Dietas da moda e transtornos alimentares: a construção de sentidos na busca do corpo perfeito e da vida saudável.

Com a maior valorização da alimentação saudável e o crescente interesse das pessoas em relação à dieta e à imagem corporal, observamos o desencadeamento de distúrbios do comportamento alimentar, como a ortorexia, e o espaço da mídia como divulgação de um padrão de corpo perfeito e da magia das dietas da moda. É uma pesquisa qualitativa que atende a proposta do curso de doutorado com resultados publicáveis em capítulos de livros ou artigos em periódico científico. Os artigos são encadeados por uma trajetória temática de construção de concepções de alimentação saudável que permeia o universo das dietas e dos transtornos alimentares na sociedade contemporânea. A metodologia segue referencial teórico-conceitual para fundamentação de análise de elementos variados selecionados do campo no decorrer da pesquisa, com técnicas de análise semiótica, revisão de literatura e análise interpretativa com analogia entre sistemas culturais distintos. Na primeira publicação, Dietas da moda: um processo incessante e ininterrupto..., foram analisadas e discutidas as dietas da moda em revistas impressas e sua relação com o consumo na sociedade. Em um segundo momento, foi necessário compreender o encanto que as dietas da moda suscitam no mundo de hoje. Este artigo, Dietas da moda: o feiticeiro, a magia e sua eficácia simbólica, corresponde a discussão da magia das dietas da moda na contemporaneidade, traçando uma analogia com textos de Claude Lévi-Strauss. O terceiro artigo, Ortorexia: o (des)encontro entre a saúde e a doença, questiona uma concepção de alimentação saudável que leva a ortorexia. Apresenta uma abordagem biopsicossocial por meio da revisão de literatura e reflexão conceitual do que é saúde, segundo Georges Canguilhem, explorando os conceitos de medicalização, biopoder e biopolítica de Michel Foucault. Na dieta da moda, seja alternativa, milagrosa ou mágica, é a moda e seus princípios de efemeridade, sedução e diferenciação que vão dirigir o olhar, principalmente das mulheres, para consumir a dieta evidenciada pela mídia, respaldada pelo discurso científico, fazendo parte de um processo incessante e ininterrupto pela busca do corpo perfeito e da vida saudável. Os elementos das dietas da moda, no senso comum, formam uma rede de encantamento comparada a rituais de magia descritos por Lévi-Strauss, como os papéis do feiticeiro e do enfeitiçado, que se organizam em torno da acusação para exibir a eficácia de um feitiço em algumas aldeias, e dos profissionais de saúde que nestas revistas são legitimados pelo saber, e dos consumidores das revistas enfeitiçados que reforçam resultados surpreendentes ou a própria idéia de alimentação saudável como algo mágico, no mundo atual. Na seqüência, a ortorexia é a exacerbação das benesses de uma alimentação saudável, a pessoa assume práticas alimentares para desintoxicação corporal a partir da pureza dos alimentos, recorre a uma disciplina e controle rigorosos da alimentação diária, criando normas dietéticas que levam ao isolamento e ao adoecimento, no sentido de saúde como uma potência para construção e adaptação de normas para um bem viver. A disseminação do biopoder e da biopolítica favorece a restrição de um regime de vida, voltado para o controle e a segurança. O indivíduo é responsabilizado por suas escolhas e adoecimento, pois poderia afastar os riscos à saúde com a medicalização, ou uma dieta saudável que o purificasse dos males.

Artificial Habitats for Fisheries Enhancement in the Australian Region

This paper outlines developments over about 20 years in the construction of and ecological research on artificial reefs, fish aggregation devices (FAD's), and other artificial habitats designed to enhance fish populations and fisheries in the Australian region (including New Zealand and Papua New Guinea). Work was initially carried out on multicomponent reefs using a variety of waste materials, as well as some specially constructed concrete and steel structures. Later studies concentrated on single-component reefs, again mainly using waste materials. Although no definitive conclusions were reached on the relative effectiveness of the different materials used, waste motor vehicle tires and derelict ships were generally judged to be the best all-around materials for single-component reef construction in sheltered estuarine and offshore marine environments, respectively, in this region. FAD's comprising polyvinylchloride pipe sparbuoys (or in some areas polyurethane foam floats) attached to railroad car wheel anchors by polyethylene rope and chain, and supporting attractor drapes of synthetic mesh webbing, also provedtobegenerallysuccessfulin thisarea. Overall conclusions for the Australian region include the predominant use of waste materials in artificial reef construction, which has been primarily aimed at recreational fisheries enhancement; the successful use of FAD's for both recreational and commercial fisheries enhancement; the need for further and better planned research into and monitoring of the effectiveness of both of these enhancement methods; and the need for future research into the effectiveness of unfished "artificial habitat reserves" in enhancing fisheries production from surrounding fished areas.

The occurrence of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) at Espiritu Santo Seamount in the Gulf of Mexico) at Espiritu Santo Seamount in the Gulf of Mexico

Pelagic fishes are not evenly dispersed in the oceans, but aggregate at distinct locations in this vast and open environment. Nomadic species such as mackerels, tunas, and sharks form assemblages at seamounts (Klimley and Butler, 1988; Fontenau, 1991). Fishermen have recognized this behavior and have placed moorings with surface buoys in deep waters to provide artificial landmarks, around which fish concentrate and are more easily captured. These fish aggregating devices (termed FADs) are common in the tropical oceans (see review, Holland, 1996). In a sense, it may only be the larger size that separates a seamount from a man-made FAD.

近零磁场对拟南芥生长发育影响初探及趋磁细菌(Magnetospirillum magneticum）铁还原酶基因 MmFre 的克隆和功能分析

地磁场伴随着生命的起源、发生和进化，地球上的一切生命无时无刻不处于地球磁场中。地球自诞生以来，地磁场的强度一直在细微变化，但地磁场强度减弱会对植物产生什么样的直接影响尚知之甚少。随着对太空探索的不断发展，人类越来越需要了解处于零磁场环境的太空中生物的适应性。近零磁场是地磁场的恒定组分降低为零或者接近零的空间。本论文利用近零磁场环境探索了地磁场减弱对拟南芥整个生长周期的影响，开展了近零磁场下拟南芥短期生长试验，主要包括种子的萌发、暗培养、根生长、幼苗鲜重和根向重性分析，以及对近零磁场下拟南芥整个生长周期的表型进行了观察统计分析。结果发现(1)无论在光照还是暗培养的环境中，近零磁场对拟南芥种子的萌发、幼苗根的伸长、鲜重变化以及根向重性等的影响较小。(2)对拟南芥整个生长周期过程中表型变化进行的观察和统计分析发现：近零磁场环境中，拟南芥可以完成正常的生活史;但植株开花时间推迟、开花持续时间延长、枝条数减少、植株高度受到了抑制，种子千粒重降低。表明近零磁场对拟南芥营养生长的影响较小，而对生殖生长的影响较明显，暗示地磁场作为环境因子可能参与影响植物的生殖生长。 趋磁细菌(Magnetospirillum magneticum)是一种可以沿磁力线方向运动的特殊的细菌，其胞内铁含量是菌体干重的3％，是非磁性细菌的数百倍，其中的铁主要以Fe3O4/Fe3S4 形式存在于磁小体(magnetosome) 中。趋磁细菌主要通过分泌转铁载体吸收环境中的三价铁。在磁小体合成过程中，三价铁还原为二价是一个必需的过程，因而铁还原酶在趋磁细菌的铁还原过程中可能起着重要的作用。我们以趋磁细菌AMB-1 为材料，克隆了预测的铁还原酶基因，命名为MmFre ，并在内源铁还原酶活性较低的酵母突变株S288C fre1 fre2 中进行异源超表达，对其铁还原活性进行了初步分析;同时结合GFP 融合蛋白技术对该基因的表达产物进行了酵母的亚细胞定位。结果表明：(1)利用生物信息学分析发现，MmFre 基因编码区含有1335 bp，编码444 个氨基酸残基;氨基酸序列中含有一个FAD 结合位点，并具有6 个跨膜结构域;(2)该基因在酵母表达后利用酵母活体进行酶活性检测发现，其铁还原酶活性是对照组的4 倍，暗示该基因在真核生物中的表达产物可以执行铁还原的功能;(3)利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现该基因的表达产物与GFP 构成的融合蛋白广泛的定位在细胞的膜上。因而，MmFre 基因的表达产物确实具有铁还原酶活性，且没有膜特异性分布，其对趋磁细菌磁小体生物合成中铁的还原可能起着重要作用。

Changes in fish fauna and the impact of the introductions on fish yield

There have been considerable changes in fish species composition in Lakes victoria, Kyoga and Nabugabo since the Nile perch were introduced. Populations of most of the native species have declined and many species may have become extinct. The original decline in the fish stocks was due to overfishing but the recent and more drastic decline has been attributed to predation by the Nile perch. Nile perch feeds on invertebrates changing to a piscivorous diet with size. Haplochromine cichlids, which were the most abundant fish in Lakes Victoria just before the Nile perch populations started increasing rapidly have been depleted. As more suitable types of prey were depleted in the new habi tats, Nile perch switched to other prey types to the extent of feeding even on its own young. There are, fears that the Nile perch will overshoot its food supply, resulting in a reduction of its own population and subsequently a collapse in the fishery (FAD 1985).

On the functions of products

Understanding the performance and manner of functioning of existing products is at the base of new product development activities. In engineering design the term function is generally used to refer to the technical actions performed by a product. However, products accomplish a wider range of goals. This research explores the opportunity to describe and model, through the concept of function, product actions across four dimensions including technical, aesthetic, social and economic. The research demonstrates that non-technical functions can be represented through active verbs and nouns and modelled using a method known as the Function Analysis Diagram (FAD). The research argues that when technical, aesthetic, social and economic perspectives on product development are considered as different types of function, stakeholders have a common language to communicate which can benefit design collaboration.

酶直接电化学辅酶电催化及酶传感器探讨

本文选择与生命过程息息相关的典型物质作为研究对象，以电化学手段为主，同时结合XPS、SEM和STM等技术，对细胞色素C和酶的直接电化学，辅酶电催化及应用和电化学式酶传感器研制等三方面进行了初步探讨。其中包括：1、细胞色素C在玻碳表面的直接电化学和热力学行为，2、葡萄糖氧化酶表面结构分析和直接电化学，3、辣根过氧化物酶直接电化学和双酶电极研制；4、黄素辅酶（FAD）修饰表面形貌分析和电催化性能，5、尼克酰氨辅酶电催化氧化及其检测；6、基于金属微粒修饰电极的酶传感器，7、介体型醇脱氢酶传感器，以及普鲁士兰修饰薄膜用于酶的固定化。

In situ electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy investigation of renewing graphite surface accompanied by electrochemical reaction

In situ electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (ECSTM) has been employed to follow the renewal process of a graphite electrode accompanied by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) electrochemical reaction which involves adsorption of the reduced form (FADH(2)) and desorption of the oxidized form (FAD). The renewal process initiates from steps or kinks on the electrode surface, which provide high active sites for adsorption. This renewal depends on the working electrode potential, especially in the range near the FAD redox potential. Our experiment suggests that delamination of the graphite surface is caused by interaction between the substrate and adsorbed molecules. A simple model is proposed to explain this phenomenon.

A COMPARATIVE-STUDY ON STM IMAGING AND ELECTROCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SURFACES MODIFIED WITH FLAVIN ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDE

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) was modified onto the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (hopg) and glassy carbon electrode (gee) surfaces with three methods, respectively. Corresponding image analysis for FAD-modified hopg surfaces has been performed by scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) for the first time. The molecular resolution STM image of FAD adsorbed on the freshly-cleaved hopg was obtained, the quantitative size determination suggests that the FAD molecules adsorb side lying on the substrate surface. The anodization treatment of hopg surface yields many pits, which were clearly observed under STM. These pits provide active sites on the hopg surface for modification and the treated hopg can strongly adsorb FAD molecules, the latter exhibiting an irregular cluster structure on such a surface. When FAD was electrochemically deposited on the substrate surface, a chain structure was successfully observed. The adsorbed FAD on anodized glassy carbon electrode (gee) surface can effectively catalyze the reduction of glucose oxidase, hemoglobin and myoglobin, with a large decrease in the overvoltage, whereas the deposited FAD film exhibits excellent electrocatalysis towards dioxygen reduction.

ELECTROCATALYTIC REDUCTION OF DIOXYGEN BY AN ELECTROCHEMICALLY POLYMERIZED FLAVIN ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDE FILM

An electrochemically polymerized flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) film electrode is reported for the first time. The polymerized film was prepared by a two-step method. The electrocatalytic reduction of dioxygen at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modifie

The structure of Aquifex aeolicus sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase, a basis to understand sulfide detoxification and respiration

Sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) is a flavoprotein with homologues in all domains of life except plants. It plays a physiological role both in sulfide detoxification and in energy transduction. We isolated the protein from native membranes of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus, and we determined its X-ray structure in the "as-purified,'' substrate-bound, and inhibitor-bound forms at resolutions of 2.3, 2.0, and 2.9 angstrom, respectively. The structure is composed of 2 Rossmann domains and 1 attachment domain, with an overall monomeric architecture typical of disulfide oxidoreductase flavoproteins. A. aeolicus SQR is a surprisingly trimeric, periplasmic integral monotopic membrane protein that inserts about 12 angstrom into the lipidic bilayer through an amphipathic helix-turn-helix tripodal motif. The quinone is located in a channel that extends from the si side of the FAD to the membrane. The quinone ring is sandwiched between the conserved amino acids Phe-385 and Ile-346, and it is possibly protonated upon reduction via Glu-318 and/or neighboring water molecules. Sulfide polymerization occurs on the re side of FAD, where the invariant Cys-156 and Cys-347 appear to be covalently bound to polysulfur fragments. The structure suggests that FAD is covalently linked to the polypeptide in an unusual way, via a disulfide bridge between the 8-methyl group and Cys-124. The applicability of this disulfide bridge for transferring electrons from sulfide to FAD, 2 mechanisms for sulfide polymerization and channeling of the substrate, S2-, and of the product, S-n, in and out of the active site are discussed.

Płynna tożsamość? Identyfikacje Francuzów algierskiego pochodzenia w powieściach autobiograficznych

Wydział Nauk Społecznych

Riboflavin, Flavin Mononucleotide and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide in Human Plasma and Erythrocytes at Baseline and after Low-Dose Riboflavin Supplementation.

Background: Vitamin B2 exists in blood as riboflavin and its cofactors, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and FAD. The erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRAC) has traditionally been used to assess vitamin B2 status in humans. We investigated the relationships of EGRAC and plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of riboflavin, FMN, and FAD in elderly volunteers and their responses to riboflavin administration. Methods: EGRAC and plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of riboflavin, FMN, and FAD were determined in 124 healthy individuals with a mean age of 69 years. The same measurements were made in a subgroup of 46 individuals with EGRAC 1.20 who participated in a randomized double-blind 12-week intervention study and received riboflavin (1.6 mg/day; n = 23) or placebo (n = 23). Results: Median plasma concentrations were 10.5 nmol/L for riboflavin, 6.6 nmol/L for FMN, and 74 nmol/L for FAD. In erythrocytes, there were only trace amounts of riboflavin, whereas median FMN and FAD concentrations were 44 and 469 nmol/L, respectively. Erythrocyte FMN and FAD correlated with each other and with EGRAC and plasma riboflavin (P

Uso problemático de las redes sociales en estudiantes universitarios

Los avances que están produciéndose en el ámbito académico con el surgimiento de herramientas de la Web 2.0 y el empleo masivo por parte de los estudiantes de la redes sociales para comunicarse entre ellos, está haciendo que el panorama educativo se encuentre ante unos desafíos a los que tiene que dar respuesta. La investigación que aquí se presenta tuvo como objetivo principal analizar el estado del empleo de la redes sociales por parte alumnado universitario, así como los posibles malos hábitos y usos problemáticos de las mismas. Se utilizó como instrumento de recogida de información un cuestionario “ad hoc” con un total de 23 ítems. Se concluye que el alumnado en general no posee malos hábitos en el empleo de las redes sociales, igualmente los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que su utilización no está plenamente integrada en las instituciones universitarias de educación superior, así como que los estudiantes no las emplean/usan como herramienta fundamental para las resolución de cuestiones académicas.

Recessive congenital methaemoglobinaemia: cytochrome b(5) reductase deficiency

Some 60 years ago, Quentin Gibson reported the first hereditary disorder involving an enzyme when he deduced that familial methaemoglobinaemia was caused by an enzymatic lesion associated with the glycolysis pathway in red blood cells. This disorder, now known as recessive congenital methaemoglobinaemia (RCM), is caused by NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (cb(5)r) deficiency. Two distinct clinical forms, types I and II, have been recognized, both characterized by cyanosis from birth. In type II, the cyanosis is accompanied by neurological impairment and reduced life expectancy. Cytochrome b(5) reductase is composed of one FAD and one NADH binding domain linked by a hinge region. It is encoded by the CYB5R3 (previously known as DIA1) gene and more than 40 mutations have been described, some of which are common to both types of RCM. Mutations associated with type II tend to cause incorrect splicing, disruption of the active site or truncation of the protein. At present the description of the sequence variants of cb(5)r in the literature is confusing, due to the use of two conventions which differ by one codon position. Herein we propose a new system for nomenclature of cb(5)r based on recommendations of the Human Genome Variation Society. The development of a heterologous expression system has allowed the impact of naturally occurring variants of cb(5)r to be assessed and has provided insight into the function of cb(5)r.