1000 resultados para Descarga sólida fluvial


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L’objectiu d’aquest projecte ha sigut analitzar la qualitat de l’aigua a la Conca fluvial d’Alinyà i esbrinar quins són els factors que la determinen. Per fer-ho s’han utilitzat els macròfits (mitjançant l’índex IM) com a bioindicadors de la qualitat dels boscos de ribera i de manera indirecta determinar la qualitat de l’aigua. Es conclou que els factors més influents en els resultats són: la maca de diversitat dels macròfits donada l’època de l’any del mostreig (a la tardor), l’augment de les masses forestals homogeneïtzant el paisatge, les fortes pluges d’enguany i la contaminació puntual al nucli urbà d’Alinyà.

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A experiência em fertirrigação na citricultura mundial está localizada em clima mediterrânico, geralmente em solos alcalinos, nos quais a acidificação é apontada como uma das vantagens dessa técnica. Por outro lado, nas condições de solos tropicais, a acidificação tem sido um ponto de estrangulamento, pois poderá comprometer a sustentabilidade do sistema de fertirrigação. Este trabalho foi elaborado com objetivo de avaliar a dinâmica de íons no perfil do solo, quantificar as perdas de nutrientes por lixiviação e seus efeitos sobre a acidificação do solo em diferentes sistemas de manejo com adubação sólida e fertirrigação. O experimento foi instalado em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, na cidade de Pirajuí - SP, em um talhão de variedade Natal sobre limão Cravo, com quatro anos de idade. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por duas doses de nutrientes (200; 40 e 160 kg ha-1, respectivamente de N, P2O5 e K2O e sua metade) e três formas de aplicação (adubação sólida sem irrigação, adubação sólida irrigada e fertirrigação), totalizando seis tratamentos. A dinâmica de íons no solo foi monitorada pela amostragem do solo, nas profundidades de 0-20; 20-40 e 40-60 cm e também pela coleta da solução do solo, por meio de extratores de solução colocados em todas as parcelas, nas profundidades de 30 e 60 cm, durante três anos. As maiores concentrações de íons na solução do solo ocorreram nos tratamentos fertirrigados; conseqüentemente, estes tratamentos foram os que apresentaram maiores valores de condutividade elétrica. Teores elevados de N-NH4 e N- NO3 na solução do solo foram observados nos tratamentos fertirrigados, nas duas profundidades, mostrando que existe grande potencial de perda de nitrogênio por lixiviação. Essas perdas de nutrientes por lixiviação, observadas nos tratamentos fertirrigados, com conseqüente acidificação do solo, podem acarretar em restrições ao uso da técnica de fertirrigação em solos tropicais.

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El empleo en hidráulica en lámina libre de las ecuaciones de resistencia al flujo de Gauckler-Manning o Darcy-Weisbach requiere la determinación de un coeficiente de resistencia; determinación que si bien es suficientemente precisa con un reducido esfuerzo y coste en cauces artificiales, resulta mucho más difícil y cara en ríos. Con objeto de eliminar la necesidad de una estimación independiente del coeficiente de resistencia se han desarrollado estadísticamente una serie de ecuaciones para flujo permanente y uniforme en ríos, en las que se prescinde de dicho coeficiente. El presente artículo pretende ser una revisión de las fórmulas de este último tipo más difundidas en la práctica de la hidráulica fluvial.

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Si un fenomen expressa rotundament la tensió mostrada per la citació de capçalera aquest és, sens dubte, el cas de l"educació. I segurament encara més la seva reflexió acadèmica: la pedagogia. La crisi de la pedagogia, si n"hi ha, és una crisi de creixement, d"expansió, com la del capitalisme. La dificultat per escatir, amb una certa fiabilitat, allò que és recomanable d"allò refusable, prové sens dubte del pecat original de la pedagogia: no és fàcil alhora dir missa i tocar la campana. La clara identificació, per confusió, entre l"objecte i el subjecte de la pedagogia fa complexa aquesta tasca. En altres paraules, ens intuïm capaços alhora d"explicar i de disposar, de descriure i de prescriure; creiem que podem combinar una funció explicativa, d"anàlisi de la realitat, amb una funció normativa, de caràcter ordenador. I no ens adonem que la descripció ja és valoració en si mateixa. Només descrivim allò a què donem un «cert» valor.

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Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been applied to direct extraction of 11 organophosphorus pesticides in water using a 100 mm fiber polydimethylsiloxane. The method was evaluated with respect time of exposure, detection limits (LODs), linearity and precision. The detection limits (S/N = 3) depend of each pesticide and varie about ng/L levels. The linearity was satisfactory with coefficients of correlation usually greater than 0.993. The precision of the method was determined by extraction from 4.0 mg/L aqueous standard with coefficients of variation between 5.7 to 17.2%.

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A simple and low cost flow cell is proposed for measurements by solid-phase spectrophotometry employing a conventional spectrophotometer. The flow cell geometry allows the employment of a large amount of the solid support without causing both excessive attenuation of the radiation beam and increasing of the back-pressure. The adaptation of the flow cell in the optical path of the spectrophotometer in order to increase the precision is discussed. The flow cell characteristics were demonstrated by measurements of Co(II), employing 1-(2-tiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) immobilized on C18 bonded silica as solid support. The apparent molar absorptivity and coefficient of variation were estimated as 1.86 x 10(5) L mol-1 cm-1 and 1.4 % (n=15). A sample throughput of 40 determinations per hour and a detection limit of 15 mug L-1 (99.7 % confidence level) were achieved.

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A flow injection spectrophotometric method was developed for determining aspartame in sweeteners. Sample was dissolved in water and 250 µL of the solution was injected into a carrier stream of 5.0 x 10-5 mol L-1 sodium borate solution. The sample flowed through a column (14 cm x 2.0 mm) packed with Zn3(PO4)2 immobilized in a polymeric matrix of polyester resin and Zn(II) ions were released from the solid-phase reactor by formation of the Zn(II)-aspartame complex. The mixture merged with a stream of borate buffer solution (pH 9.0) containing 0.030 % (m/v) alizarin red S and the Zn(II)-alizarin red complex formed was measured spectrophotometrically at 540 nm. The calibration graph for aspartame was linear in the concentration range from 10 to 80 µg mL-1 with a detection limit of 4 µg mL-1 of aspartame. The RSD was 0.3 % for a solution containing 40 µg mL-1 aspartame (n = 10) and seventy results were obtained per hour. The proposed method was applied for determining aspartame in commercial sweeteners.

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Fundamental aspects of Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) are discussed in the present paper. The application of SPME as a microtechnique of sample preparation for gas chromatographic analysis is considered and related to existing theoretical models. Both research prototypes and commercial SPME devices are considered.

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The pyrethroids bifenthrin, permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME). The analysis were performed on a gas chromatograph with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Octadecil Silano-C18, Florisil and Silica stationary phases were studied for SPE. Better results were obtained for Florisil which gave recoveries from 80% to 108%. Pyrethroids extraction by SPME showed a linear response and a detection limit of 10 pg ml-1. Although the data showed that the two extraction methods were able to isolate the pesticide residues from water samples, the best results were obtained by using SPME which is more sensitive, faster, cheeper, being a more useful technique for the analysis of pyrethroids in drinking water.

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In the last decade we have seen improved a powerfull tool to medicinal chemistry: the Solid Phase Organic Synthesis (SPOS). This metodology can be used to synthesize a large library of compounds in a short time by combinatorial chemistry, where simple chemical substances can be combinated one to each other building a library of complex compounds. In this work we present the solid phase organic synthesis and their advantage upon the tradicional organic synthesis methodology, as well as the main polimers used in the SPOS technique.

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This paper describes the development of a methodology for solid phase extraction (SPE) and pre-concentration of nitrosamines from aqueous samples using granular activated charcoal as stationary phase. micelar electrokinetic capillary Chromatography (MEKC) was used for the separation and identification of the nitrosamines in the extracts. Using a sample with 50 µg l-1 of each nitrosamines standards (dimethylnitrosamine, DMN; diethylnitrosamine, DEN; N-nitrosopyrrolidine, NPYR; N-nitrosopiperidine, NPIP; N-nitrosomorpholine, NMOR), the methodology showed a range of recuperation from 29 to 107% with a linear zone between 10 and 500 µg l-1. The developed methodology can be applicable to the determination of these analytes in different aqueous samples.

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In this work two procedures were proposed for analytical curves construction using a single standard solution employing a flow injection system with solid phase spectrophotometric detection (FI-SPS). A flow cell contends the chromogenic reagent 1-(2-tiazolylazo)-2-naphtol was positioned on the optical path. The first procedure was based on controlled concentration of analyte on solid phase and the relations between absorbance and the total volume of injected allowed the calculation of analyte concentration. The second procedure was developed employing controlled dispersion/retention in flow system where analyte concentration was obtained by exploiting the relation between transient signals of samples and single standard solution at equivalent reading time. The procedures were successfully applied for zinc determination in synthetic solutions with good precision and accuracy at 95% confidence level.