The formal specification of abstract data types and their implementation in Fortran 90: Implementation issues concerning the use of pointers

In this paper we continue our investigation into the development of computational-science software based on the identification and formal specification of Abstract Data Types (ADTs) and their implementation in Fortran 90. In particular, we consider the consequences of using pointers when implementing a formally specified ADT in Fortran 90. Our aim is to highlight the resulting conflict between the goal of information hiding, which is central to the ADT methodology, and the space efficiency of the implementation. We show that the issue of storage recovery cannot be avoided by the ADT user, and present a range of implementations of a simple ADT to illustrate various approaches towards satisfactory storage management. Finally, we propose a set of guidelines for implementing ADTs using pointers in Fortran 90. These guidelines offer a way gracefully to provide disposal operations in Fortran 90. Such an approach is desirable since Fortran 90 does not provide automatic garbage collection which is offered by many object-oriented languages including Eiffel, Java, Smalltalk, and Simula.

Locally Unwanted Sea Use: The Case of Syrian Chemical weapons disposal in the Mediterranean

This paper discusses the opposition to the disposal of Syrian chemical weapons in the Mediterranean Sea. Following insights from Green criminology and recent calls in that discipline for the inclusion of new social movements and resistance, it discusses in detail how the issue was framed in terms of environmental and ecological justice by different protest actors. This process is aided by an analytical model that brings together the sociology of protest and social movements, insights from reflexive modernisation and the study of southern European civil societies. Methodologically, the focus is on mobilisations that took place in Greece in general and the island of Crete in particular. Data have been harvested through the examination of online sources, such as newspapers, blogs and dedicated social networks. The analysis of the findings suggests that these mobilisations were initially stimulated by real concern, but subsequently these were only carried through by certain movement entrepreneurs who didn’t hesitate to pepper these concerns with false claims and/or linkages to an already active anti-imperialist discourse.

Spatio-Temporal Changes in the Wetland Ecosystem of Cochin City using Remote Sensing and GIS

Urban developments have exerted immense pressure on wetlands. Urban areas are normally centers of commercial activity and continue to attract migrants in large numbers in search of employment from different areas. As a result, habitations keep coming up in the natural areas / flood plains. This is happening in various Indian cities and towns and large habitations are coming up in low-lying areas, often encroaching even over drainage channels. In some cases, houses are constructed even on top of nallahs and drains. In the case of Kochi the situation is even worse as the base of the urban development itself stands on a completely reclaimed island. Also the topography and geology demanded more reclamation of land when the city developed as an agglomerative cluster. Cochin is a coastal settlement interspersed with a large backwater system and fringed on the eastern side by laterite-capped low hills from which a number of streams drain into the backwater system. The ridge line of the eastern low hills provides a welldefined watershed delimiting Cochin basin which help to confine the environmental parameters within a physical limit. This leads to an obvious conclusion that if physiography alone is considered, the western flatland is ideal for urban development. However it will result in serious environmental deterioration, as it comprises mainly of wetland and for availability of land there has to be large scale filling up of these wetlands which includes shallow mangrove-fringed water sheets, paddy fields, Pokkali fields, estuary etc.Chapter 1 School 4 of Environmental Studies The urban boundaries of Cochin are expanding fast with a consequent over-stretching of the existing fabric of basic amenities and services. Urbanisation leads to the transformation of agricultural land into built-up areas with the concomitant problems regarding water supply, drainage, garbage and sewage disposal etc. Many of the environmental problems of Cochin are hydrologic in origin; like water-logging / floods, sedimentation and pollution in the water bodies as well as shoreline erosion

Determinantes sociales de la salud en Bogotá DC: el caso del acceso y calidad de los servicios 2003, 2007 y 2011

Bogotá D.C. es una ciudad de más de siete millones de habitantes en su mayoría de estrato medio, dividida políticamente por veinte localidades. Aquí se generan la mayoría de oportunidades de desarrollo y día a día llega la población fluctuante de otras ciudades de Colombia en busca de un mejor futuro. Las necesidades de la población en una metrópolis como ésta no se hacen esperar y la salud entendida, como un buen estado físico y mental, además de ser una necesidad humana primordial se ha convertido en uno de los temas más agobiantes para los ciudadanos y los creadores de políticas públicas en el Distrito Capital. Alcanzar un adecuado estado de salud no es solo cuestión de asegurar y dar cobertura de servicio, también se requiere que las diferentes políticas públicas que existen estén articuladas para llegar al deseado estado de salud. Estas políticas públicas son los mismos determinantes sociales de salud, por los cuales la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha impartido la instrucción de incrementar esfuerzos con el fin de mejorar el estado de salud de la población mundial. En esta investigación se realiza un análisis del Índice de Condiciones de Vida, calculado por el DANE, en la Encuesta Calidad de Vida para Bogotá en 2003, 2007 y Encuesta Multipropósito 2011, estudiando el primer factor que hace parte de dicho índice, el Acceso y Calidad de los Servicios, el cual se compone por cuatro aspectos: i) Abastecimiento y calidad del agua, ii) Eliminación de excretas; iii) Recolección de basuras y iv) Combustible para cocinar. La revisión teórica que aborda a los determinantes sociales de la salud evidencia que estos cuatro componentes son fundamentales para garantizar el estado de salud de los bogotanos y hacen parte de los objetivos del milenio. Adicionalmente se realizan regresiones lineales para determinar el peso que ha tenido el factor acceso y calidad de los servicios, en el estado de salud de los bogotanos, definiendo el Índice de Condiciones de Vida como variable proxy al estado de salud, para cada uno de los años de estudio. Por último se presentan algunos datos de los resultados de las políticas públicas relacionadas con el acceso y calidad de los servicios de los gobiernos de la ciudad correspondientes a los años de estudio.

Plan de empresa para TECO: modelo de impacto social, autosostenibilidad financiera y de minimización de la huella del e-waste en Bogotá

La red TECO es una iniciativa que integra elementos ya conocidos en el mundo de la publicidad y de la gestión RAEE, en un nuevo modelo de negocio. Esto le permite competir de manera efectiva en un segmento de mercado que si bien no está saturado, requiere de cambios estructurales para poder cumplir su objetivo. El éxito del modelo de TECO radicará en la capacidad de generar su propio flujo de dinero, lo que le garantiza su auto sostenimiento, mientras minimiza la barrera del pensamiento tradicional en la comunidad respecto al miedo de desechar el e-waste (a través de la educación). De igual manera ayudará a todos los participantes de la red a mejorar su reputación y posicionar sus marcas. En última instancia el gran ganador de esta iniciativa es el medio ambiente. Al juntar todos los segmentos de mercado, de entre los cuales TECO podrá participar en su mercado objetivo de mil empresas en Bogotá, estos suman alrededor de ochocientos treinta y ocho mil millones. De esta cifra global nada despreciable, TECO podrá aspirar a cerca de un 0.19% de participación. Más concretamente, en lo que respecta a la categoría de presupuestos destinados a programas posconsumo RAEE y Green Businesses orientados a la publicidad institucional, TECO espera obtener un 6.13% del share.

Availability of heavy metals for uptake by Salix viminalis on a moderately contaminated dredged sediment disposal site

Extractability of Cd. Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in a dredged sediment disposal site was assessed using single extraction Procedures (H2O; 0.01 M CaCl2; 1 M NH4OAc NH4OAc-EDTA. CaCl2-TEA-DTPA). Only Cd and Zn were Found to exceed statutory threshold values for total content. The field was planted with Salix viminalis "Orm" and accumulation of heavy metals in bark, leaves, roots, and wood was evaluated at seven sampling locations along an observed gradient in texture and pollution. Biomass production was high, ranging from 13.2 to 17.8 t ha(1) y(1) dry weight. Metal accumulation in aboveground Plant parts Was low. amounting to the following annually extracted mass or metals per ha: 5034 g Zn, 83 g Cd. W g Cu. 83 g Pb, 12 g Ni and 6 g Cr. The use of accumulating clones and the use of soil amendments might enhance extraction efficiency in future research. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Planning for the reuse of redundant defence estate: disposal processes, policy frameworks and development impacts

This paper reviews recent research and other literature concerning the planning and development of redundant defence estate. It concentrates on UK sources but includes reference to material from Europe and the North America were it is relevant for comparative purposes. It introduces the topic by providing a brief review of the recent restructuring of the UK defence estate and then proceeds to examine the various planning policy issues generated by this process; the policy frameworks used to guide it; comparable approaches to surplus land disposal and the appraisal of impacts; and ending the main body of the review with an analyse of the economic, social and environmental impacts of military base closure and redevelopment. It concludes that there is a significant body of work focusing on the reuse and redevelopment of redundant defence estate in the UK and abroad, but that much of this work is based on limited research or on personal experience. One particular weakness of the current literature is that it does not fully reflect the institutional difficulties posed by the disposal process and the day-to-day pressures which MOD personnel have to deal with. In doing this, it also under-emphasises the embedded cultures of individuals and professional groups who are required to operationalise the policies, procedures and practices for planning and redeveloping redundant defence estate.