Application of GA3 and girdling of branches on the production of extemporaneous fruits of 'Tahiti' acid lime

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of girdling of branches and the application of GA3, still in the main crop flowering on the formation of reproductive structures, the fruit set of the following extemporaneous flowering of 'Tahiti' acid lime. This work used a randomized block design with five replications in a 4x3 factorial design. The first factor was the foliar application of GA3, 88 days before extemporaneous flowering at five concentrations (0, 7, 14 and 21 mg.L-1). The second factor was the girdling times, 108 days before flowering onset (A108AF), 78 days before flowering (A78AF) plus no-girdling control (NG). In extemporaneous flowering, the proportion of buds, flowers and fruits that abscised was 38.75, 31.25 and 18.64% respectively and 11.34% of all reproductive structures formed were collected. GA3 did not affect fruit set. Girdling increased fruit set by 229 and 256% at A108DAF and A78DAF respectively, in relation to NG plants. The GA3 reduced the formation of floral structures, which resulted in a quadratic increase in field production by reducing the competition for photoassimilates among fruits. The concentration of 21 mg.L-1 was the most productive, with 15.97 fruit.plant-1.

Industrial Structure, Trade and Regional Economics : Market Segmentation

We consider a general equilibrium model a la Bhaskar (Review of Economic Studies 2002): there are complementarities across sectors, each of which comprise (many) heterogenous monopolistically competitive firms. Bhaskar's model is extended in two directions: production requires capital, and labour markets are segmented. Labour market segmentation models the difficulties of labour migrating across international barriers (in a trade context) or from a poor region to a richer one (in a regional context), whilst the assumption of a single capital market means that capital flows freely between countries or regions. The model is solved analytically and a closed form solution is provided. Adding labour market segmentation to Bhaskar's two-tier industrial structure allows us to study, inter alia, the impact of competition regulations on wages and - financial flows both in the regional and international context, and the output, welfare and financial implications of relaxing immigration laws. The analytical approach adopted allows us, not only to sign the effect of policies, but also to quantify their effects. Introducing capital as a factor of production improves the realism of the model and refi nes its empirically testable implications.

The Changing Inter-Industry Wage Structure of the Organised Manufacturing Sector in India, 1973-74 to 2003-04

This study examines the inter-industry wage structure of the organised manufacturing sector in India for the period 1973-74 to 2003-04 by estimating the growth of average real wages for production workers by industry. In order to estimate the growth rates, the study adopts a methodological framework that differs from other studies in that the time series properties of the concerned variables are closely considered in order to obtain meaningful estimates of growth that are unbiased and (asymptotically) efficient. Using wage data on 51 manufacturing industries at three digit level of the National Industrial Classification 1998 (India), our estimation procedure obtains estimates of growth of real wages per worker that are deterministic in nature by accounting for any potential structural break(s). Our findings show that the inter-industry wage structure in India has changed a lot in the period 1973-74 to 2003-04 and that it provides some evidence that the inter-industry wage differences have become more pronounced in the post-reforms period. Thus this paper provides new evidence from India on the need to consider the hypothesis that industry affiliation is potentially an important determinant of wages when studying any relationship between reforms and wages.

Origins and efficiency of the electric industry regulation in Spain, 1910-1936

The aim of this paper is to discover the origins of utility regulation in Spain, and to analyse, from a microeconomic perspective, its characteristics and the impact of regulation on consumers and utilities. Madrid and the Madrilenian utilities are taken as a case study. The electric industry in the period studied was a natural monopoly2. Each of the three phases of production, generation, transmission and distribution, had natural monopoly characteristics. Therefore, the most efficient form to generate, transmit and distribute electricity was the monopoly because one firm can produce a quantity at a lower cost than the sum of costs incurred by two or more firms. A problem arises because when a firm is the single provider it can charge prices above the marginal cost, at monopoly prices. When a monopolist reduces the quantity produced, price increases, causing the consumer to demand less than the economic efficiency level, incurring a loss of consumer surplus. The loss of the consumer surplus is not completely gained by the monopolist, causing a loss of social surplus, a deadweight loss. The main objective of regulation is going to be to reduce to a minimum the deadweight loss. Regulation is also needed because when the monopolist fixes prices at marginal cost equal marginal revenue there would be an incentive for firms to enter the market creating inefficiency. The Madrilenian industry has been chosen because of the availability of statistical information on costs and production. The complex industry structure and the atomised demand add interest to the analysis. This study will also provide some light on the tariff regulation of the period which has been poorly studied and will complement the literature on the US electric utilities regulation where a different type of regulation was implemented.

The Effects of Expanding Ethanol Markets On Ethanol Production Feed Markets And the Iowa Economy, June 30 2001

Report produced by Iowa Departmment of Agriculture and Land Stewardship

Little Dairy on the Prairie: from butter makin' to high-tech agriculture, 2005

In 2001, extensive archaeological excavations were conducted at the Oneida Cheese Factory in Jones County. The county is a microcosm of larger dairying trends found throughout northeast Iowa, the state���s premier dairy-producing region. Jones County moved from homemade cheese and butter production by farm women, to the industrialization of the dairy farm and opening of cheese factories and butter creameries. A number of innovations affected the industry around the turn-of-the-twentieth century, including reliable butterfat testing, the introduction of ensilage (silos) that created yearround milk production, and consolidation of the many local creameries into larger creamery organizations, such as the Diamond Creamery run by Henry D. Sherman of Jones County. Iowa���s dairy industry of today looks very different from its heritage: consolidation and competition have drastically reduced the number of cows, dairy farms, and processing plants. In recent years, northeast Iowa has become the center of a movement to revitalize Iowa���s dairy industry, particularly through the use of value-added strategies, such as niche markets and large regional co-operatives: the lessons from Iowa���s dairying legacy are resurfacing as a solution to modern agricultural challenges.

Convergence and divergence in global economy and social development : global perspectives on the contents of economic and soical development policy and its effects on rich and poor countries

The study of convergence and divergence in global economy and social development utilises comparative indicators to investigate the contents of economic and social development policy and their effects on the global samples that represent the rich industrial, semi-industrial and the poor developing nations. The study searchesfor answers to questions such as "what are the objectives of economic growth policies in globalisation under the imperatives of convergence and divergence, and how do these affect human well-being in consideration to the objectives of social policy in various nations?" The empirical verification of data utilises the concepts of the `logic of industrialism�� for comparative analysis that focuses mainly on identifying the levels of well-being in world nations after the Second World War. The perspectives of convergence and divergence in global economy and social development critically examine the stages of early development processes in global economy, distinguish the differences between economy and social development, illustrate the contents of economic and social development policies, their effects on rich and poor countries, and the nature of convergence and divergence in propelling economic growth and unequal social development in world nations. The measurement of convergence and divergence in global economy and social development utilised both economic and social data that were combined into an index that measures the precise levels of the effects of economic and social development policies on human well-being in the rich and poor nations. The task of finding policy solutions to resolve the controversies are reviewed through empirical investigations and the analyses of trends indicated within economic and social indicators and data. These revealed how the adoption of social policy measures in translating the gains from economic growth, towards promoting education, public health, and equity, generate social progress and longer life expectancy, higher economic growth, and sustain more stable macro economy for the nations. Social policy is concerned with the translation of benefits from objectives of global economic growth policies, to objectives of social development policy in nation states. Social policy, therefore, represents an open door whereby benefits of economic growth policies are linked with the broader objectives of social development policy, thereby enhancing the possibility of extending benefits from economic growth to all human being in every nation.

Crawling up the value chain: domestic institutions and non-traditional foreign direct investment in Brazil, 1990-2010

Brazil attracted relatively little innovation-intensive and export-oriented foreign investment during the liberalization period of 1990 to 2010, especially compared with competitors such as China and India. Adopting an institutionalist perspective, I argue that multinational firm investment profiles can be partly explained by the characteristics of investment promotion policies and bureaucracies charged with their implementation. Brazil's FDI policies were passive and non-discriminating in the second half of the 1990s, but became more selective under Lula. Investment promotion efforts have often been undercut by weakly coordinated and inconsistent institutions. The paper highlights the need for active, discriminating investment promotion policies if benefits from non-traditional FDI are to be realized.

Cr��er ou produire un jeu vid��o? ��tude ethnographique d���un milieu de production vid��oludique montr��alais

Le jeu vid��o est un produit qui ne cesse de gagner en popularit�� alors que les exp��riences ludiques tendent de plus en plus �� se diversifier. Les recherches acad��miques sur l���objet vid��oludique se sont multipli��es dans les derni��res ann��es afin de comprendre les particularit��s du nouveau m��dia, surtout en ce qui concerne l���analyse du produit lui-m��me et sa r��ception, mais laissant peu de place �� sa cr��a-tion et sa production. Montr��al est un lieu id��al pour ��tudier le m��dium : en peu de temps, l���industrie du jeu vid��o est devenue l���un des fleurons industriels qu��b��cois. La pr��sente ��tude s���est int��ress��e aux d��veloppeurs de Montr��al, ville o�� se situe la plus grande partie des studios au Qu��bec, afin de conna��tre leur perception du produit vid��oludique et de l���industrie. Au travers d���une perspective ph��nom��nologique, un s��jour ethno-graphique a ��t�� effectu�� dans un studio de production vid��oludique o�� plusieurs d��veloppeurs ont ��t�� observ��s et interview��s. Ce travail s���inscrit dans une anthropologie du travail et rend compte de la com-plexit�� qui ��merge lorsqu���un travail essentiellement cr��atif vient se heurter �� des motifs de production strictes. Plus encore, il rend compte d���un paradigme opposant directement la cr��ation et la production dans un milieu qui se pr��sente comme une avenue prometteuse pour une jeunesse d��sirant vivre d���un travail cr��atif. Cette condition est attribuable �� la nature du jeu vid��o lui-m��me qui se situe, selon Kline, Dyer-Witheford et De Peuter (2003), �� mi-chemin entre la culture, la technologie et les vis��es commerciales (marketing). Les d��veloppeurs se trouvent donc entre deux eaux : d���un c��t�� ils sont influenc��s par la culture du jeu, relevant de leurs pratiques, leurs pr��f��rences et des commu-naut��s de d��veloppeurs et, de l���autre c��t��, par l���industrie qui dicte les fa��ons de faire et viennent selon eux minimiser leur potentiel cr��atif.

Export Development

The main aim of this study is to examine the deficiencies of the export development process and strategy in India and, to suggest, in the light of the findings of the above, measures for improvement. The marine products industry has been chosen as a case for a detailed investigation. The researcher conducts an evaluative study on the export potential for India���s marine products and trends in the international market for marine products. The thesis tries to identify the major hurdles in increasing exports of marine products from India. The evaluation of the adequacy and effectiveness of the measures taken to promote marine products exports is also undertaken

Capacidad y Potencial de Exportaci��n de Pulpa de Fruta Congelada de Colombia a Estados Unidos entre 2008-2012

Algunos de los objetivos de las organizaciones est��n orientados a competir a nivel internacional. Pero no es una decisi��n f��cil de tomar, ya que es necesario tener en cuenta una serie de elementos importantes que ayuden a llevar a cabo exitosamente una actividad de comercio exterior. De lo contrario se podr��a cometer muchos errores que colocar��an en riesgo la rentabilidad y perdurabilidad de la organizaci��n. Este estudio realiza de manera aproximada una medici��n de la capacidad productiva y de la potencialidad exportadora con la que cuentan las empresas colombianas que procesan y comercializan pulpas de frutas hacia Estados Unidos. El objetivo es brindar un an��lisis sobre el mercado de pulpa de fruta, de forma cuantitativa que involucre el grado de asimetr��a financiera en los sectores estrat��gicos y la participaci��n de las exportaciones realizadas en 2012. La metodolog��a usada en esta investigaci��n, consisti�� en la recolecci��n de datos espec��ficos en cuanto a temas de exportaci��n, producci��n y comercializaci��n de pulpas de frutas. Por otro lado se auscult�� informaci��n sobre datos financieros de algunas empresas y finalmente se tom�� dicha informaci��n para aplicar el an��lisis de hacinamiento cuantitativo, que sirve para mediar la asimetr��a financiera a nivel sectorial, desarrollado en el m��todo AESE ���An��lisis Estructural de Sectores Estrat��gicos��� que fue desarrollado por Rivera, Hugo A y Restrepo, F profesores de la Universidad del Rosario en el a��o 2008.

L��gica en la toma de decisiones de inversi��n en el sector de extracci��n de petr��leo y gas natural

Este documento se centra en la presentaci��n de informaci��n y an��lisis de la misma a la hora de establecer la manera en que empresas del sector de extracci��n de gas natural y generaci��n de energ��a a base de dicho recurso, toman decisiones en cuanto a inversi��n, centr��ndose en la l��gica que usan a la hora de emprender este proceso. Esto debido a la constante necesidad de establecer procesos que permitan tomar decisiones m��s acertadas, incluyendo todas las herramientas posibles para tal fin. La l��gica es una de estas herramientas, pues permite encadenar factores con el fin de obtener resultados positivos. Por tal raz��n, se hace importante conocer el uso de esta herramienta, teniendo en cuentas de qu�� manera y en que contextos es usada. Con el fin de tener una mayor orientaci��n, este estudio estar�� centrado en un sector espec��fico, el cual es el de la extracci��n de petr��leo y gas natural. Lo anterior entendiendo la necesidad existente de fundamentaci��n te��rica que permita establecer de manera clara la forma apropiada de tomar decisiones en un sector tan diverso y complejo como lo es el mencionado. El contexto empresarial actual exige una visi��n global, no basada en la l��gica lineal causal que hoy se tiene como referencia. El sector de extracci��n de petr��leo y gas natural es un ejemplo particular en cuanto a la manera en cuanto se toman decisiones en inversi��n, puesto que en su mayor��a son empresas de capital intensivo, las cuales mantienen un flujo elevado de recursos monetarios.

Actualizaci��n perfil de mercado de la Uni��n Europea

El Proyecto Actualizaci��n perfil de mercado uni��n europea, abarca el estudio de los perfiles de mercado de los 28 pa��ses (tras la adici��n de Croacia el 1 de julio del 2013) miembros de la uni��n europea (EU), que permita desarrollar una gu��a de an��lisis de mercado, por producto y por demanda; ayudando a empresarios colombianos e investigadores de mercados a mejorar la toma de decisiones dentro del intercambio comercial bilateral y crear un valor agregado y mayor desarrollo en la industria. Los empresarios colombianos, independientemente de su tama��o (grandes o PYMES) se pueden valer de la informaci��n recogida para evaluar su situaci��n actual y la de los pa��ses miembros de la UE y formular estrategias de re-dise��o o de incursi��n de mercado, haciendo posible identificar si sus decisiones son correctas y en caso contrario identificar soluciones y posibles cambios. A ra��z del aumento de las relaciones comerciales entre Colombia y los diferentes bloques comerciales, es de vital importancia crear herramientas que aumenten las posibilidades de ��xito a los empresarios nacionales y mejoren la relaci��n entre ambas partes; en muchos casos los exportadores colombianos cuentan con bastante informaci��n acerca de los procesos necesarios para realizar una exportaci��n e inclusive de cuales pa��ses son probablemente los m��s adecuados para llevar el producto; pero no tienen informaci��n detallada, por pa��s, regi��n, producto, y el comportamiento comercial de cada uno; objetivo final es eliminar esa incertidumbre y generar un mayor n��mero de procesos de exportaci��n exitosos y sostenibles.

Using simulation models to investigate the cumulative effects of sowing rate, sowing date and cultivar choice on weed competition

With the increasing pressure on crop production from the evolution of herbicide resistance, farmers are increasingly adopting Integrated Weed Management (IWM) strategies to augment their weed control. These include measures to increase the competitiveness of the crop canopy such as increased sowing rate and the use of more competitive cultivars. While there are data on the relative impact of these non-chemical weed control methods assessed in isolation, there is uncertainty about their combined contribution, which may be hindering their adoption. In this article, the INTERCOM simulation model of crop / weed competition was used to examine the combined impact of crop density, sowing date and cultivar choice on the outcomes of competition between wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Alopecurus myosuroides. Alopecurus myosuroides is a problematic weed of cereal crops in North-Western Europe and the primary target for IWM in the UK because it has evolved resistance to a range of herbicides. The model was parameterised for two cultivars with contrasting competitive ability, and simulations run across 10 years at different crop densities and two sowing dates. The results suggest that sowing date, sowing density and cultivar choice largely work in a complementary fashion, allowing enhanced competitive ability against weeds when used in combination. However, the relative benefit of choosing a more competitive cultivar decreases at later sowing dates and higher crop densities. Modelling approaches could be further employed to examine the effectiveness of IWM, reducing the need for more expensive and cumbersome long-term in situ experimentation.