Discours sociaux et aliénation dans deux romans de Gary Victor

L’aliénation est une problématique clé de la littérature haïtienne. Ce thème, abordé à de nombreuses reprises, est renouvelé dans les œuvres de l’écrivain Gary Victor, plus particulièrement dans les romans À l’angle des rues parallèles et Je sais quand Dieu vient se promener dans mon jardin. Ce mémoire a pour but d’étudier l’aliénation due à l’assimilation des différents discours qui circulent dans la société. Victor ne fait pas que montrer l’aliénation collective et individuelle ainsi que les différents mécanismes qui provoquent cette «folie». Il campe ses récits dans un univers chaotique où les modalités interdiscursives de la représentation des lieux et des milieux viennent renforcer cette impression d’aliénation quasi généralisée, et les personnages les plus fous apparaissent finalement comme étant les plus lucides. Des notions empruntées à la sociocritique nous ont servi de cadre théorique pour cette recherche. Le mémoire est composé de cinq chapitres. Les quatre premiers procèdent à l’analyse des discours qui sont présentés comme les sources de l’aliénation des personnages. Le chapitre un est consacré aux discours qui découlent de la société de consommation, qui ne s’appliquent plus uniquement aux objets, mais bien à la gestion des relations interpersonnelles. Le second chapitre se penche sur la question des croyances religieuses, que ce soient les croyances traditionnelles indigènes ou la religion catholique, et montre comment elles peuvent être potentiellement dangereuses pour ceux et celles qui sont trop crédules et comment elles peuvent devenir une arme pour les personnes malintentionnées. Le troisième chapitre étudie la façon dont les discours politiques et historiques sont devenus des lieux de référence pernicieux pour la société haïtienne et la manière dont les personnes au pouvoir les utilisent afin de manipuler le peuple. Le quatrième chapitre aborde les effets pervers des différents discours des savoirs en sciences humaines, plus particulièrement ceux de la philosophie et de la psychanalyse. Il montre les conséquences désastreuses qu’ils peuvent entraîner lorsqu’ils sont transformés en principes immuables. Le dernier chapitre analyse quelques modalités de cette représentation inédite de l’aliénation. Des lieux hostiles, des personnages violents ainsi que l’utilisation de références littéraires et cinématographiques marquant l’imaginaire social font partie des techniques employées par Victor. Ce chapitre fait ressortir également les différentes figures qui traduisent la résistance à cet univers démentiel. Notre lecture des romans de Victor conduit à une réflexion sur la définition du roman populaire, en lien avec la modernité telle que définie par Alexis Nouss. D’après ce qui se dégage de l’œuvre de Gary Victor, ce genre, objet de nombreuses critiques et défini comme servant uniquement au simple divertissement des lecteurs, peut aussi aider à prévenir les dérives des sociétés en perte de repères.

La RMR de Saguenay, entre croissance et décroissance, perceptions et interventions des acteurs locaux

Since around twenty years, the Saguenay CMA seems to have underwent a population decline and important economic transformations, wich would have confronted citizens and local actors to a situation of a possible decline. In a context of an ageing population generalized to the whole Quebec, the Saguenay CMA can be seen as a precursor territory of the population decline phenomenon for a medium-sized city. It’s the scale and the extent of the phenomenon wich seem to have become more important. In this context, is it possible to reverse the situation from an urban planning based on growth, to a planning that takes into account the possiblity of the decrease and the ageing of the population, as well as the reorganization of econimic activities? The analysis of the actors’s speech, who are involved in planning, economic development and politics, raise the question of the difficulty to conceive the decrease of the population and the economic tranformations, not as an occasional phenomenon, but as a possibly structural phenomenon that may last over time. The subject of the decline seems to generate a form of discomfort among the actors, going even to the complete reject of the situation as a possible reality. For several, the eventuality of a generalized decline is inconceivable, the decrease can be perceived as a political failure. It appears that most of the strategies put in place to correct the situation, are based on the goal of a return to the growth. From the signs in the built framework, through the strategy of territorial marketing and municipal interventionism, until the appearance of urban brownfields, the impacts of the population decrease and the economic transformations seems, for the greater part very subtile, but to be present on the territory of the CMA. The shrinking cities phenomenon is observed in this study according to a new approach that confronts the actors’s speech, the territory reality and the analysis of the economic and demographic dynamics. It is thus an exploratory research wich tries to question the current way of thinking the urban growth.

La grammaire de soi ; l’enquête psychanalytique, un mode d’organisation des interactions propre aux sociétés démocratiques contemporaines

Une multitude de gens, au XXe siècle, se sont servis de la psychanalyse pour se rendre compte de leurs faits et gestes. En s’appuyant ainsi sur la psychanalyse, ils démontraient la profondeur de la confiance qu’ils lui accordaient. Cette diffusion ample et profonde, qui a laissé une empreinte très marquée sur la culture contemporaine, demeure largement inexpliquée. Ce phénomène étonnant devient intelligible dès lors qu’on aborde la psychanalyse comme une grammaire de l’intériorité, qui a guidé des interactions en les médiatisant par des symboles et des significations communes (normes, valeurs, etc.) propres aux sociétés démocratiques contemporaines (celles qui se conçoivent comme émanant d’un accord entre individus). Cette pratique sociale, l’enquête psychanalytique, peut être analysée en situant dans leurs contextes d’interactions les discours dans lesquels des désirs refoulés étaient imputés à différentes conduites. L’œuvre de Freud offre un échantillon de tels discours. La description de la forme et du sens que ces imputations de désirs refoulés conféraient à différentes interactions en cours nous permet d’identifier les traits caractéristiques de l’enquête psychanalytique. Freud montre que le refoulement naît d’un conflit entre une volonté présociale refoulée et une volonté socialisée, refoulante, née des exigences inculquées par l’autorité parentale. Pour identifier un désir refoulé, il faut donc simultanément identifier une relation refoulante. L’enquête psychanalytique amène à passer en revue les différentes relations interpersonnelles et intrapersonnelles dans lesquelles est impliqué l’auteur du refoulement. Cet exercice permet de départager les relations qui contraignent la volonté intérieure présociale à des exigences sociales de celles qui, en sens inverse, émanent de cette volonté intérieure. Comme les premières suscitent le refoulement et les symptômes indésirables qu’il entraîne, la guérison du refoulement exige que le porteur du refoulement prenne ses distances des exigences sociales héritées, de manière à parvenir à reconnaître sa volonté présociale. En soupesant ainsi la contrainte exercée sur les volontés présociales par les relations particulières, l’enquête psychanalytique jaugeait ces dernières à partir d’une exigence propre aux sociétés démocratiques contemporaines : celle de fonder les relations sociales sur les volontés non contraintes des partenaires. L’enquête psychanalytique participait ainsi d’un imaginaire social moderne qui donnait, à des relations variées, la forme d’un contrat. Les contemporains qui recouraient à cette enquête manifestaient un souci de respecter cette exigence et ils suscitaient une réaction critique envers les relations qui contraignaient la volonté. En somme, l’enquête psychanalytique offrait aux contemporains une manière d’ordonner les relations qui était adaptée à une société accordant une autorité prééminente aux exigences « contractuelles ». Voilà qui explique en grande partie l’ampleur et la profondeur de la diffusion de la psychanalyse au XXe siècle.

Les municipalités dans le secteur énergétique québécois : le cas du chauffage urbain

In a global context of climate change and energy transition, Quebec seems to be privileged, producing a large amount of cheap hydroelectricity. But aside from the established popular belief that Quebec’s energy is abundant, clean and inexpensive, Quebec’s energy future is still precarious. Within a few decades, Quebec will have to import a significant amount of electricity at a higher price than it actually produces it; the cheap exploitable hydro resources will not only get scarcer if not nonexistent; and the national hydroelectric ``cultural`` heritage even seems to quell the development of alternative energies, letting few space for local innovation coming from municipalities. While in many countries, municipalities are recognised as key figures in the energy sector, here, in Quebec, their role in the national energy system seems marginal. As main actors responsible for territorial planning, it seams that municipalities could play a more important role on Quebec’s energy scene. So they can densify their territory, develop active and collective solutions to transportation issues, they can adopt exemplary energetic habits, they can produce their own energy with wind, solar or even district heating systems. District heating and heat networks being less well know and documented in Quebec, the present study aims at explaining their low penetration level in the Quebec energy landscape. The study also attempts to understand what are the main hurdles to the implementation of district heating in Quebec’s particular energetic context. Finally, the research tries to open a discussion on the motives that could incite municipalities to adopt district heating as an energy alternative. Based on some twenty interviews with key actors of the energy and municipal sectors, the findings give some indications that the low penetration level of district heating in the Quebec municipalities could explain itself in part by : the low priced hydroelectricity, the presence of a comfortable, sufficient and pervasive Hydro-Quebec(er) culture, and also by organizational dynamic and a certain political inertia which limit the appropriation of an energy competence by local governments. In turn, the study shows that district heating solutions are more likely to develop in contexts in which : there are minimum urban or energy density levels; the development of district heating coincides with the local or regional economic structure; and where exist a mobilising local leader or local visions from a community in favor of the implementation of alternative energy systems.

Análisis del modelo de atención de una aseguradora estadounidense para identificar oportunidades de mejoramiento que se puedan adaptar al sistema de salud colombiano

Teniendo en cuenta las dificultades que ha presentado el Sistema de Salud colombiano caracterizado por la corrupción, las barreras administrativas para el acceso a los servicios de salud y la falta de una estructura administrativa, que le permita desarrollar mecanismos para ser eficiente en la prestación de servicios de salud, entre otros (Pantoja, 2011) (Colprensa, 2011) (Ruíz Gómez, 2012); el presente proyecto de investigación busca determinar los factores clave de éxito de una aseguradora Estadounidense y que se podrían adaptar al Sistema de Salud colombiano. Para lograr el propósito de este proyecto, se realizó una búsqueda de artículos donde se describieran los factores claves de éxito del modelo de aseguramiento y prestación de la aseguradora Kaiser Permanente, con el fin de analizar si dichos factores se pueden implementar de acuerdo al marco normativo en el que se desarrolla el sistema de salud colombiano. De acuerdo al análisis de la información y a la revisión de la normatividad que modela el Sistema de Salud colombiano, se pudo determinar que el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS) cuenta con los mecanismos normativos que le permiten adoptar e implementar los factores claves de éxito que caracterizan el modelo de aseguramiento y prestación de servicios de Kaiser Permanente; por otra parte, es necesario tener en cuenta que en el modelo colombiano se permite la integración vertical sólo en un 40% , lo que no se ha estudiado es si este modelo de integración es beneficioso o no, a la hora de buscar la eficiencia en la prestación en salud, ya que el modelo Kaiser se caracteriza por aplicar una integración vertical del 100%, característica que le permite, por la evidencia encontrada, ser eficiente en la atención de sus usuarios.

Rearrangement of the urban space in the sector of Saint Victorino and Saint Ines (Bogota) in relation with the dynamics of informality and marginality (1948-2010)

The present article analyze the urban transformations happened in the sector of Saint Victorino and Saint Ines in the city of Bogota D.C. between 1948 and 2010, making use of the "Genealogical Methodology" during the process of inquiry that allow to contrast the visions that are usually accepted of "progress" and "urban renovation" in the urban market context by the existence of a informal economic and a population in conditions of marginality that configures a good part of the "popular urban culture" of the Bogota in the 20th and 21st century. This vision permit to observe from various perspectives the changes that happened in this sector of the city, the impacts of the history facts occurred en this time period and, in special, the real effects of a rearrangement urban process that began in 1998 and has been prolonged to date, which has left a significant mark about the urban and social physiognomy of the place.

Nuevos escenarios para la gestión territorial y urbana

Frente a la reestructuración del Estado, en relación con su papel frente al proceso de desarrollo urbano, territorial, social y económico, surgen dos importantes tendencias en la escena política e institucional: la masificación del proceso de urbanización y la expansión de las ciudades, en cuyas dinámicas compromete cada vez más a sus entornos territoriales inmediatos, y paralelamente, lo que en forma un tanto ambigua se ha denominado la globalización.De esta manera, frente al desarrollo, varias de las actividades y funciones que durante muchos años fueron responsabilidad casi exclusiva de las entidades del gobierno se comparten cada vez más y con mayor intensidad con el sector privado, las organizaciones sociales y comunitarias.De acuerdo con lo anterior, estas tendencias sugieren la necesidad de pensar la gestión más allá de la esfera gubernamental, para involucrar a los demás actores que ahora intervienen en el proceso de desarrollo, lo cual da pie para la construcción de redes de interacciones, tanto entre las mismas entidades públicas como entre estas y las demás organizaciones pertenecientes al mercado o a la sociedad en general.-----The restructuring of the State, with respect to its role in the urban, territorial, social, and economic development, causes two major trends in the political and institutional arena: the Urban Development Process spread and the cities growth involving in their dynamics more neighboring territorial environments; and, in parallel, the ambiguously so-called Globalization.In this way, public entities facing development are sharing more several activities and functions, which had been in their almost sole responsibility, with the private sector, and social and community organizations.According to the foregoing, these different trends suggest that Management should be thought beyond the government sphere to involve the other actors that participate in the development process, thus accommodating the construction of interaction networks, both among the public entities and between these and other market and society organizations in general.

Cuando creces, yo crezco contigo”: La configuración de áreas de protección ambiental y de subjetividades en el Humedal de Córdoba y la vereda El Verjón Bajo

La configuración de lugares como áreas de protección ambiental puede ser vista como un proceso técnico y objetivo, en el que se crean políticas públicas que definen prácticas adecuadas e inadecuadas en el lugar. Pero esta configuración es un proceso histórico y negociado. Este se construye en contante diálogo entre diferentes actores que se preocupan por definir qué es la naturaleza y el cuidado ambiental, y las percepciones que individuos que habitan en o cerca a estos lugares construyen en su diario vivir. Es así como la configuración socioambiental de lugares como áreas de protección ocurre por transformaciones en la forma de percibir un lugar, la relaciones con este y sobre todo, prácticas y relaciones que se traducen en formas de negociar nociones de naturaleza y cuidado ambiental. Esta negociación tiene grandes implicaciones en los individuos, particularmente en su subjetividad. Es decir, en hechos como la forma de nombrarlo, caminarlo, observar las especies, iniciar proyectos de agricultura orgánica, cambiar prácticas productivas, el cerramiento de zonas para proteger las fuentes de agua o zonas de vegetación. También sobre su subjetividad, la manera como se sienten frente al lugar, como juzgan sus acciones y las de otros y cómo construyen objetivos personales con respecto a la idea de cuidado ambiental.

Use of fused airborne scanning laser altimetry and digital map data for urban flood modelling

Flood modelling of urban areas is still at an early stage, partly because until recently topographic data of sufficiently high resolution and accuracy have been lacking in urban areas. However, Digital Surface Models (DSMs) generated from airborne scanning laser altimetry (LiDAR) having sub-metre spatial resolution have now become available, and these are able to represent the complexities of urban topography. The paper describes the development of a LiDAR post-processor for urban flood modelling based on the fusion of LiDAR and digital map data. The map data are used in conjunction with LiDAR data to identify different object types in urban areas, though pattern recognition techniques are also employed. Post-processing produces a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) for use as model bathymetry, and also a friction parameter map for use in estimating spatially-distributed friction coefficients. In vegetated areas, friction is estimated from LiDAR-derived vegetation height, and (unlike most vegetation removal software) the method copes with short vegetation less than ~1m high, which may occupy a substantial fraction of even an urban floodplain. The DTM and friction parameter map may also be used to help to generate an unstructured mesh of a vegetated urban floodplain for use by a 2D finite element model. The mesh is decomposed to reflect floodplain features having different frictional properties to their surroundings, including urban features such as buildings and roads as well as taller vegetation features such as trees and hedges. This allows a more accurate estimation of local friction. The method produces a substantial node density due to the small dimensions of many urban features.

Responsabilidade social e marketing social: dois estudos de caso

o objetivo desta pesquisa foi a identificação e a determinação dos principais elementos presentes no desenvolvimento de ações de responsabilidade social e programas de marketing social em unidades industriais de duas empresas, da iniciativa privada, localizadas em Curitiba: Bosch e Inepar. Na base teóricoempírica, foram analisados os aspectos referentes à gestão social sob o paradigma da Sociedade Pós-Industrial, à responsabilidade social e ao marketing social. Especificamente nestes dois últimos temas foi aprofundada a análise de suas bases de formação e a evolução de seus conceitos, bem como suas diferentes interpretações, tratamentos, usos e motivações para a efetivação de programas de cunho social. O método que caracteriza esta pesquisa é o de dois estudos de caso distintos. Os dados foram obtidos mediante pesquisa bibliográfica, análise de documentos internos e peças de comunicação externas, observação direta e por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, realizadas com os dirigentes e funcionários das organizações estudadas, envolvidos na condução e organização de práticas sociais. A análise foi efetuada de forma descritivo-qualitativa. Os dados coletados revelaram a existência de consonâncias e dissonâncias entre a prática da responsabilidade social e do marketing social e o discurso apresentado pelas empresas. O objetivo maior do estudo foi ampliar o entendimento acerca da responsabilidade social e do marketing social praticado pela iniciativa privada, tendo como referência a visão de seus integrantes, dentro das atuais racionalidades econômica e social que estabelecem um novo modelo de relacionamento entre Estado, empresas e sociedade civil.

O Plano Diretor como instrumento de gestão da cidade: o caso da cidade de Fortaleza/CE

According to article 182 of the Brazilian Federal Constitution, cities should perform social function, what brings the concept that the city should be a place for one to live well. For that to happen, it should be well administered by its public managers. However, so that there is a sound administration, one that really performs that social function, there must be, first, an efficient planning. We understand that such a thing occurs when the master plan is the main planning instrument of a city and serves as basis for its administration. We notice, however, that in most of the cities the master plan is formulated as a law that regulates urban planning but that both the population and the government most of the times are not aware of its importance concerning the relevant issues related to municipal administration, such as its relationship with the economy, taxation, the social issue, land use regulation, and, in summary, with all the aspects that constitute and that a municipal government should manage in the best possible way. One also knows that, in general, the attempt of city planning has always been connected to the duration of a mandate and that way public managers many times implement restricted measures aiming to just attain a political-electoral objective and publicizing their administration. That implies actions and works that in some cases have negative impacts or ones that cannot be removed from the cities. This study intends to show that the master plan should be the planning instrument guiding the municipal administration but that, however, what we note is a lack of connection between that instrument and the government guidelines of the municipal managers. In order to study what happens to the cities that have a planning which is not taken into account in its administration, we will use the city of Fortaleza, capital of the State of Ceará as a case study. Historically, in Fortaleza the public managers have seldom decided to administer the city in according to the master plans developed for it. We should emphasize that planning begins in the city quite late and until the current days it is being substituted by temporary measures. Through the analysis of the planning process and of the urban management of the city of Fortaleza, especially the master plans predicted since 1933, we explain that if such plans had been implemented, they could have been important tools for its administration to attain a social function, becoming therefore a place for one to live well

A reafirmação do bairro:um estudo geo-histórico do bairro do Alecrim na cidade de Natal-RN

By the end of the 21st Century, economy globalization trends to show a velocity process through which market being expanded characterized by an intense going on of the internationalization of finance, after that marginalizing the periphery of the social spaces. It is clear to see that this process occurred in those less developed countries happens in an accentuated way just because income distribution that is so regressive and also because the insufficient enclosing of the social programs, we find this situation in a big part of Brazilian cities. The marginalizing social economical process observed in Natal, a city located in the east coast part of Northeast region in Brazil and that owns a population upper to 778 thousand in habitants is nearly linked to the extension of goods and services commerce. The installation of new urban activities in the city pointed out tourist activity as the greater impulsive thing in the phenomenon promotion, most of them aiming to promote Natal to the national and international scenery. It privilege strongly in the South zone with economical implementations such as shopping s centers, supermarkets, and home buildings condominiums leading to a loss of functionality of some traditional district located in central areas of the city. Notwithstanding, some spaces, for instance Alecrim district officially created in 1911, has notably resisted to the expansion of the urban process pointed out in Natal in the last years. So that this put Alecrim District as a district with originally characteristics reaffirmed along the historical process form old times. The predominance of some residential characteristics such as the incidence of some villages and a concentration of a big and confuse popular commerce distributed along streets puts Alecrim District as a resistant space in Natal. The same way analyze Alecrim District under the prism of Historic Geography because we understand this way it accomplishes a fundamental role in the theoretical methodological development of our work, just when we analyze the time as a variant in our object of study. It is still inside this theoretical field that we carry out a brief reviewing about quarter/district definition, under the optic from several registered and scientific resources taken into account along this work, because we understand that it was necessary to think this important spatial unit especially to know exactly what we are referring to as a district and so we can reaffirm Alecrim as an important and traditional district to Natal and it has been resisting to spatial transformation verified in the last years in Natal city. To give support to our reflection we used methodological tools related to inhabitants lifestyles knowledge and also the study of Alecrim District as a space that promote a certain centrality in Natal as some indicators to keep original characteristics in the district in Natal

Cidades pequenas, grandes problemas :perfil urbano do Agreste Potiguar

In view of the diversity and the heterogeneity of the existing cities in Brazil, our approach refers to the urban and non-metropolitan areas. Aiming to foment the studies on small cities e to apprehend the sociospatial configuration of the urban environment in such cities, this piece of work elaborates and analyzes the urban profile of the small cities of the Agreste Potiguar region, using as a theoretical reference landmark the production of the urban and regional space, from the decade of 1970 to 2000. Starting from this reference, this piece of work presents an urban sociospatial characterization of the small cities of the Agreste Potiguar region, with emphasis on the economic framework, on the population dynamics, on the main social data, culminating in the main characteristics of the local daily life. The study of the small cities of the Agreste Potiguar region makes it possible the comprehension of the problems that involve the cities of this size, above all, those inserted in economically fragile regions. In the analyzed period, the changes occurred in the productive structure of the State of Rio Grande do Norte triggered a great crisis in the economy of the Agreste Potiguar region. This aspect, allied to the insufficient performance of the public power, contributed to the sprouting of some sociospatial problems, amongst which may be distinguished: the economic fragility, the generalized unemployment, the lack of security and the urban infrastructure absence sufficient to take care of the social demand. Even facing the existing problems, the small cities must be seen as potential spaces, capable to promote the regional development. To do so, it is necessary a process of democratization of the public administration, an ample popular participation and the establishment of a new urban policy, that aims at the social promotion of the individuals, the guarantee of basic necessities and the access to the necessary services to a dignified life