Tyhjyyden reunalla, helvetin kannella : Yhtenäisen subjektin hajoaminen Saul Bellowin Herzogissa

The study shows that the reading paradigm derived from codes Roland Barthes presented in his S/Z exposes the postmodernic nature of Saul Bellow s Herzog (1964), and embodies in which way the novel is organized as a radical rewriting of modernism and its ideology. I explore how solid, compact and modernistic subject breaks down at every level of Herzog s narration. I actually argue that the heteroglossic novel is representative of an early American postmodern movement in literaure, and it should by no means be dissected narrowly as a realistic or naturalistic novel at all. The intertextual code verifies that the interpretation of Herzog remains inadequate if one doesn t take account of the novel s significant intertextual references to other texts. In fact, even the mind of Moses Herzog, the protagonist of the novel, is a mosaic of citations. It emerges from the dissertation that the figure of Don Quixote follows Moses Herzog as an ambiguous shadow while the professor of history struggles with his anxiety and anguish, and travels in a mentally confused state around the U.S. for five days in the early 1960s, encountering the impending atmosphere of transition as the country is on the threshold of a significant cultural and social change. There is a strong necessity for updated interpretation of Herzog partly because its centrality to Bellow s own career as a writer but mainly because it has been previously read trough modernistic lenses. I shall try to proof in my study that American Jewish Saul Bellow s (1915 2005) Herzog escapes any kind of simple, elemental or essentialistic construction or reading and in real terms it doesn t offer any comprehensive, total or coherent solution or system for those philosophical doctrines it criticizes and makes fun of. The philosophical, conceptual and cultural substance of Herzog does not constitute an independent or autonomous theoretical tract which would have a life of its own. Altough the novel reflects the continuity of Bellow s writing it is clearly some kind of conscious or unconscious experiment during his long career as a writer. He hasn t been so radical before or since the publication of Herzog. It is unarguably his most postmodern novel.The reading paradigm based on specific codes demonstrates how deep into the basic questions of his personal life and existence itself he must dive in oder to find his many ways towards authentic or primordial self in fragmented and shattered world which is constanly rewritten and which makes human being a tourist of his own life. In that ongoing process the protagonist has to accept the ultimate plurality of his mind and self. He must confront that the modernistic definition of identity as a solid, monolithic and stable entity has broken down into different, inconsistent and even contradictory possibilities of identification. Moses Herzog embodies obviously Stuart Hall s description of the postmodern self his identity has turn into a movable feast.

Signifying Angels : Analyses and Interpretations of Rautavaara s Instrumental Compositions

The subject of doctoral thesis is the analysis and interpretation of instrumental pieces composed by Einojuhani Rautavaara (b. 1928) that have been given angelic titles: Archangel Michael Fighting the Antichrist from the suite Icons (1955)/Before the Icons (2006), Angels and Visitations (1978), the Double Bass Concerto Angel of Dusk (1980), Playgrounds for Angels (1981)and the Seventh Symphony Angel of Light (1994). The aim of the work is to find those musical elements common to these pieces that distinguish them from Rautavaara s other works and to determine if they could be thought of as a series. I prove that behind the common elements and titles stands the same extramusical idea the figure of an angel that the composer has described in his commentaries. The thesis is divided into three parts. Since all of the compositions possess titles that refer to the spiritual symbol of an angel, the first part offers a theoretical background to demonstrate the significant role played by angels in various religions and beliefs, and the means by which music has attempted to represent this symbol throughout history. This background traces also Rautavaara s aesthetic attitude as a spiritual composer whose output can be studied with reference to his extramusical interests including literature, psychology, painting, philosophy and myths. The second part focuses on the analysis of the instrumental compositions with angelic titles, without giving consideration to their commentaries and titles. The analyses concentrate in particular on those musical features that distinguish these pieces from Rautavaara s other compositions. In the third part these musical features are interpreted as symbols of the angel through comparison with vocal and instrumental pieces which contain references to the character of an angel, structures of mythical narration, special musical expressions, use of instruments and aspects of brightness. Finally I explore the composer s interpretative codes, drawing on Rilke s cycle of poems Ten Duino Elegies and Jung s theory of archetypes, and analyze the instrumental pieces with angelic titles in the light of the theory of musical ekphrasis.

The Restless Love of Thinking : The Concept Liebe in Hegel's Philosophy

The German philosopher G.W.F.Hegel (1770–1831) is best known for his idealistic system philosophy, his concept of spirit [Geist] and for his dictum that the existing and the rational overlap. This thesis offers a new perspective: it examines the working of the concept ‘love’ in Hegel’s philosophy by looking at the contexts and function he puts it to, from his earliest writings to the very last lectures he gave. The starting point of the inquiry is that he applied the concept Liebe to different contexts for different purposes, but each time to provide an answer to a specific philosophical problem. His formulation, reformulation and use of ‘love’ give possible solutions to problems the solving of which was crucial to the development of his thought as a whole. The study is divided into three parts, each analysing the different problems and solutions to which Hegel applied the concept of love. The first part, "Love, morality and ethical life", examines these interconnected themes in Hegel’s early work. The main questions he addressed during this period concerned how to unite Kant’s philosophy and the Greek ideal of the good life. In this context, the concept ‘love’ did three things. First, it served to formulate his grounding idea of the relation between unity and difference, or the manifold. Secondly, it was the key to his attempt to base an ideal folk religion on Christianity interpreted as a religion of love. Finally, it provided the means to criticise Kant’s moral philosophy. The question of the moral value of love helped Hegel to break away from Kant’s thought and develop his own theory about love and ethical life. The second part of the study, "Love and the political realm", considers the way 'Liebe' functions in connection with questions concerning the community and political life in Hegel’s work. In addition to questioning the universal applicability of the concept of recognition as a key to his theory of social relations, the chapters focus on gender politics and the way he conceptualised the gender category ‘woman’ through the concept ‘love’. Another line of inquiry is the way the figure of Antigone was used to conceptualise the differentiated spheres of action for men and women, and the part ‘love’ played in Hegel’s description of Antigone’s motives. Thirdly, Hegel’s analogy of the family and the state and the way ‘love’ functions in an attempt to promote understanding of the relation between citizens and the state are examined. The third and final part of the study, "Love as absolute spirit", focuses on ‘love’ within Hegel’s systemic thought and the way he continued to characterise Geist through the language of Liebe up until and including his very last works. It is shown how Liebe functions in his hierarchical organisation of the domains of art, religion and philosophy, and how both art and religion end up in similar structural positions with regard to philosophy. One recurrent theme in the third part is Hegel’s complex relation to Romantic thought. Another line of investigation is how he reconstructed Christianity as a religion of love in his mature work. In striking contrast to his early thought, in his last works Hegel introduced a new concept of love that incorporated negativity, and that could also function as the root of political action.

Role of external electron donor in methylene blue sensitized dichromated gelatin holograms:an experimental study

An experimental study to ascertain the role of external electron donor in methylene blue sensitized dichromated gelatin (MBDCG) holograms has been carried out. The required volume holographic transmission gratings in MBDCG have been recorded using 633-nm light from a He-Ne laser. Three well-known electron donors, namely, N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF); ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); triethanolamine (TEA), were used in this study. The variation of diffraction efficiency (η) as a function of light exposure (E) and concentration (C) of the electron donor under consideration was chosen as the figure of merit for judging the role of external electron donor in MBDCG holograms. A self-consistent analysis of the experimental results was carried out by recalling the various known facts about the photochemistry and the hologram formation in DSDCG and also DCG. The important findings and conclusions are as follows: (i) Each η vs E graph is a bell-shaped curve and its peak height is influenced in a characteristic manner by the external electron donor used. (ii) High diffraction efficiency/recording speed can be achieved in pure MBDCG holograms. (iii) The diffraction efficiency/recording speed achieved in electron donor sensitized MBDCG holograms did not show any significant improvement at all over that observed in pure MBDCG holograms. (iv) In electron donor sensitized MBDCG holograms, the electron donor used, depending on its type and concentration, appears to promote the process of cross-linking of gelatin molecules in a manner to either retain or deteriorate the refractive-index modulation achieved using pure MBDCG.

Effect of uncertainty on helicopter performance predictions

The effect of uncertainties on performance predictions of a helicopter is studied in this article. The aeroelastic parameters such as the air density, blade profile drag coefficient, main rotor angular velocity, main rotor radius, and blade chord are considered as uncertain variables. The propagation of these uncertainties in the performance parameters such as thrust coefficient, figure of merit, induced velocity, and power required are studied using Monte Carlo simulation and the first-order reliability method. The Rankine-Froude momentum theory is used for performance prediction in hover, axial climb, and forward flight. The propagation of uncertainty causes large deviations from the baseline deterministic predictions, which undoubtedly affect both the achievable performance and the safety of the helicopter. The numerical results in this article provide useful bounds on helicopter power requirements.

An Objective Evaluation of Displacement-Amplifying Compliant Mechanisms for Sensor Applications

Displacement-amplifying compliant mechanisms (DaCMs) reported in literature are mostly used for actuator applications. This paper considers them for sensor applications that rely on displacement measurement, and evaluates them objectively. The main goal is to increase the sensitivity under constraints imposed by several secondary requirements and practical constraints. A spring-mass-lever model that effectively captures the addition of a DaCM to a sensor is used in comparing eight DaCMs. We observe that they significantly differ in performance criteria such as geometric advantage, stiffness, natural frequency, mode amplification, factor of safety against failure, cross-axis stiffness, etc., but none excel in all. Thus, a combined figure of merit is proposed using which the most suitable DaCM could be selected for a sensor application. A case-study of a micro machined capacitive accelerometer and another case-study of a vision-based force sensor are included to illustrate the general evaluation and selection procedure of DaCMs with specific applications. Some other insights gained with the analysis presented here were the optimum size-scale for a DaCM, the effect on its natural frequency, limits on its stiffness, and working range of the sensor.

Nanostructuration via solid state transformation as a strategy for improving the thermoelectric efficiency of PbTe alloys

The approach taken in this paper in order to modify the scattering features of electrons and phonons and improve the figure of merit (ZT) of thermoelectric PbTe is to alter the microstructure at constant chemistry. A lamellar pattern of PbTe/GeTe at the nano- and microscale was produced in Pb(0.36)Ge(0.64)Te alloy by the diffusional decomposition of a supersaturated solid solution. The mechanism of nanostructuration is most likely a discontinuous spinodal decomposition. A simple model relating the interface velocity to the observed lamellar spacing is proposed. The effects of nanostructuration in Pb(0.36)Ge(0.64)Te alloy on the electrical and thermal conductivity, thermopower and ZT were investigated. It was shown that nanostructuration through the formation of a lamellar pattern of PbTe/GeTe is unlikely to provide a significant improvement due to the occurrence of discontinuous coarsening. However, the present study allows an analysis of possible strategies to improve thermoelectric materials via optimal design of the microstructure and optimized heat treatment. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A low cost approach for the fabrication of microwave phase shifter on laminates

This paper presents a simple and low cost fabrication approach using extended printed circuit board processing techniques for an electrostatically actuated phase shifter on a common microwave laminate. This approach uses 15 mu m thin copper foils for realizing the bridge structures as well as for a spacer. A polymeric thin film deposited by spin coating and patterned using lithographic process is used as a dielectric layer to improve the reliability of the device. The prototype of the phase shifter for X-band operation is fabricated and tested for electrical and electromechanical performance parameters. The realized devices have a figure of merit of 70 degrees/dB for a maximum applied bias potential of 85 V. Since these phase shifters can be conveniently fabricated directly on microwave substrates used for feed distribution networks of phased arrays, the overall addition in cost, dimensions and processing for including these phase shifters in these arrays is minimal.

Thermoelectric properties of indium filled and germanium doped Co4Sb12 skutterudites

In-filled and Ge-doped Co4Sb12 skutterudites materials were synthesized by an induction melting process which was followed by annealing at 650 degrees C for 7 days. A structural, compositional, and morphological study was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro analysis (EPMA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The formation of a single skutterudite phase (delta-CoSb3) was confirmed by XRD and the composition of all the samples was verified by EPMA. The homogeneity and morphology of the samples was observed by potential Seebeck microprobe (PSM) and SEM, respectively. The PSM result confirmed the inhomogeneity of the samples. The temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity were measured in the temperature range of 300-650 K. The samples of In0.16Co4Sb12-xGex (x = 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2) show a negative Seebeck coefficient confirming an n-type conductivity and the In0.16Co4Sb11.7Ge0.3 sample shows a positive Seebeck coefficient confirming a p-type conductivity. There was a change in the Seebeck coefficient from an n-type to a p-type at the doping concentration of x = 0.3 due to the excess Ge which increases in hole carrier concentration. Electrical conductivity decreases with an increase in Ge doping concentrations and with increases in temperature due to the bipolar effect. Thermal conductivity increases with an increase in carrier concentration and decreases when the temperature is increased. The highest ZT = 0.58 was achieved by In0.16Co4 Sb11.95Ge0.05 at 673K and In-filled and Ge-doped Co4Sb12 was not effective in improving the figure of merit. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3677982]

Effect of co-substitution of Mn and Al on thermoelectric properties of chromium disilicide

CrSi2 was earlier reported to be an interesting thermoelectric material for high temperature applications because of its high oxidation resistance and good mechanical properties. In order to enhance its figure of merit, Mn at Cr site and Al at Si site were substituted into CrSi2. Our results indicate that Cr1-x Mn (x) Si2-x Al (x) solid solutions exhibit significantly lower thermal conductivity and a higher figure of merit than CrSi2.

Effect of composition on thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline CrSi2

Ingots with compositions CrSi2-x (with 0 < x < 0.1) were synthesized by vacuum arc melting followed by uniaxial hot pressing for densification. This paper reports the temperature and composition dependence of the electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity of CrSi2-x samples in the temperature range of 300 K to 800 K. The silicon-deficient samples exhibited substantial reductions in resistivity and Seebeck coefficient over the measured temperature range due to the formation of metallic secondary CrSi phase embedded in the CrSi2 matrix phase. The thermal conductivity was seen to exhibit a U-shaped curve with respect to x, exhibiting a minimum value at the composition of x = 0.04. However, the limit of the homogeneity range of CrSi2 suppresses any further decrease of the lattice thermal conductivity. As a consequence, the maximum figure of merit of ZT = 0.1 is obtained at 650 K for CrSi1.98.

Thermoelectric performance of a single-layer graphene sheet for energy harvesting

We investigate the thermoelectric (TE) figure-of-merit of a single-layer graphene (SLG) sheet by a physics-based analytical technique. We first develop analytical models of electrical and thermal resistances and the Seebeck coefficient of SLG by considering electron interactions with the in-plane and flexural phonons. Using those models, we show that both the figure-of-merit and the TE efficiency can be substantially increased with the addition of isotope doping as it significantly reduces the phonon-dominated thermal conductivity. In addition, we report that the TE open circuit output voltage and output power depends weakly on the SLG sheet dimensions and sheet concentration in the strongly diffusive regime. Proposed models agree well with the available experimental data and demonstrate the immense potential of graphene for waste-heat recovery application.

Thermoelectric properties of chromium disilicide prepared by mechanical alloying

CrSi and Cr1-x Fe (x) Si particles embedded in a CrSi2 matrix have been prepared by hot pressing from CrSi1.9, CrSi2, and CrSi2.1 powders produced by ball milling using either WC or stainless steel milling media. The samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. The final crystallite size of CrSi2 obtained from the XRD patterns is about 40 and 80 nm for SS- and WC-milled powders, respectively, whereas the size of the second phase inclusions in the hot pressed samples is about 1-5 mu m. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, and figure of merit (ZT) were analyzed in the temperature range from 300 to 800 K. While the ball-milling process results in a lower electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity due to the presence of the inclusions and the refinement of the matrix microstructure, respectively, the Seebeck coefficient is negatively affected by the formation of the inclusions which leads to a modest improvement of ZT.

Thermoelectric properties of Fe(0.2)Co(3.8)Sbi(12-x)Te(x) skutterudites

Skutterudites Fe(0.)2Co(3.8)Sb(12),Te-x (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) were synthesized by induction melting at 1273 K, followed by annealing at 923 K for 144 h. X-ray powder diffraction and electron microprobe analysis confirmed the presence of the skutterudite phase as the main phase. The temperature-dependent transport properties were measured for all the samples from 300 to 818 K. A positive Seebeck coefficient (holes are majority carriers) was obtained in Fe0.2Co3.8Sb 12 in the whole temperature range. Thermally excited carriers changed from n-type to p-type in Fe(0.)2Co(3.8)Sb(12),Te-x 19Te0.1 at 570 K, while in all the other samples, Fe(0.)2Co(3.8)Sb(12),Te-x (x = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) exhibited negative Seebeck coefficients in the entire temperature range measured. Whereas for the alloys up to x = 0.2 (Fe(0.)2Co(3.8)Sb(12),Te-x ) the electrical resistivity decreased by charge compensation, it increased for x> 0.2 with an increase in Te content as a result of an increase in the electron concentration. The thermal conductivity decreased with Te substitution owing to carrier phonon scattering and point defect scattering. The maximum dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT = 1.04 at 818 K, was obtained with an optimized Te content for Fe0.2Co3.8Sb1 1.5Te0.5 and a carrier concentration of,,J1/ =- 3.0 x 1020 CM-3 at room temperature. Thermal expansion (a = 8.8 x 10-6 K-1), as measured for Fe(0.)2Co(3.8)Sb(12),Te-x , compared well with that of undoped Co4Sb12. A further increase in the thermoelectric figure of merit up to ZT = 1.3 at 820 K was achieved for Fe(0.)2Co(3.8)Sb(12),Te-x , applying severe plastic deformation in terms of a high-pressure torsion process. (C) 2013 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thermoelectric Properties of Two-Phase PbTe with Indium Inclusions

The thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) can be increased by introduction of additional interfaces in the bulk to reduce the thermal conductivity. In this work, PbTe with a dispersed indium (In) phase was synthesized by a matrix encapsulation technique for different In concentrations. x-Ray diffraction analysis showed single-phase PbTe with In secondary phase. Rietveld analysis did not show In substitution at either the Pb or Te site, and this was further confirmed by room-temperature Raman data. Low-magnification (similar to 1500x) scanning electron microscopy images showed micrometer-sized In dispersed throughout the PbTe matrix, while at high magnification (150,000x) an agglomeration of PbTe particles in the hot-pressed samples could be seen. The electrical resistivity (rho) and Seebeck coefficient (S) were measured from 300 K to 723 K. Negative Seebeck values showed all the samples to be n-type. A systematic increase in resistivity and higher Seebeck coefficient values with increasing In content indicated the role of PbTe-In interfaces in the scattering of electrons. This was further confirmed by the thermal conductivity (kappa), measured from 423 K to 723 K, where a greater reduction in the electronic as compared with the lattice contribution was found for In-added samples. It was found that, despite the high lattice mismatch at the PbTe-In interface, phonons were not scattered as effectively as electrons. The highest zT obtained was 0.78 at 723 K for the sample with the lowest In content.