralisation is strongly dependent upon photocatalyst loading, (units; g dm(-3)) reaching a distinct maximum, which appears to be associated with the formation of a monolayer of aggregated particles - the diameter of the aggregated particles is estimated as 0.44 mu m. A simple 2D model is presented to help illustrate the features of such a system. With TiO2 dispersions the rate usually reaches a plateau at ca. 0.5 g dm(-3) of TiO2. For TiO2 films the initial rate depends directly upon the incident light intensity, implying that the photocatalytically active particles are under low illumination conditions, partially shielded by the other particles making up each aggregated particle. In contrast, with TiO2 dispersions R-i depends upon I-0.64, implying that the different light intensities used spanned both the high (R(i)proportional to I-1/2) and low (R(i)proportional to I) intensity kinetic regions. The kinetics of photomineralisation of 4-CP, sensitised by TiO2 films obey the same Langmuir-Hinshelwood expressions as found in most semiconductor photocatalyst work conducted with TiO2 dispersions. However, in a study of the variation R-i as a function of [4-CP] and [O-2] the values for the maximum rates were larger, and those for the apparent Langmuir adsorption coefficients were smaller, than those found for TiO2 dispersions. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

PHOTOMINERALISATION OF 4-CHLOROPHENOL SENSITIZED BY TITANIUM-DIOXIDE - A STUDY OF THE INTERMEDIATES

The photomineralisation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) sensitised by Degussa P25 TiO2 in O2-saturated solution represents a possible standard test system in semiconductor-sensitised photomineralisation studies. As part of a detailed examination of this photosystem, the results of the temporal variations in the concentrations of 4-CP, CO2, Cl- and the major organic intermediates, namely, 4-chlorocatechol (4-CC), hydroquinone (HQ), benzoquinone and 4-chlororesorcinol, are reported. The observed variations in [4-CP], [4-CC], [HQ] and [CO2] fit those predicted by a kinetic model which utilises kinetic equations with a Langmuir-Hinshelwood form and assumes that there are three major possible routes in which the photogenerated hydroxyl radicals can react with 4-CP, ie. 4-CP --> 4-CC, 4-CP --> HQ and 4-CP --> (unstable intermediate) --> CO2 and that these routes have the following probabilities of occurring: 48%, 10% and 42%.

Electrochemical sensor for catechol and dopamine based on a catalytic molecularly imprinted polymer-conducting polymer hybrid recognition element

One of the difficulties with using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and other electrically insulating materials as the recognition element in electrochemical sensors is the lack of a direct path for the conduction of electrons from the active sites to the electrode. We have sought to address this problem through the preparation and characterization of novel hybrid materials combining a catalytic MIP, capable of oxidizing the template, catechol, with an electrically conducting polymer. In this way a network of "molecular wires" assists in the conduction of electrons from the active sites within the MIP to the electrode surface. This was made possible by the design of a new monomer that combines orthogonal polymerizable functionality; comprising an aniline group and a methacrylamide. Conducting films were prepared on the surface of electrodes (Au on glass) by electropolymerization of the aniline moiety. A layer of MIP was photochemically grafted over the polyaniline, via N,N'-diethyldithiocarbamic acid benzyl ester (iniferter) activation of the methacrylamide groups. Detection of catechol by the hybrid-MIP sensor was found to be specific, and catechol oxidation was detected by cyclic voltammetry at the optimized operating conditions: potential range -0.6 V to +0.8 V (vs Ag/AgCl), scan rate 50 mV/s, PBS pH 7.4. The calibration curve for catechol was found to be linear to 144 µM, with a limit of detection of 228 nM. Catechol and dopamine were detected by the sensor, whereas analogues and potentially interfering compounds, including phenol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, serotonin, and ascorbic acid, had minimal effect (=3%) on the detection of either analyte. Nonimprinted hybrid electrodes and bare gold electrodes failed to give any response to catechol at concentrations below 0.5 mM. Finally, the catalytic properties of the sensor were characterized by chronoamperometry and were found to be consistent with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. © 2009 American Chemical Society.

Proof of Concept of the Electrochemical Sensing of 3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) and Thyronamine (T0AM)

Recent studies have shown that, besides the well-recognized T3 and T4 hormones, there are other relevant thyroid hormones circulating in the human body. In particular, this is the case for 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) and thyronamine (T0AM). One of the reasons for the lack of studies showing their precise importance is the absence of analytical methodologies available. Herein, for the first time, T1AM and T0AM are electrochemically characterized. T0AM was sensed by means of a glassy carbon electrode; furthermore, T1AM was sensed both with a graphitic surface (oxidatively) as well as with mercury (reductively). For both compounds, after oxidation, it was possible to observe the reversible redox reaction concerning the benzoquinone/hydroquinone couple, thus increasing the specificity of the electroanalysis. Therefore, this work provides the basis for an ‘at-point-of-use’ electrochemical strip test for T1AM and T0AM.

Modeling reaction kinetics and mass transfer in ozonation in water solutions

This dissertation is based on four articles dealing with modeling of ozonation. The literature part of this considers some models for hydrodynamics in bubble column simulation. A literature review of methods for obtaining mass transfer coefficients is presented. The methods presented to obtain mass transfer are general models and can be applied to any gas-liquid system. Ozonation reaction models and methods for obtaining stoichiometric coefficients and reaction rate coefficients for ozonation reactions are discussed in the final section of the literature part. In the first article, ozone gas-liquid mass transfer into water in a bubble column was investigated for different pH values. A more general method for estimation of mass transfer and Henry’s coefficient was developed from the Beltrán method. The ozone volumetric mass transfer coefficient and the Henry’s coefficient were determined simultaneously by parameter estimation using a nonlinear optimization method. A minor dependence of the Henry’s law constant on pH was detected at the pH range 4 - 9. In the second article, a new method using the axial dispersion model for estimation of ozone self-decomposition kinetics in a semi-batch bubble column reactor was developed. The reaction rate coefficients for literature equations of ozone decomposition and the gas phase dispersion coefficient were estimated and compared with the literature data. The reaction order in the pH range 7-10 with respect to ozone 1.12 and 0.51 the hydroxyl ion were obtained, which is in good agreement with literature. The model parameters were determined by parameter estimation using a nonlinear optimization method. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using object function method to obtain information about the reliability and identifiability of the estimated parameters. In the third article, the reaction rate coefficients and the stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction of ozone with the model component p-nitrophenol were estimated at low pH of water using nonlinear optimization. A novel method for estimation of multireaction model parameters in ozonation was developed. In this method the concentration of unknown intermediate compounds is presented as a residual COD (chemical oxygen demand) calculated from the measured COD and the theoretical COD for the known species. The decomposition rate of p-nitrophenol on the pathway producing hydroquinone was found to be about two times faster than the p-nitrophenol decomposition rate on the pathway producing 4- nitrocatechol. In the fourth article, the reaction kinetics of p-nitrophenol ozonation was studied in a bubble column at pH 2. Using the new reaction kinetic model presented in the previous article, the reaction kinetic parameters, rate coefficients, and stoichiometric coefficients as well as the mass transfer coefficient were estimated with nonlinear estimation. The decomposition rate of pnitrophenol was found to be equal both on the pathway producing hydroquinone and on the path way producing 4-nitrocathecol. Comparison of the rate coefficients with the case at initial pH 5 indicates that the p-nitrophenol degradation producing 4- nitrocathecol is more selective towards molecular ozone than the reaction producing hydroquinone. The identifiability and reliability of the estimated parameters were analyzed with the Marcov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. @All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author.

Électrofilage de complexes de polymères

Ce travail a permis de démontrer que l’électrofilage, ainsi que l’électronébulisation, sont des méthodes faciles et efficaces de préparation de complexes entre des polymères et des petites molécules. En effet, la plupart des méthodes de préparation de complexes donnent des mélanges inhomogènes à cause de la cristallisation cinétiquement favorisée des petites molécules. Or, un mélange inhomogène peut être très difficile à caractériser. Dans ce travail, l’électrofilage a été utilisé pour la première fois avec succès pour obtenir des nanofils de complexe entre le poly(oxyde d’éthylène) (PEO) et le NaSCN (PEO-NaSCN) ainsi qu’entre le PEO et l’hydroquinone. L’électronébulisation a été utilisée pour obtenir du complexe entre la polycaprolactone (PCL) et l’urée. L’électrofilage n’était pas possible pour le système PCL-urée parce que la solubilité n’était pas suffisante pour atteindre la viscosité minimale requise pour l’électrofilage. L’électronébulisation peut donc complémenter l’électrofilage et rendre la technique applicable à encore plus de systèmes. Les systèmes ont été caractérisés par spectroscopie infrarouge (FT-IR), par diffraction de rayons X (XRD), par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC) et par microscopies optique et électronique à balayage.

L'accélération de la rigidité vasculaire associée au diabète de type 1 : implication de la protéine Gla de la matrice

L'hypertension systolique isolée (HSI), amenée par une augmentation de la rigidité vasculaire, est la forme d'hypertension la plus fréquente chez les personnes âgées de plus de 60 ans. L'augmentation de la rigidité vasculaire, causée en partie par la calcification aortique médiale, est accélérée de 15 ans chez les diabétiques. Il est suggéré que la calcification aortique serait responsable de la résistance aux agents antihypertenseurs chez les patients souffrant d'HSI, d'où la nécessité de développer de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques ciblant la calcification artérielle. La protéine Gla de la matrice (MGP) est une protéine anti-calcifiante dépendante de la vitamine K, qui doit être γ-carboxylée pour être active. Deux enzymes sont responsables de la γ-carboxylation, soit la γ-glutamyl-carboxylase et la vitamine K époxyde réductase (VKOR). Plusieurs études récentes ont indiqué que la calcification vasculaire semblait être associée à une réduction de la γ-carboxylation de la MGP, et à un déficit en vitamine K. La modulation de l'expression et/ou de l'activité de la γ-carboxylase et de la VKOR et l'impact de cette modulation sur la γ-carboxylation de la MGP en présence de diabète n'est pas connue. L'objectif principal de cette thèse était de déterminer les mécanismes impliqués dans l'accélération de la rigidité artérielle causée par la calcification des gros troncs artériels dans le diabète. Nous avons ainsi confirmé, dans un modèle animal de rigidité artérielle en présence de diabète de type 1, que la γ-carboxylation de la MGP était bel et bien altérée au niveau aortique. En fait, nous avons démontré que la quantité de MGP active (i.e. MGP γ-carboxylée, cMGP) au sein de la paroi vasculaire est diminuée significativement. Parallèlement, l'expression de la γ-carboxylase était diminuée de façon importante, alors que ni l'expression ni l'activité de la VKOR n'étaient modifiées. La diminution de l'expression de la γ-carboxylase a pu être reproduite dans un modèle ex vivo d'hyperglycémie. À l'aide de ce modèle, nous avons démontré que la supplémentation en vitamine K dans le milieu de culture prévenait la diminution de l'expression de la γ-carboxylase, alors que les animaux diabétiques de notre modèle in vivo avaient des concentrations plasmatiques de vitamine K pratiquement triplées. D'autre part, l'étude des voies de signalisation impliquées a révélé que la voie PKCβ pourrait être responsable de l'altération de la γ-carboxylase. Ces résultats génèrent de nouvelles pistes de réflexion et de nouvelles idées de recherche. Par exemple, il serait important de vérifier l'effet de la supplémentation en vitamine K dans le modèle animal de rigidité artérielle en présence de diabète pour évaluer l'effet sur la γ-carboxylation de la MGP et par le fait même, sur la calcification vasculaire. De plus, l'évaluation de l'effet de l'administration de molécules ciblant la voie PKC chez ce même modèle animal permettrait de déterminer leur impact sur le développement de la calcification vasculaire et d'évaluer leur potentiel thérapeutique. Selon les résultats de ces études, de nouvelles options pourraient alors être à notre disposition pour prévenir ou traiter la calcification artérielle médiale associée au diabète, ce qui aurait pour effet de ralentir le développement de la rigidité artérielle et d'ainsi diminuer le risque cardiovasculaire associé à l'HSI.

Synthesis and Characterisation of New Transition Metal Complexes of Schiff Bases Derived from 3-hydroxyquinoxaline-2- carboxaldehyde and Application of Some ofthese Complexes as Hydrogenation and Oxidation Catalysts

The thesis deals with studies on the synthesis, characterisation and catalytic applications of some new transition metal complexes of the Schiff bases derived from 3-hydroxyquinoxaline 2-carboxaldehyde.. Schiff bases which are considered as ‘privileged ligands’ have the ability to stabilize different metals in different oxidation states and thus regulate the performance of metals in a large variety of catalytic transformations. The catalytic activity of the Schiff base complexes is highly dependant on the environment about the metal center and their conformational flexibility. Therefore it is to be expected that the introduction of bulky substituents near the coordination sites might lead to low symmetry complexes with enhanced catalytic properties. With this view new transition metal complexes of Schiff bases derived from 3-hydroxyquinoxaline-2-carboxaldehyde have been synthesised. These Schiff bases have more basic donor nitrogen atoms and the presence of the quinoxaline ring may be presumed to build a favourable topography and electronic environment in the immediate coordination sphere of the metal. The aldehyde was condensed with amines 1,8-diaminonaphthalene, 2,3-diaminomaleonitrile, 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, 2-aminophenol and 4-aminoantipyrine to give the respective Schiff bases. The oxovanadium(IV), copper(II) and ruthenium(II)complexes of these Schiff bases were synthesised and characterised. All the oxovanadium(IV) complexes have binuclear structure with a square pyramidal geometry. Ruthenium and copper form mononuclear complexes with the Schiff base derived from 4- aminoantipyrine while binuclear square planar complexes are formed with the other Schiff bases. The catalytic activity of the copper complexes was evaluated in the hydroxylation of phenol with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. Catechol and hydroquinone are the major products. Catalytic properties of the oxovanadium(IV) complexes were evaluated in the oxidation of cyclohexene with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Here allylic oxidation products rather than epoxides are formed as the major products. The ruthenium(II) complexes are found to be effective catalysts for the hydrogenation of benzene and toluene. The kinetics of hydrogenation was studied and a suitable mechanism has been proposed.

Zeolite encapsulated complexes of ruthenium: synthesis, characterisation and catalytic activity studies

The work presented in this thesis is mainly centered on the synthesis and characterization of some encapsulated transition metal complexes and the catalytic activity of the synthesized complexes in certain organic reactions.thesis deals with the catalytic activity of ruthenium-exchanged zeolite and the zeolite encapsulated complexes of SSC, SOD, SPD, AA, ABA, DMG, PCO, PCP, CPO and CPP in the hydroxylation of phenol using hydrogen peroxide. The products were analyzed with a GC to determine the percentage conversion and the chromatograms indicate the presence of different products like hydroquinone, catechol,benzoquinone, benzophenone etc. The major product formed is hydroquinone. From the screening studies, RuYSSC was found to be the most effective catalyst for phenol hydroxylation with 94.4% conversion and 76% hydroquinone selectivity. The influence of different factors like reaction time, temperature, amount of catalyst, effect of various solvents and oxidant to substrate ratio in the catalytic activity were studied in order to find out the optimum conditions for the hydroxylation reaction. The influence of time on the percentage conversion of phenol was studied by conducting the reactions for different durations varying from one hour to four hours. There is an induction period for all the complexes and the length of the induction period depends on the nature of the active components. Though the conversion of phenol and selectivity for hydroquinone. increases with time, the amount of benzoquinone formed decreases with time. This is probably due to the decomposition of benzoquinone formed during the initial stages of the reaction into other degradation products like benzophenones. The effect of temperature was studied by carrying out the reaction at three different temperatures, 30°C, 50°C and 70°C. Reactions carried at temperatures higher than 70°C result either in the decomposition of the products or in the formation of tarry products. Activity increased with increase in the amount of the catalyst up to a certain level. However further increase in the weight of the catalyst did not have any noticeable effect on the percentage conversion. The catalytic studies indicate that the oxidation reaction increases with increase in the volume of hydrogen peroxide till a certain volume. But further increase in the volume of H202 is detrimental as some dark mass is obtained after four hours of reaction. The catalytic activity is largely dependent on the nature of the solvent and maximum percentage conversion occurred when the solvent used is water. The intactness of the complexes within the zeolite cages enhances their possibility of recycling and the activities of the recycled catalysts show only a slight decrease when compared to the fresh samples .

Degradation pathway of bisphenol A: Does ipso substitution apply to phenols containing a quaternary alpha-carbon structure in the para position?

The degradation of bisphenol A and nonylphenol involves the unusual rearrangement of stable carboncarbon bonds. Some nonylphenol isomers and bisphenol A possess a quaternary alpha-carbon atom as a common structural feature. The degradation of nonylphenol in Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3 occurs via a type II ipso substitution with the presence of a quaternary alpha-carbon as a prerequisite. We report here a new degradation pathway of bisphenol A. Consequent to the hydroxylation at position C-4, according to a type 11 ipso substitution mechanism, the C-C bond between the phenolic moiety and the isopropyl group of bisphenol A is broken. Besides the formation of hydroquinone and 4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl) phenol as the main metabolites, further compounds resulting from molecular rearrangements consistent with a carbocationic intermediate were identified. Assays with resting cells or cell extracts of Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3 under an 18 02 atmosphere were performed. One atom of 180, was present in hydroquinone, resulting from the monooxygenation of bisphenol A and nonylphenol. The monooxygenase activity was dependent on both NADPH and flavin adenine dinucleotide. Various cytochrome P450 inhibitors had identical inhibition effects on the conversion of both xenobiotics. Using a mutant of Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3, which is defective for growth on nonylphenol, we demonstrated that the reaction is catalyzed by the same enzymatic system. In conclusion, the degradation of bisphenol A and nonylphenol is initiated by the same monooxygenase, which may also lead to ipso substitution in other xenobiotics containing phenol with a quaternary a-carbon.

Luminescence of a new Ru(II) polypyridine complex controlled by a redox-responsive protonable anthra[1,10]phenanthrolinequinone

Redox-controlled luminescence quenching is presented for a new Ru(II)-bipyridine complex [Ru(bpy)(2)(1)](2+) where ligand 1 is an anthra[1,10] phenanthrolinequinone. The complex emits from a short-lived metal-to-ligand charge transfer, (MLCT)-M-3 state (tau = 5.5 ns in deaerated acetonitrile) with a low luminescence quantum yield (5 x 10(-4)). The emission intensity becomes significantly enhanced when the switchable anthraquinone unit is reduced to corresponding hydroquinone. On the contrary, chemical one-electron reduction of the anthraquinone moiety to semiquinone in aprotic tetrahydrofuran results in total quenching of the emission.