Population versus clinical view of case fatality from acute coronary heart disease - Results from the WHO MONICA Project 1985-1990

Background The clinical view of case fatality (CF) from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in those reaching the hospital alive is different from the population view. Registration of both hospitalized AMI cases and out-of-hospital coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths in the WHO MONICA Project allows both views to be reconciled. The WHO MONICA Project provides the largest data set worldwide to explore the relationship between CHD CF and age, sex, coronary event rate, and first versus recurrent event. Methods and Results All 79 669 events of definite AMI or possible coronary death, occurring from 1985 to 90 among 5 725 762 people, 35 to 64 years of age, in 29 MONICA populations are the basis for CF calculations. Age-adjusted CF (percentage of CHD events that were fatal) was calculated across populations, stratified for different time periods, and related to age, sex, and CHD event rate. Median 28-day population CF was 49% (range, 35% to 60%) in men and 51% (range, 34% to 70%) in women and was particularly higher in women than men in populations in which CHD event rates were low. Median 28-day CF for hospitalized events was much lower: in men 22% (range, 15% to 36%) and in women 27% (range, 19% to 46%). Among hospitalized events CF was twice as high for recurrent as for first events. Conclusions Overall 28-day CF is halved for hospitalized events compared with all events and again nearly halved for hospitalized 24-hour survivors. Because approximately two thirds of 28-day CHD deaths in men and women occurred before reaching the hospital, opportunities for reducing CF through improved care in the acute event are limited. Major emphasis should be on primary and secondary prevention.

AIDS along Brazil`s borders, 1990-2003

Objective. To study the AIDS epidemic in Brazil`s border areas, from the spatial and temporal perspective. Methods. This was an ecological study in which the cases of AIDS reported to the Ministry of Health of Brazil from 1990-2003 were grouped according to ""hunger areas"" as defined by Josue de Castro in the 1940s and according to 19 cultural subregions. Spatial assessment was based on incidence rates for border municipalities; temporal assessment considered the absolute number of cases occurring quarterly from 1990-2003 in each of the hunger areas studied (Extreme South, Midwest, and Amazon). Results. During the study period, 7 973 cases of AIDS were reported from the Brazilian border areas: 648 in the Amazon area, 1 579 in the Midwest, and 5 746 in the Extreme South (populations of 668 098, 895 489, and 2 769 361, respectively). The subregions with the highest AIDS incidence rates in each of the three border areas were those near triple-borders, between more than two Latin American countries. Sexual transmission was predominant, with heterosexual transmission being the most frequent, followed by transmission by male homosexuality. These two categories accounted for 87.2% of the cases reported. The estimates of the trend parameter in the temporal analysis were 0.53 (P < 0.0001), 0.83 (P < 0.0001), and 3.47 (P < 0.0001), respectively, for the Amazon, Midwest, and Extreme South areas. Conclusion. The improvement of health care services along Brazil`s borders may be a strategy for territorial integration and for dealing with the AIDS epidemic, as long as social, economic, and cultural differences are taken into account.

The Anatomy of an International Cartel: Cyanide 1897-1927

The development of a new product or a new process, if adopted by the market, may generate a number of economic processes including secondary innovations to promote the exploitation of the new discovery. Such technological advances may also promote new industrial ventures which may exist over many decades, enhancing economic development. The history of the adoption of the cyanide process for the extraction of gold from its ores exemplifies such developments. One outcome was the formation of an international cyanide cartel.

Postmaterialist and economic voting in Australia, 1990-98

Recent research in Australian sociology and political science has debated the extent to which postmaterialist values and economic self-interest shape voting in federal elections. Some researchers have argued that postmaterialist values have partly displaced materialist concerns with physical security and economic well-being in Australian public life. This displacement, coupled with the adoption by major political parties of postmaterialist 'quality of life' issues such as the environment, has meant that voting in Australia has come to be more dependent on postmaterialist values than on perceptions of economic interest. Other research, however, has found no relationship between postmaterialist values and voting behaviour, while economic evaluations remain a strong determinant of voting behaviour. Part of the disagreement reflects methodological differences in the research. But different methodological problems compromise each of the previous studies. In this paper we use data from the 1990, 1993, 1996 and 1998 Australian Election Studies to investigate postmaterialist and economic voting in the Commonwealth House of Representatives and the Senate. Using various statistical methods, we first explore bivariate relationships between key variables and then use multivariate models of postmaterialist and economic voting to adjudicate between the contending positions.

Productivity growth in pre-1990 Mongolian agriculture: Spiralling disaster or emerging success?

The reasons for the spectacular collapse of so many centrally-planned economies are a source of ongoing debate. In this paper, we use detailed farm-level data to measure total factor productivity (TFP) changes in Mongolian grain and potato farming during the 14-year period immediately preceding the 1990 economic reforms. We measure TFP growth using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) methods. Our results indicate quite poor overall performance, with an average annual TFP change of - 1.7% in grain and 0.8% in potatoes, over the 14-year period. However, the pattern of TFP growth changed substantially during this period, with TFP growth exceeding 7% per year in the latter half of this period. This suggests that the new policies of improved education, greater management autonomy, and improved incentives, which were introduced in final two planning periods in the 1980s, were beginning to have a significant influence upon the performance of Mongolian crop farming. Crown Copyright (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Lei n?? 8.140, de 28 de dezembro de 1990: altera a denomina????o da Funda????o Centro de Forma????o do Servidor P??blico - FUNCEP e d?? outras provid??ncias

A lei n?? 8.140, de 28 de dezembro de 1990 altera a denomina????o da Funda????o Centro de Forma????o do Servidor P??blico - FUNCEP e d?? outras provid??ncias.

A evolu????o do perfil da for??a de trabalho e das remunera????es nos setores p??blico e privado ao longo da d??cada de 1990

Este artigo buscar?? tra??ar um panorama da evolu????o do perfil da for??a de trabalho e dos sal??rios praticados no setor p??blico ao longo da d??cada de 1990, buscando compar??-la com o comportamento observado no setor privado, e sugerir medidas para a melhoria do sistema salarial. Na primeira se????o, ser?? apresentada uma compara????o entre os perfis da for??a de trabalho nos dois setores, enquanto na segunda ser?? analisada a evolu????o das remunera????es e desenvolvido um modelo geral de determina????o dos sal??rios, que possibilitar?? a an??lise dos diferenciais de remunera????o entre os trabalhadores com caracter??sticas pessoais semelhantes nos dois setores. A terceira se????o se ocupar?? da discuss??o em torno das distor????es que ainda persistem no sistema salarial no setor p??blico federal, apesar do processo de aprimoramento pelo qual passou nos ??ltimos anos, e apresentar?? algumas sugest??es para suprimi-las.

A política exterior do Brasil: 1990-2002

O artigo destaca a continuidade na política exterior do Brasil, identificando duas vertentes principais: participar ativamente do ordenamento mundial e tornar-se ator central no cenário internacional, tomando como importante referência o Mercosul e a construção de parcerias estratégicas - pautadas sobretudo no desenvolvimento econômico. As relações com a Argentina, da competição à integração, são destacadas na agenda de relações econômicas internacionais. O Brasil, nesse contexto, representa potência regional ante a América Latina e potência média ante o restante do mundo.

Notas e comentários sobre a dinâmica do comércio Brasil-África nas décadas de 1970 a 1990

Este artigo traz algumas reflexões acerca da presença empresarial brasileira no mercado africano, enfocando particularmente a visão de diferentes autores que se voltaram para o estudo das relações comerciais entre o Brasil e a África. O texto objetiva responder a duas questões principais. Primeiramente, sob que motivações o comércio Brasil-África obteve um notável crescimento entre os anos 1970 e 1990? Segundo, quais as perspectivas que se apresentam para o empresário brasileiro que deseje iniciar negócios na África? Através da pesquisa bibliográfica e entrevistas com executivos que atuaram na África no período mencionado, além de especialistas em comércio exterior, constatou-se que nos anos mencionados o governo brasileiro concedeu generosos incentivos aos empreendimentos direcionados para o mercado africano. Com o fim dessa política privilegiada, muitas empresas fracassaram, no entanto algumas permanecem em atividade, a exemplo da Câmara de Comércio Afro-Brasileira e da Construtora Norberto Odebrecht cujas trajetórias proporcionaram a entrada de outras empresas brasileiras no mercado africano, além de propiciarem importantes lições a empreendedores que desejam iniciar negócios no mercado africano. Concluímos que, a despeito da redução do apoio estatal e das mudanças no ambiente econômico interno e externo brasileiro, as oportunidades comerciais no continente africano existem e não podem ser ignoradas pelos homens de negócios, que tendem a julgar a África como um todo em função dos aspectos negativos ressaltados pela imprensa, da mesma forma que muitos empresários africanos desconhecem a qualidade dos nossos produtos e serviços.

Discursos em disputa: uma leitura alternativa acerca dos dilemas da ação internacional na Somália durante a década de 1990

O artigo aborda os dilemas enfrentados pelos atores internacionais nas operações de paz levadas a cabo na Somália na década de 1990. Busca-se evidenciar as narrativas divergentes articuladas pelos Estados Unidos e pelas Nações Unidas vis-à-vis o "Outro" somali. Sugere-se que os principais dilemas experimentados pela ONU e pelos Estados Unidos na Somália não foram de natureza técnica, concernente a problemas de coordenação entre as principais forças envolvidas, como usualmente se argumenta. Diferentemente, argumenta-se que existiu uma disputa de natureza política entre os Estados Unidos e a ONU na Somália, amparada por discursos distintos sobre o "Outro" somali.