Funktionaalinen Transitioteoria : Hallinto, Instituutiot ja Oikeusjärjestys Venäjällä

Functional transition theory: administration, legal order and institutions in Russia This dissertation examines some of the salient characteristics of Russia that are deemed to have impeded the growth of its economy and investments in particular. These characteristics are the volatility of the administrative and legal systems, corruption, and the perceived irrationality and difference in the operating environment in comparison with European conditions. The dissertation is one of the first studies on Russia that approaches the subject from the perspective of comprehensive social scientific theories. The study is based on the structural functionalistic theory, which is widely used in the social sciences. Adopting a sufficiently ambitious theoretical examination will provide a systematic and logical explanation of the characteristics of Russian institutions and ways of operations, such as corruption, that are commonly perceived as inexplicable. The approach adopted in the dissertation sheds light on the history of Russia's development and provides a comparative view of other societies in transition. Furthermore, it suggests recommendations as to how the structures of Russian society could be comprehensively strengthened.

Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of excited hydrogen halides and methyl halides

Using excited-state ab initio molecular dynamics simulations employing the complete-active-space self-consistent-field approach, we study the mechanism of photodissociation in terms of time evolution of structure, kinetic energy, charges and potential energy for the first excited state of hydrogen halides and methyl halides. Although the hydrogen halides and methyl halides are similar in the photodissociation mechanism, their dynamics are slightly different. The presence of the methyl group causes delay in photodissociation as compared to hydrogen halides.

Defects in the IFT-B component IFT172 cause Jeune and Mainzer-Saldino syndromes in humans

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) depends on two evolutionarily conserved modules, subcomplexes A (IFT-A) and B (IFT-B), to drive ciliary assembly and maintenance. All six IFT-A components and their motor protein, DYNC2H1, have been linked to human skeletal ciliopathies, including asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD; also known as Jeune syndrome), Sensenbrenner syndrome, and Mainzer-Saldino syndrome (MZSDS). Conversely, the 14 subunits in the IFT-B module, with the exception of IFT80, have unknown roles in human disease. To identify additional IFT-B components defective in ciliopathies, we independently performed different mutation analyses: candidate-based sequencing of all IFT-B-encoding genes in 1,467 individuals with a nephronophthisis-related ciliopathy or whole-exome resequencing in 63 individuals with ATD. We thereby detected biallelic mutations in the IFT-B-encoding gene IFT172 in 12 families. All affected individuals displayed abnormalities of the thorax and/or long bones, as well as renal, hepatic, or retinal involvement, consistent with the diagnosis of ATD or MZSDS. Additionally, cerebellar aplasia or hypoplasia characteristic of Joubert syndrome was present in 2 out of 12 families. Fibroblasts from affected individuals showed disturbed ciliary composition, suggesting alteration of ciliary transport and signaling. Knockdown of ift172 in zebrafish recapitulated the human phenotype and demonstrated a genetic interaction between ift172 and ift80. In summary, we have identified defects in IFT172 as a cause of complex ATD and MZSDS. Our findings link the group of skeletal ciliopathies to an additional IFT-B component, IFT172, similar to what has been shown for IFT-A.

Reflectivity and photoluminescence spectra of GaAs quantum wells in a magnetic field

We present photoluminescence and reflectance spectra of GaAs/Al-x Ga-1-x As quantum wells in a magnetic field for the Faraday geometry. The photoluminescence peaks recorded are among the most intense and narrow reported to date. This has allowed us to study the behavior of closely spaced bound exciton lines under a magnetic field. Several new features including magnetic field induced splitting of the bound exciton emission peaks are reported.

An (O)over-bar(m(2)n) randomized algorithm to compute a minimum cycle basis of a directed graph

We consider the problem of computing a minimum cycle basis in a directed graph G. The input to this problem is a directed graph whose arcs have positive weights. In this problem a {- 1, 0, 1} incidence vector is associated with each cycle and the vector space over Q generated by these vectors is the cycle space of G. A set of cycles is called a cycle basis of G if it forms a basis for its cycle space. A cycle basis where the sum of weights of the cycles is minimum is called a minimum cycle basis of G. The current fastest algorithm for computing a minimum cycle basis in a directed graph with m arcs and n vertices runs in O(m(w+1)n) time (where w < 2.376 is the exponent of matrix multiplication). If one allows randomization, then an (O) over tilde (m(3)n) algorithm is known for this problem. In this paper we present a simple (O) over tilde (m(2)n) randomized algorithm for this problem. The problem of computing a minimum cycle basis in an undirected graph has been well-studied. In this problem a {0, 1} incidence vector is associated with each cycle and the vector space over F-2 generated by these vectors is the cycle space of the graph. The fastest known algorithm for computing a minimum cycle basis in an undirected graph runs in O(m(2)n + mn(2) logn) time and our randomized algorithm for directed graphs almost matches this running time.

Luminescent Molecular Sensors for Assessment of Temperature Field in Machining

A new technique based on luminescent molecular sensors is utilized in these series of experiments for measurement of temperatures in material removal processes. 2-Dimensional machining of metals at low speeds and surface grinding configurations are used as the model experimental systems to understand the efficacy of this experimental technique. The experiments were conducted with a series of luminescent sensors and binder combinations for the temperature measurement. The luminescence of the sensor was measured through a charge-coupled device imaging camera, and intensive calibration exercises were performed on these sensors. Excellent agreement in the temperature fields measured through this new experimental approach and traditional infrared thermography is seen here. This technique offers the unique capability of allowing measurement of temperatures in the presence of a lubricant, akin to manufacturing conditions in situ. Extension of the technique to measure the temperature field at the tool-chip contact is described.

Simultaneous measurements of thickness and temperature profile of the lubricant film at chip-tool interface during machining process using luminescent sensors

Simultaneous measurements of thickness and temperature profile of the lubricant film at chip-tool interface during machining have been studied in this experimental programme. Conventional techniques such as thermography can only provide temperature measurement under controlled environment in a laboratory and without the addition of lubricant. The present study builds on the capabilities of luminescent sensors in addition to direct image based observations of the chip-tool interface. A suite of experiments conducted using different types of sensors are reported in this paper, especially noteworthy are concomitant measures of thickness and temperature of the lubricant. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

Determinación del uso eficiente de nitrógeno en cuatro variedades de sorgo para grano en la zona del pacífico de Nicaragua

Durante los años 2000 y 2001, en los municipios de Tisma y Posoltega, Nicaragua, se eslablecieron experimentos de campo con el propósito de determinar la respuesta del sorgo al Nitrógeoo. Los experimentos se establecieron en un diseño de parcelas divididas en bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. los factores evaluados fueron cuatro variedades de sorgo y cuatro dosis de Nitrógeno. Las variedades utilizadas fueron, dos ampliamente aceptadas por los agricultores (pinolero 1 y tortillera precoz), una nueva variedad (INTA· CENIA} procedente de Nicaragua y una variedad de origen salvadoreño (CENTA-RCV). Las dosis de Nitrógeno fueron: O, 30, 60, y 90 kg ha·•, las cuales se aplica· ron fraccionadas a los 20 y 40 días después de la siembra. Las practicas agronómicas utilizadas para el establecimiento de los ex· perimentos fueron las que común· mente utilizan los agricultores de las zonas de estudio. Los datos recolectados fueron: rendimiento de grano y paja, concentración de N en el grano y en la paja y nitrógeno extraído. Se calculó, además, la eficiencia del uso del Nitrógeno (EUN) y la eficiencia del uso de los fertilizantes. El análisis de varianza mostró que las va· riedades no difirieron en la respuesta a las dosis de N para los parámetros evaluados. la interacción ambiente • variedad y ambiente • dosis de N, fueron significativas para la mayoría de los parámetros evaluados. Los ambientes variaron en la fertilidad del suelo, temperatura y precipitación. Las variedades respondieron diferenciadamente a los ambientes, con INTA-CENIA produciendo mayor rendimiento de grano. La variedad que produjo mayor rendimiento de paja y biomasa y eficiencia en el uso del nitrógeno varió entre los ambientes. La EUN de parte del grano también varió entre los ambientes, sin embargo, INTA CENIA consistentemente tuvo el mayor uso eficiente del nitrógeno el grano, el cual osciló entre 42 y 47 kg N. El rendimientos de grano y paja, varió entre los ambientes. El rendimiento de grano y de paja se incrementó de forma cuadrática, exceptuando el rendlmiento de paja en el ambiente CE02000 donde ei incremento fue linear. El mayor rendimiento de grano, que osciló entre 2820 y 4000 kg ha-' fue siempre producido con la dosis de N de 90 kg ha·'. El UEN de la biomasa se redujo con el aumento de la dosis de N en todos los ambientes según lo esperado, sin embargo, el UEN del grano varió a través de los ambientes, con la dosis de N teniendo poco efecto en los ambientes CE02000, CE02001 y TISMA2000. Este estudio indica que los agricultores optimizarían la producción de grano y de paja utilizando la Variedad INTA-CENIA, combinada con la utilización de al menos 90 kg ha·1 de N. La ausencia de interacción entre dosis de N y variedades indica que las diferencias en el UEN no están presentes en estas variedades representativas disponibles por los agricultores. Los programas de mejoramiento, en Nicaragua, necesitan usar un rango mayor de germoplasma para desarrollar variedades con alto UEN.