Role of dendritic cells in the immune response induced by mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen.

After mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) infection, B lymphocytes present a superantigen (Sag) and receive help from the unlimited number of CD4(+) T cells expressing Sag-specific T-cell receptor Vbeta elements. The infected B cells divide and differentiate, similarly to what occurs in classical B-cell responses. The amplification of Sag-reactive T cells can be considered a primary immune response. Since B cells are usually not efficient in the activation of naive T cells, we addressed the question of whether professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) are responsible for T-cell priming. We show here, using MMTV(SIM), a viral isolate which requires major histocompatibility complex class II I-E expression to induce a strong Sag response in vivo, that transgenic mice expressing I-E exclusively on DCs (I-EalphaDC tg) reveal a strong Sag response. This Sag response was dependent on the presence of B cells, as indicated by the absence of stimulation in I-EalphaDC tg mice lacking B cells (I-EalphaDC tg muMT(-/-)), even if these B cells lack I-E expression. Furthermore, the involvement of either residual transgene expression by B cells or transfer of I-E from DCs to B cells was excluded by the use of mixed bone marrow chimeras. Our results indicate that after priming by DCs in the context of I-E, the MMTV(SIM) Sag can be recognized on the surface of B cells in the context of I-A. The most likely physiological relevance of the lowering of the antigen threshold required for T-cell/B-cell collaboration after DC priming is to allow B cells with a low affinity for antigen to receive T-cell help in a primary immune response.

La brecha digital, una brecha simbólica

Peer-reviewed

New pool of cortical interneuron precursors in the early postnatal dorsal white matter.

The migration of cortical γ-aminobutyric acidergic interneurons has been extensively studied in rodent embryos, whereas few studies have documented their postnatal migration. Combining in vivo analysis together with time-lapse imaging on cortical slices, we explored the origin and migration of cortical interneurons during the first weeks of postnatal life. Strikingly, we observed that a large pool of GAD65-GFP-positive cells accumulate in the dorsal white matter region during the first postnatal week. Part of these cells divides and expresses the transcription factor paired box 6 indicating the presence of local transient amplifying precursors. The vast majority of these cells are immature interneurons expressing the neuronal marker doublecortin and partly the calcium-binding protein calretinin. Time-lapse imaging reveals that GAD65-GFP-positive neurons migrate from the white matter pool into the overlying anterior cingulate cortex (aCC). Some interneurons in the postnatal aCC express the same immature neuronal markers suggesting ongoing migration of calretinin-positive interneurons. Finally, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation experiments confirm that a small fraction of interneurons located in the aCC are generated during the early postnatal period. These results altogether reveal that at postnatal ages, the dorsal white matter contains a pool of interneuron precursors that divide and migrate into the aCC.

Internacionalización de las empresas colombianas caso: Pizza Gourmet 1969

A través de un análisis interno y estructural realizado a dos compañías pertenecientes al sector de alimentos, más específicamente al sector de las pizzas. Para reconocer sus principales características, cualidades y situación actual. Ambas con evidentes diferencias entre ellas, es decir, donde una es reconocida mundialmente y la otra aún no ha salido de su lugar de origen, asimismo donde una es estadounidense: Pizza Hut, y la otra Colombiana: Pizza Gourmet 1969. Y su respectivo análisis con respecto a su relación con las diversas teorías de la internacionalización de las empresas, se logró identificar la estrategia utilizada por Pizza Hut para lograr conquistar otros mercados y ser identificada como una de las mejores en el mundo. Y por otro lado, revelar y descubrir el mejor camino que podría seguir Pizza Gourmet 1969 para realizar su proceso de internacionalización. Por medio de lo dicho anteriormente, se evidencio que Pizza Gourmet 1969 podría llevar a cabo un comportamiento parecido al utilizado por P izza Hut para lograr salir de sus fronteras. Utilizando un mecanismo de franquicias y de la calidad e innovación de productos. Resaltando de esta forma los factores diferenciadores, y así obtener el aprovechamiento de los recursos, conocimientos y talentos de la compañía. Logrando conquistar el paladar del consumidor y satisfacer sus necesidades. De esta forma, la experiencia día a día será mayor y la participación de mercado a su vez se incrementara. El indiscutible éxito de Pizza Hut en el mundo, es el motivo por el cual se tomó como patrón y base para dicho análisis comparativo. Esta compañía es un ejemplo, y su historia y estrategias pueden ser utilizadas e imitadas por compañías que deseen ampliar sus mercados y realizar procesos de internacionalización.

Arresting developments in the cardiac myocyte cell cycle: Role of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors

Like most other cells in the body, foetal and neonatal cardiac myocytes are able to divide and proliferate. However, the ability of these cells to undergo cell division decreases progressively during development such that adult myocytes are unable to divide. A major problem arising from this inability of adult cardiac myocytes to proliferate is that the mature heart is unable to regenerate new myocardial tissue following severe injury, e.g. infarction, which can lead to compromised cardiac pump function and even death. Studies in proliferating cells have identified a group of genes and proteins that controls cell division. These proteins include cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and CDK inhibitors (CDKIs), which interact with each other to form complexes that are essential for controlling normal cell cycle progression. A variety of other proteins, e.g. the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and members of the E2F family of transcription factors, also can interact with, and modulate the activities of, these complexes. Despite the major role that these proteins play in other cell types, little was known until recently about their existence and activities in immature (proliferating) or mature (non-proliferating) cardiac myocytes. The reason(s) why cardiac myocytes lose their ability to divide during development remains unknown, but if strategies were developed to understand the mechanisms underlying cardiac myocyte growth, it could open up new avenues for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In this article, we shall review the function of the cell cycle machinery and outline some of our recent findings pertaining to the involvement of the cell cycle in modulating cardiac myocyte growth and hypertrophy.

Use of microprojectile bombardment in transient expression assays to analyze protochlorophyllide reductase gene expression in greening maize seedling leaf cells

In young cells of leaf meristems the progenitors of chloroplasts are small organelles known as proplastids, which divide and differentiate into chloroplasts. However, in the absence of light, proplastids undergo a different sequence of development and become etioplasts. When light is supplied to etiolated plants during the "greening" process, etioplasts differentiate into chloroplasts containing chlorophyll. An important light dependent step in chlorophyll biosynthesis is the photoreduction of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide by the NADPH:protochlorophyllide reductase (PCR) enzyme. This enzyme is present at high activity only in etiolated tissue and during early stages of light-induced chlorophyll synthesis. The enzyme and its corresponding mRNAs decrease dramatically with prolonged exposure to light. We have investigated the light-dependent transcriptional regulation of a PCR gene in greening maize leaf cells using a transient expression assay based on microprojectile bombardment. The promoter region was isolated and cloned into a ?-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene expression plasmid. We have used this chimeric plasmid in tungsten particle bombardment of both etiolated and greening maize seedling leaves to determine whether the cloned promoter region contains regulatory sequences that control light-responsive PCR gene expression.

Piraí digital e a teoria ator-rede: a trajetória de inclusão e desenvolvimento de Piraí

A cidade de Piraí, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, é palco do programa Piraí Digital, um leque de iniciativas, em cinco áreas de atuação – governo, educação, saúde, negócios e cidadania –, com o objetivo de vencer a exclusão digital no município e contribuir para seu desenvolvimento. O programa foi estudado por meio da associação entre um modelo heurístico para análise da inclusão digital e a Teoria Ator-Rede (ANT). O trabalho apresenta a descrição da evolução do programa segundo os atores que o construíram. Entre 1997 e 2009, Piraí Digital contribuiu para uma série de mudanças positivas em Piraí, notadamente nas áreas de educação, a qual adotou a computação 1:1 em toda a rede municipal no ano de 2009; saúde, que utiliza a estrutura de rede de computadores e internet da cidade para disseminar seus sistemas; e governo, onde a administração pública teve ganhos de produtividade e arrecadação por meio da informatização da máquina administrativa. O estudo de Piraí Digital permite compreender a importância da associação de artefatos – rede de computadores, telecentros, Planos Diretores e outros – e das pessoas nos esforços para vencer a exclusão digital e contribuir para o desenvolvimento local. Explorando o contraste entre a grande notoriedade de Piraí Digital fora do município e o baixo conhecimento do programa pela população local, o autor faz a analogia com uma obra de saneamento, pouco conhecida e visível, mas essencial para a população. Em Piraí, o saneamento digital está pronto, com bits jorrando das torneiras nas escolas e a saúde se beneficiando da TI para escoar seu fluxo de informações para benefício dos cidadãos piraienses.

From industrial economics to digital economics: an introduction to the transition

Includes bibliography

Mídia impressa e leitor: uma leitura crítica e polissêmica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estatuto da criança e do adolescente: a proteção integral e suas implicações político-educacionais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Digital inclusion in education in Tarija, Plurinational State of Bolivia

This study analyses digital inclusion in secondary education in the Tarija School District in the Plurinational State of Bolivia for the 2012-2013 school year, using the indicators in the Plan of Action for the Information Society in Latin America and the Caribbean (Plan of Action elac). This is an exploratory and descriptive analysis based on a sample of 311 students, 108 teachers and 15 school principals. According to the findings, teenagers use the Internet to look for information and entertainment; the expansion of mobile technology among them offers numerous educational opportunities; and insufficient training for teachers on how to integrate information and communications technologies (icts) into the learning process is a top challenge. The existence of icts in schools has been confirmed, but not their use. Local and national efforts are helping to reduce the digital divide and promote equality of opportunity for young people.

Guimarães Rosa em tradução: o texto literário e a versão alemã de Tutaméia

Pós-graduação em Estudos Literários - FCLAR

Clowninnen: Portrait einer Berufsgruppe /// Arbeitspapiere / Institut für Ethnologie und Afrikastudien ; 76

Clowninnen. Portrait einer Berufsgruppe Eine neue Berufsgruppe etabliert sich: Die Clownin! Seit den 1980er Jahren treten vermehrt Frauen als Clownin in die europäische Öffentlichkeit. Sie erobern zunehmend weitere gesellschaftliche Bereiche, treten aus dem Zirkus heraus, hinein in die wirtschaftliche, religiöse, medizinische, pädagogische und soziale Sphäre. Die Erweiterung der Arbeitsfelder beinhaltet differenzierte Aktionsmöglichkeiten für die Clownin und prägt die Beziehung zu den Zuschauern, die vom Einzelkontakt z.B. im Altenheim über Seminargruppen bis hin zu hunderten von Personen bei Bühnenstücken reichen. Die Zugangswege zur Clownsarbeit sind individuell, wobei sich die früher typisch familiäre Bindung in Zirkus- und anderen Künstlerfamilien nicht mehr finden lässt. Das Clown-Sein begreifen die Frauen als einen Prozess, der vor allem durch Persönlichkeitsarbeit und Lebenserfahrung geprägt ist. Bestimmte Aspekte des Clowns erschließen sich erst im und durch das Clownsspiel, wobei immer wieder Grenzen auf persönlicher und gesellschaftlicher Ebene aufgebrochen werden. Kernstück der Studie bilden zehn qualitative Interviews mit Frauen aus Deutschland und der Schweiz, die beruflich als Clownin in unterschiedlichen Arbeitsfeldern tätig sind. Ergänzend beobachtete die Autorin Auftritte in verschiedenen Arbeitsbereichen und führte eine Befragung an 16 Clownsschulen durch. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, Ausbildungswege, Arbeitsfelder und Arbeitsweisen dieser neuen Berufsgruppe aus emischer Sicht darzulegen. Vertiefend wird das Selbstverständnis der Clowninnen vorgestellt. Welche Ziele verfolgen die Frauen in ihrer Arbeit und wo sehen sie die Grenzen des Clowns? Welche Bedeutung messen sie der Spiritualität und dem Tod zu? Wie gestaltet sich das Wechselspiel zwischen Privatperson und Clownin? In mehreren Portraits und in vergleichenden Darstellungen finden sich Antworten auf diese Fragen, bei denen die Frauen durch vielfältige Zitate immer wieder selber zu Wort kommen.

Climate Variability in West Antarctica Derived from Annual Accumulation-Rate Records from ITASE Firn/Ice Cores

Thirteen annually resolved accumulation-rate records covering the last similar to 200 years from the Pine Island-Thwaites and Ross drainage systems and the South Pole are used to examine climate variability over West Antarctica. Accumulation is controlled spatially by the topography of the ice sheet, and temporally by changes in moisture transport and cyclonic activity. A comparison of mean accumulation since 1970 at each site to the long-term mean indicates an increase in accumulation for sites located in the western sector of the Pine Island-Thwaites drainage system. Accumulation is negatively associated with the Southern Oscillation Index (Sol) for sites near the ice divide, and periods of sustained negative Sol (1940-42, 1991-95) correspond to above-mean accumulation at most sites. Correlations of the accumulation-rate records with sea-level pressure (SLP) and the SOI suggest that accumulation near the ice divide and in the Ross drainage system may be associated with the midlatitudes. The post-1970 increase in accumulation coupled with strong SLP-accumulation-rate correlations near the coast suggests recent intensification of cyclonic activity in the Pine Island-Thwaites drainage system.