Dinâmica de íons e acidificação do solo nos sistemas de fertirrigação e adubação sólida na citricultura

A experiência em fertirrigação na citricultura mundial está localizada em clima mediterrânico, geralmente em solos alcalinos, nos quais a acidificação é apontada como uma das vantagens dessa técnica. Por outro lado, nas condições de solos tropicais, a acidificação tem sido um ponto de estrangulamento, pois poderá comprometer a sustentabilidade do sistema de fertirrigação. Este trabalho foi elaborado com objetivo de avaliar a dinâmica de íons no perfil do solo, quantificar as perdas de nutrientes por lixiviação e seus efeitos sobre a acidificação do solo em diferentes sistemas de manejo com adubação sólida e fertirrigação. O experimento foi instalado em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, na cidade de Pirajuí - SP, em um talhão de variedade Natal sobre limão Cravo, com quatro anos de idade. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por duas doses de nutrientes (200; 40 e 160 kg ha-1, respectivamente de N, P2O5 e K2O e sua metade) e três formas de aplicação (adubação sólida sem irrigação, adubação sólida irrigada e fertirrigação), totalizando seis tratamentos. A dinâmica de íons no solo foi monitorada pela amostragem do solo, nas profundidades de 0-20; 20-40 e 40-60 cm e também pela coleta da solução do solo, por meio de extratores de solução colocados em todas as parcelas, nas profundidades de 30 e 60 cm, durante três anos. As maiores concentrações de íons na solução do solo ocorreram nos tratamentos fertirrigados; conseqüentemente, estes tratamentos foram os que apresentaram maiores valores de condutividade elétrica. Teores elevados de N-NH4 e N- NO3 na solução do solo foram observados nos tratamentos fertirrigados, nas duas profundidades, mostrando que existe grande potencial de perda de nitrogênio por lixiviação. Essas perdas de nutrientes por lixiviação, observadas nos tratamentos fertirrigados, com conseqüente acidificação do solo, podem acarretar em restrições ao uso da técnica de fertirrigação em solos tropicais.

Pedagogia líquida per a una educació sòlida: a propòsit de Bauman

Si un fenomen expressa rotundament la tensió mostrada per la citació de capçalera aquest és, sens dubte, el cas de l"educació. I segurament encara més la seva reflexió acadèmica: la pedagogia. La crisi de la pedagogia, si n"hi ha, és una crisi de creixement, d"expansió, com la del capitalisme. La dificultat per escatir, amb una certa fiabilitat, allò que és recomanable d"allò refusable, prové sens dubte del pecat original de la pedagogia: no és fàcil alhora dir missa i tocar la campana. La clara identificació, per confusió, entre l"objecte i el subjecte de la pedagogia fa complexa aquesta tasca. En altres paraules, ens intuïm capaços alhora d"explicar i de disposar, de descriure i de prescriure; creiem que podem combinar una funció explicativa, d"anàlisi de la realitat, amb una funció normativa, de caràcter ordenador. I no ens adonem que la descripció ja és valoració en si mateixa. Només descrivim allò a què donem un «cert» valor.

Geometria y depositos de las cubetas glaciolacustres del Pirineo

Mediante la combinación de métodos geomorfológicos y sondeos eléctricos, se han estudiado 6 cubetas lacustres cuaternarias de origen glacial en el Pirineo. Esterri d'Aneu, Benasque y Bono son unos claros ejemplos de cubetas de sobreexcavación glacial. El Seminari de Vilaller constituye un ambiente lacustre proglacial debido a un cierre morrénico. El lago de Taüll como ejemplo de un ambiente lacustre yuxtaglacial debido también a una obturación morrénica y la laguna de Les Basses d'Ules, en el valle de Arán, formada a partir de procesos de fracturación del substrato rocoso después de la retirada del glaciar del Garona. Debido al elevado contraste entre la resistividad de los diferentes materiales cuaternarios de recubrimiento y el substrato rocoso, se ha podido determinar mediante sondeos eléctricos el espesor del cuaternario y diferenciar las diversas formaciones que lo constituyen. En general, aparecen 3 formaciones cuaternarias sobre el substrato rocoso paleowico: una unidad glaciolacustre que es relativamente conductora, una unidad fluviodeltaica de resistividad variable pero con valores más elevados que la anterior, y una unidad superior de resistividades muy variables según la cubeta y que, en general, es más resistente. La potencia del relleno cuaternario es muy variable según la cubeta. Así encontramos espesores de más de 300 metros de media en la cubeta de Esterri d'Aneu y de tan solo unos pocos metros en Les Basses d'Ules.

Determinação de pesticidas organofosforados em água usando microextração em fase sólida e CGAR-EM

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been applied to direct extraction of 11 organophosphorus pesticides in water using a 100 mm fiber polydimethylsiloxane. The method was evaluated with respect time of exposure, detection limits (LODs), linearity and precision. The detection limits (S/N = 3) depend of each pesticide and varie about ng/L levels. The linearity was satisfactory with coefficients of correlation usually greater than 0.993. The precision of the method was determined by extraction from 4.0 mg/L aqueous standard with coefficients of variation between 5.7 to 17.2%.

Construção de uma cela de fluxo para medidas por espectrofotometria em fase sólida

A simple and low cost flow cell is proposed for measurements by solid-phase spectrophotometry employing a conventional spectrophotometer. The flow cell geometry allows the employment of a large amount of the solid support without causing both excessive attenuation of the radiation beam and increasing of the back-pressure. The adaptation of the flow cell in the optical path of the spectrophotometer in order to increase the precision is discussed. The flow cell characteristics were demonstrated by measurements of Co(II), employing 1-(2-tiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) immobilized on C18 bonded silica as solid support. The apparent molar absorptivity and coefficient of variation were estimated as 1.86 x 10(5) L mol-1 cm-1 and 1.4 % (n=15). A sample throughput of 40 determinations per hour and a detection limit of 15 mug L-1 (99.7 % confidence level) were achieved.

Determinação espectrofotométrica de aspartame em adoçantes por injeção em fluxo usando um reator em fase sólida contendo fosfato de zinco imobilizado

A flow injection spectrophotometric method was developed for determining aspartame in sweeteners. Sample was dissolved in water and 250 µL of the solution was injected into a carrier stream of 5.0 x 10-5 mol L-1 sodium borate solution. The sample flowed through a column (14 cm x 2.0 mm) packed with Zn3(PO4)2 immobilized in a polymeric matrix of polyester resin and Zn(II) ions were released from the solid-phase reactor by formation of the Zn(II)-aspartame complex. The mixture merged with a stream of borate buffer solution (pH 9.0) containing 0.030 % (m/v) alizarin red S and the Zn(II)-alizarin red complex formed was measured spectrophotometrically at 540 nm. The calibration graph for aspartame was linear in the concentration range from 10 to 80 µg mL-1 with a detection limit of 4 µg mL-1 of aspartame. The RSD was 0.3 % for a solution containing 40 µg mL-1 aspartame (n = 10) and seventy results were obtained per hour. The proposed method was applied for determining aspartame in commercial sweeteners.

Microextração por fase sólida

Fundamental aspects of Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) are discussed in the present paper. The application of SPME as a microtechnique of sample preparation for gas chromatographic analysis is considered and related to existing theoretical models. Both research prototypes and commercial SPME devices are considered.

Extração em fase sólida (SPE) e micro extração em fase sólida (SPME) de piretróides em água

The pyrethroids bifenthrin, permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME). The analysis were performed on a gas chromatograph with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Octadecil Silano-C18, Florisil and Silica stationary phases were studied for SPE. Better results were obtained for Florisil which gave recoveries from 80% to 108%. Pyrethroids extraction by SPME showed a linear response and a detection limit of 10 pg ml-1. Although the data showed that the two extraction methods were able to isolate the pesticide residues from water samples, the best results were obtained by using SPME which is more sensitive, faster, cheeper, being a more useful technique for the analysis of pyrethroids in drinking water.

A síntese orgânica em fase sólida e seus suportes poliméricos mais empregados

In the last decade we have seen improved a powerfull tool to medicinal chemistry: the Solid Phase Organic Synthesis (SPOS). This metodology can be used to synthesize a large library of compounds in a short time by combinatorial chemistry, where simple chemical substances can be combinated one to each other building a library of complex compounds. In this work we present the solid phase organic synthesis and their advantage upon the tradicional organic synthesis methodology, as well as the main polimers used in the SPOS technique.

Estudo da geometria da uréia por métodos ab initio e simulação computacional de líquidos

A study was carried out on the urea geometries using ab initio calculation and Monte Carlo computational simulation of liquids. The ab initio calculated results showed that urea has a non-planar conformation in the gas phase in which the hydrogen atoms are out of the plane formed by the heavy atoms. Free energies associated to the rotation of the amino groups of urea in water were obtained using the Monte Carlo method in which the thermodynamic perturbation theory is implemented. The magnitude of the free energy obtained from this simulation did not permit us to conclude that urea is non-planar in water.

Influência da geometria da plataforma na determinação de chumbo em zidovudina (AZT) por ET AAS

The aim of this work was to compare the performances of the L'vov and integrated platforms in order to overcome the interferences found on lead determination in zidovudine by ET AAS. Pyrolysis and atomization temperatures found with integrated platform were 700 and 1400°C, respectively. The characteristic masses were 12.7 ± 1.2 pg with integrated platform and 11.1 ± 1.3 pg with grooved platform. The ratio between the slopes of zidovudine and aqueous curves shows a decrease in the interferences when the L'vov platform is used (bAZT/b aq = 0.97 ± 0.10) and the detection limit found was 0.03 µg.g-1. That ratio was 0.85 ± 0.07 with the integrated platform.

Pré-concentração de nitrosaminas a partir de amostras aquosas por extração em fase sólida e cromatografia capilar eletrocinética micelar

This paper describes the development of a methodology for solid phase extraction (SPE) and pre-concentration of nitrosamines from aqueous samples using granular activated charcoal as stationary phase. micelar electrokinetic capillary Chromatography (MEKC) was used for the separation and identification of the nitrosamines in the extracts. Using a sample with 50 µg l-1 of each nitrosamines standards (dimethylnitrosamine, DMN; diethylnitrosamine, DEN; N-nitrosopyrrolidine, NPYR; N-nitrosopiperidine, NPIP; N-nitrosomorpholine, NMOR), the methodology showed a range of recuperation from 29 to 107% with a linear zone between 10 and 500 µg l-1. The developed methodology can be applicable to the determination of these analytes in different aqueous samples.

Emprego de padrão único para a construção de curvas analíticas em sistema de análise por injeção em fluxo associado à espectrofotometria em fase sólida

In this work two procedures were proposed for analytical curves construction using a single standard solution employing a flow injection system with solid phase spectrophotometric detection (FI-SPS). A flow cell contends the chromogenic reagent 1-(2-tiazolylazo)-2-naphtol was positioned on the optical path. The first procedure was based on controlled concentration of analyte on solid phase and the relations between absorbance and the total volume of injected allowed the calculation of analyte concentration. The second procedure was developed employing controlled dispersion/retention in flow system where analyte concentration was obtained by exploiting the relation between transient signals of samples and single standard solution at equivalent reading time. The procedures were successfully applied for zinc determination in synthetic solutions with good precision and accuracy at 95% confidence level.

Otimização dos parâmetros de extração para determinação multiresíduo de pesticidas em amostras de água empregando microextração em fase sólida

In this study the factors that affect the extraction of pesticide residues from water samples for their determination by solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and GC/MS were optimized. The fiber polymer, the extraction mode, the ionic strength, the stirring rate, the pH and the extraction time were the most significant parameters evaluated. The recovery obtained with the proposed method ranged from 94 to 110% and the sensitivity of the method, determined by calculating the detection limit (DL), ranged from 0.004 to 0.1 mug l-1. The results obtained with spiked real samples, at the 0.1 mug l-1 level, showed acceptable conformity with the expected values.

Aplicação da técnica de dispersão da matriz em fase sólida (DMFS) na análise de pesticidas em quiabo por CG-EM

A matrix solid phase dispersion and gas chromatography-mass selective detection method for the simultaneous determination of monocrotophos, methyl parathion, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in okra is described. Analyses of 2 g of fortified okra (0.05-0.75 mg kg-1) showed an average recovery of 96.2% (71.4-128.4%) and average relative standard deviation of 11.7% (1.4-37.1%). The cypermethrin recovery at the lower level was above 130%. The limit of detection ranged from 0.02 to 0.15 mg kg-1. The procedure was applied to the okra samples and has found 0.56 mg kg-1 of cypermethrin-cis, 0.75 mg kg-1 of cypermethrin-trans and 2.71 mg kg-1 of deltamethrin.