Detection and Evaluation of Impact damage in CFRP Laminates Using Ultrasound C-Scan and IR Thermography

Advanced composite structural components made up of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) used in aerospace structures such as in Fuselage, Leading & Trailing edges of wing and tail, Flaps, Elevator, Rudder and entire wing structures encounter most critical type of damage induced by low velocity impact (<10 m/s) loads. Tool dropped during maintenance & service,and hailstone impacts on runways are common and unavoidable low-velocity impacts. These lowvelocity impacts induce defects such as delaminations, matrix cracking and debonding in the layered material, which are sub-surface in nature and are barely visible on the surface known as Barely Visible Impact Damage (BVID). These damages may grow under service load, leading to catastrophic failure of the structure. Hence detection, evaluation and characterization of these types of damage is of major concern in aerospace industries as the life of the component depends on the size and shape of the damage.In this paper, details of experimental investigations carried out and results obtained from a low-velocity impact of 30 Joules corresponding to the hailstone impact on the wing surface,simulated on the 6 mm CFRP laminates using instrumented drop-weight impact testing machine are presented. The Ultrasound C-scan and Infrared thermography imaging techniques were utilized extensively to detect, evaluate and characterize impact damage across the thickness of the laminates.

Low-pass filters and differential tympanal tuning in a paleotropical bushcricket with an unusually low frequency call

Low-frequency sounds are advantageous for long-range acoustic signal transmission, but for small animals they constitute a challenge for signal detection and localization. The efficient detection of sound in insects is enhanced by mechanical resonance either in the tracheal or tympanal system before subsequent neuronal amplification. Making small structures resonant at low sound frequencies poses challenges for insects and has not been adequately studied. Similarly, detecting the direction of long-wavelength sound using interaural signal amplitude and/or phase differences is difficult for small animals. Pseudophylline bushcrickets predominantly call at high, often ultrasonic frequencies, but a few paleotropical species use lower frequencies. We investigated the mechanical frequency tuning of the tympana of one such species, Onomarchus uninotatus, a large bushcricket that produces a narrow bandwidth call at an unusually low carrier frequency of 3.2. kHz. Onomarchus uninotatus, like most bushcrickets, has two large tympanal membranes on each fore-tibia. We found that both these membranes vibrate like hinged flaps anchored at the dorsal wall and do not show higher modes of vibration in the frequency range investigated (1.5-20. kHz). The anterior tympanal membrane acts as a low-pass filter, attenuating sounds at frequencies above 3.5. kHz, in contrast to the high-pass filter characteristic of other bushcricket tympana. Responses to higher frequencies are partitioned to the posterior tympanal membrane, which shows maximal sensitivity at several broad frequency ranges, peaking at 3.1, 7.4 and 14.4. kHz. This partitioning between the two tympanal membranes constitutes an unusual feature of peripheral auditory processing in insects. The complex tracheal shape of O. uninotatus also deviates from the known tube or horn shapes associated with simple band-pass or high-pass amplification of tracheal input to the tympana. Interestingly, while the anterior tympanal membrane shows directional sensitivity at conspecific call frequencies, the posterior tympanal membrane is not directional at conspecific frequencies and instead shows directionality at higher frequencies.

Effect of hinged leaflets on vortex pair generation

We experimentally study the effect of having hinged leaflets at the jet exit on the formation of a two-dimensional counter-rotating vortex pair. A piston-cylinder mechanism is used to generate a starting jet from a high-aspect-ratio channel into a quiescent medium. For a rigid exit, with no leaflets at the channel exit, the measurements at a central plane show that the trailing jet in the present case is never detached from the vortex pair, and keeps feeding into the latter, unlike in the axisymmetric case. Passive flexibility is introduced in the form of rigid leaflets or flaps that are hinged at the exit of the channel, with the flaps initially parallel to the channel walls. The experimental arrangement closely approximates the limiting case of a free-to-rotate rigid flap with negligible structural stiffness, damping and flap inertia, as these limiting structural properties permit the largest flap openings. Using this arrangement, we start the flow and measure the flap kinematics and the vorticity fields for different flap lengths and piston velocity programs. The typical motion of the flaps involves a rapid opening and a subsequent more gradual return to its initial position, both of which occur when the piston is still moving. The initial opening of the flaps can be attributed to an excess pressure that develops in the channel when the flow starts, due to the acceleration that has to be imparted to the fluid slug between the flaps. In the case with flaps, two additional pairs of vortices are formed because of the motion of the flaps, leading to the ejection of a total of up to three vortex pairs from the hinged exit. The flaps' length (L-f) is found to significantly affect flap motions when plotted using the conventional time scale L/d, where L is the piston stroke and d is the channel width. However, with a newly defined time scale based on the flap length (L/L-f), we find a good collapse of all the measured flap motions irrespective of flap length and piston velocity for an impulsively started piston motion. The maximum opening angle in all these impulsive velocity program cases, irrespective of the flap length, is found to be close to 15 degrees. Even though the flap kinematics collapses well with L/L-f, there are differences in the distribution of the ejected vorticity even for the same L/L-f. Such a redistribution of vorticity can lead to important changes in the overall properties of the flow, and it gives us a better understanding of the importance of exit flexibility in such flows.

An experimental and numerical study of piezoceramic actuator hysteresis in helicopter active vibration control

An aeroelastic analysis is used to investigate the rate dependent hysteresis in piezoceramic actuators and its effect on helicopter vibration control with trailing edge flaps. Hysteresis in piezoceramic materials can cause considerable complications in the use of smart actuators as prime movers in applications such as helicopter active vibration control. Dynamic hysteresis of the piezoelectric stack actuator is investigated for a range of frequencies (5 Hz (1/rev) to 30 Hz (6/rev)) which are of practical importance for helicopter vibration analysis. Bench top tests are conducted on a commercially available piezoelectric stack actuator. Frequency dependent hysteretic behavior is studied experimentally for helicopter operational frequencies. Material hysteresis in the smart actuator is mathematically modeled using the theory of conic sections. Numerical simulations are also performed at an advance ratio of 0.3 for vibration control analysis using a trailing edge flap with an idealized linear and a hysteretic actuator. The results indicate that dynamic hysteresis has a notable effect on the hub vibration levels. It is found that the theory of conic sections offers a straight forward approach for including hysteresis into aeroelastic analysis.

A feasibility study of a post-buckled beam for actuating helicopter trailing edge flap

Active trailing edge flaps (TEFs) are one of the most promising devices for helicopter vibration reduction. Smart actuators such as the piezoelectric stack actuators (PEAs) are used for TEF actuation. PEAs possess high energy density and have large force in dynamic condition but are limited to small displacements. In this investigation, we study a linear to rotary motion amplification mechanism (AM-2) based on a pinned-pinned post-buckled beam to actuate trailing edge flaps. A linear motion amplification mechanism is developed and coupled with AM-2 to amplify angular flap deflections. Experiments are conducted on bench top-test setup, and maximum flap angle deflections of the order of 12A degrees are achieved in the static case. An aeroelastic analysis is performed and 91 % reduction in helicopter vibration is obtained with multiharmonic control inputs.

Flexibility in flapping foil suppresses meandering of induced jet in absence of free stream

Thrust-generating flapping foils are known to produce jets inclined to the free stream at high Strouhal numbers St = fA/U-infinity, where f is the frequency and A is the amplitude of flapping and U-infinity is the free-stream velocity. Our experiments, in the limiting case of St —> infinity (zero free-stream speed), show that a purely oscillatory pitching motion of a chordwise flexible foil produces a coherent jet composed of a reverse Benard-Karman vortex street along the centreline, albeit over a specific range of effective flap stiffnesses. We obtain flexibility by attaching a thin flap to the trailing edge of a rigid NACA0015 foil; length of flap is 0.79 c where c is rigid foil chord length. It is the time-varying deflections of the flexible flap that suppress the meandering found in the jets produced by a pitching rigid foil for zero free-stream condition. Recent experiments (Marais et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 710, 2012, p. 659) have also shown that the flexibility increases the St at which non-deflected jets are obtained. Analysing the near-wake vortex dynamics from flow visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements, we identify the mechanisms by which flexibility suppresses jet deflection and meandering. A convenient characterization of flap deformation, caused by fluid-flap interaction, is through a non-dimensional effective stiffness', EI* = 8 EI/(rho V-TEmax(2) s(f) c(f)(3)/2), representing the inverse of the flap deflection due to the fluid-dynamic loading; here, EI is the bending stiffness of flap, rho is fluid density, V-TEmax is the maximum velocity of rigid foil trailing edge, s(f) is span and c(f) is chord length of the flexible flap. By varying the amplitude and frequency of pitching, we obtain a variation in EI* over nearly two orders of magnitude and show that only moderate EI*. (0.1 less than or similar to EI * less than or similar to 1 generates a sustained, coherent, orderly jet. Relatively `stiff' flaps (EI* greater than or similar to 1), including the extreme case of no flap, produce meandering jets, whereas highly `flexible' flaps (EI* less than or similar to 0.1) produce spread-out jets. Obtained from the measured mean velocity fields, we present values of thrust coefficients for the cases for which orderly jets are observed.

Vergleich von Ausbeutefaktoren und Eislagerqualität zwischen Kliesche (Limanda limanda) und Scholle (Pleuronectes platessa) aus der Nordsee

North Sea plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and dab (Limanda limanda) were experimentally stored in ice for 6 days during the 181th cruise of the FRV “Wather Herwig III”. It could be demonstrated that both flat fish species showed the same storage properties and were of a comparable quality until the end of the storage experiment. The quality of both species was determined by sensory assessment of the quality grade, by measuring of the impedance using the German Fischtester VI and the Icelandic RT- tester and pH- and TVB- N- measurements. The average length of North Sea dab is generally small (female: 18,5 ± 3,9 cm; male: 17 ± 2,9 cm), therefore it seemed to be more efficient to process fish portions (eviscerated, head, tail, fins and part of belly flaps removed). The yield by manually processed filets or fish portions from dab is about 30 or 62 %, respectively

Alterações estruturais da matriz extracelular do prepúcio humano causadas pelo tabagismo

Os autores têm como objetivo, investigar a matriz extra celular, musculatura lisa e densidade vascular do prepúcio de pacientes tabagistas. Espécimes de prepúcio foram obtidas de 20 jovens adultos (média de idade= 27.2) submetidos a postectomia. Dentre os pacientes analisados, um grupo (n=10) possui história prévia de tabagismo (3 to 13 maços/ano, média = 5.8 3.2), e outro grupo (n=10) formam o grupo controle, não fumantes. A coloração de Tricrômico Masson foi utilizada para quantificar tecido conectivo, musculatura lisa e vasos. A coloração Resorcina-fucsina de Weigert foi utilizada para estabelecer as fibras do sistema elástico e a coloração, Vermelho de Picrosirius para o estudo do colágeno. O estudo estereológico foi realizado utilizando o software Image J, para determinar as densidades volumétricas. Para a análise bioquímica o colágeno total foi determinado em μg de hidroxiprolina por MG de tecido seco. O estudo estatístico foi realizado lançando mão do t-teste (p<0,05). Fibras do sistema elástico de fumantes apresentaram-se aumentadas em 42.5% quando comparado ao grupo controle (p=0,002). Em contraste, musculatura lisa (p=0,42) e densidade vascular (p=0,16) não mostraram nenhuma diferença estatística. Foi realizado uma análise quantitativa utilizando Vermelho de Picrosirius sob luz polarizada, que evidenciou a presença de colágeno tipo I e III, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa. A concentração total do colágeno não mostrou diferença entre tabagistas e o grupo controle. (73.1μg/mg 8.0 vs. 69.2μg/mg 5.9, respectivamente, p=0,23). Tabagismo está associado a um significante aumento de fibras do sistema elástico do tecido prepucial. Estes resultados podem, possivelmente, explicar os altos índices de falha na uretroplastia peniana, com uso de flap de prepúcio em fumantes

Ergonomia e usabilidade na definição do conforto na classe econômica dos aviões comerciais

Os passageiros têm reclamado da diminuição do conforto na classe econômica dos aviões comerciais. A autoridade aeronáutica brasileira instituiu um selo de qualidade, mas as empresas aéreas brasileiras mantêm os mesmos arranjos internos em seus aviões. Estadissertaçãotrata da avaliação do espaço entre as poltronas e a sua influência no conforto dos passageiros em vôos comerciais. Realizaram-se avaliações da usabilidade utilizando-se um simulador de cabine para treinamento de tripulantes e um avião B737-300. Os resultados indicam uma forte relação entre os níveis de conforto e o passo (medida de repetição das fileiras de poltronas ao longo do avião).

Uma abordagem integrativa do conceito de Eco-eficiência: elementos para a concepção de Sistemas de Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Industriais em Arranjos Produtivos Locais Têxtil-Vestuário

A identificação e avaliação das vulnerabilidades e potencialidades socioambientais e socioecológicas, ao considerar as múltiplas realidades de ecossistemas, territórios e lugares, podem revelar novos caminhos, ações coletivas, solidárias, bem como auxiliar na tomada de decisão estratégica em sistemas de gestão de resíduos sólidos. Tal perspectiva, qualificaria princípios e conceitos metodológicos e técnicos, como aqueles direcionados a responder aos problemas que surgem da interação Humanidade-Sociedade-Natureza, com vistas à sustentabilidade. A Eco-eficiência, ao final do século XX, apresentou-se como solução para os problemas ambientais corporativos. Idealizada para ser aplicada em um empresas isolada, evoluiu para uma categoria central da Ecologia Industrial, ganhou contornos de Princípio e Filosofia para a Gestão Ambiental Empresarial, passando a orientar a geopolítica das nações no trato das questões ambientais supranacionais e políticas públicas das nações. A recente Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos apresenta a Eco-eficiência como um de seus princípios que deverão orientar gestores públicos e privados na elaboração de seus sistemas de gestão de resíduos sólidos. Devido aos impactos sociais, ambientais e ecológicos resultantes da geração e destinação inadequada dos resíduos sólidos, estes sistemas de gestão apresentam interfaces com outras políticas e sistemas de gestão públicos e privados nacionais. Estas interações conferem ao sistema de gestão de resíduos sólidos um caráter complexo, aberto, dinâmico e inclusivo, no qual o conceito de Eco-eficiência, baseado na alocação de recursos naturais, pode ser ressignificado em um outro nível de realidade, o nível coletivo, apresentando-se, como um conceito potencial voltado para a criação de recursos. Para corroborar esta hipótese apresenta-se uma abordagem integrativa com base na perspectiva socioecológica e no pensamento e metodologia transdisciplinar, na qual o conceito será contextualizado, problematizado e complexificado em seis níveis de realidade: Nível Genus-Global, Nível Político, Nível Acadêmico, Nível do Ecossistema, Território e Lugares, Nível Operacional e Nível Coletivo. Considera-se nesta abordagem os Arranjos Produtivos (indústrias e a Cadeia de Reciclagem), Arranjos Sociais (Comunidade localizadas e áreas de risco e precárias), Ecossistemas e Territórios, como Teia de Lugares, como Unidade Transdisciplinar perceptiva, cognitiva e analítica. A aplicação desta metodologia no Arranjo Produtivo Local Têxtil- Vestuário de Petrópolis, localizado na Região Serrana Fluminense, que se insere em um Ecossistema de Montanha, permitiu revelar outro Arranjo, invisível ao sistema de gestão público. Neste Arranjo de Retalhos e Estopas, cerca de 240 mulheres, residentes em comunidades precárias e de risco, beneficiam os resíduos sólidos gerados pelas indústrias do arranjo formal, conhecidos como retalhos, com os quais fabricam estopas. Conclui-se que esta abordagem integrativa, como proposta de ressignificação do conceito de Eco-eficiência, permitiu revelar, não somente uma nova realidade conceitual para a sua adoção e prática, como novos aspectos e variáveis para a construção de sistemas de gestão de resíduos sólidos industriais que tenham por foco a inclusão social, produtiva, cientifica e tecnológica de novos atores e recursos ao sistema.

A study on the lipid distribution pattern in muscles of two teleosts, Arius dussumieri and Ophiocephalus striatus

The muscles of the various regions and zones of the body of the two teleosts, A. dussumieri and O. striatus have been analyzed for lipid contents. There is a significant dorsum-ventral gradient in lipid concentration exhibited by both the fishes with higher lipid values in the ventral aspect of the body, especially the belly flaps. As regards the vertical series, both the fishes exhibit comparatively higher lipid contents at the dorsal aspects of the caudal region and at anterior portion of the dorsal fin area with lower lipid values at cephalic and middle portions of the body. The red muscle of Arius exhibits higher lipid content than the white muscle.

Taxonomic studies of parasitic nyctotherans from chinese Anura amphibians IV. Spirocytopharynxa gen. nov and Macrocytopharynxa gen. nov.

Lian-Xiang U, Jian-Guo Wang and Wu-Han Xiao (2002) Taxonomic studies of parasitic nyctotherans from Chinese Anura amphibians IV. Spirocytopharynxa gen. nov. and Macrocytopharynxa gen. nov. Zoological Studies 41(1): 77-84. This paper describes 2 new genera and 5 new species of nyctotherans from Anura amphibians distributed in southern China. Based on the composition of the upper and bottom flaps, the number and position of sutural lines, the length of the oral groove, and the morphology and position of the end of the cytopharynx, the adoral zone of the membranelle (AZM), and the macronucleus, two new genera were established. The 3 new species, Spirocytopharynxa sinensis, S. guangxiensis, and S. quadranus, belong to the new genus Spirocytopharynxa, Another 2 species, Macrocytopharynxa (Nyctotheroidae Nie, 1932) pyriformis n. comb. and M. lingchuanensis n. sp., belong to the new genus Macrocytopharynxa. The characteristics for diagnosis of the 2 new genera and 5 new species are described in this paper.

Near-Space Wide-Swath Radar Imaging With Multiaperture Antenna

Near-space, defined as the altitude region between 20 and 100 km, offers many capabilities that are not accessible for low Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites or airplanes because it is above storm and not constrained by orbital mechanics and high fuel consumption. Hence, a high flying speed can be obtained for the maneuvering vehicles operating in near-space. This offers a promising solution to simultaneous high-resolution and wide-swath synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. As such, one near-space wide-swath SAR imaging technique is presented in this letter. The system configuration, signal model, and imaging scheme are described. An example near-space SAR system is designed, and its imaging performance is analyzed. Simulation results show that near-space maneuvering vehicle SAR indeed seems to be a promising solution to wide-swath SAR imaging.

LED (660 nm) and laser (670 nm) use on skin flap viability: angiogenesis and mast cells on transition line

Skin flap procedures are commonly used in plastic surgery. Failures can follow, leading to the necrosis of the flap. Therefore, many studies use LLLT to improve flap viability. Currently, the LED has been introduced as an alternative to LLLT. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of LLLT and LED on the viability of random skin flaps in rats. Forty-eight rats were divided into four groups, and a random skin flap (10 x 4 cm) was performed in all animals. Group 1 was the sham group; group 2 was submitted to LLLT 660 nm, 0.14 J; group 3 with LED 630 nm, 2.49 J, and group 4 with LLLT 660 nm, with 2.49 J. Irradiation was applied after surgery and repeated on the four subsequent days. On the 7th postoperative day, the percentage of flap necrosis was calculated and skin samples were collected from the viable area and from the transition line of the flap to evaluate blood vessels and mast cells. the percentage of necrosis was significantly lower in groups 3 and 4 compared to groups 1 and 2. Concerning blood vessels and mast cell numbers, only the animals in group 3 showed significant increase compared to group 1 in the skin sample of the transition line. LED and LLLT with the same total energies were effective in increasing viability of random skin flaps. LED was more effective in increasing the number of mast cells and blood vessels in the transition line of random skin flaps.

Polskie Wojska Lotnicze w okresie walk o granice państwa polskiego (1918-1921)

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