977 resultados para DMRG - Condução entre camadas
Resumo:
Nesta dissertação foi realizada a modelização numérica das camadas de não-equilíbrio junto aos cátodos e ânodos em descargas de arco de alta pressão. Ao contrário de trabalhos anteriores, a modelização é uni cada, i.e., baseia-se num único conjunto de equações escritas sem suposições simpli cativas tais como equilíbrio térmico, equilíbrio de ionização (Saha) e quaseneutralidade, e não utiliza uma divisão a priori do domínio de cálculo em sub- camadas com propriedades físicas diferentes. Processos de transporte de iões e electrões são descritos no âmbito do modelo de difusão. Foi também desenvolvida uma teoria da camada de ionização junto ao cátodo no âmbito do modelo multi uido. Os resultados obtidos são comparados com dados experimentais. Os resultados da tese elucidam a física de transferência de corrente através das camadas junto aos eléctrodos em descargas de arco de alta pressão, e servem para melhor compreen- der os fenómenos que ocorrem em vários dispositivos industriais, como as lâmpadas de descarga de muito alta pressão e as tochas de plasma.
Resumo:
O presente estudo pretendeu averiguar a intervenção do treinador de andebol na Condução de uma equipa em Competição. Neste sentido, desenvolvemos o conceito de Planificação Táctica que em sentido lato refere-se à aplicação prática dos meios ao dispor do treinador, de acordo com um conceito de jogo próprio e com uma estratégia previamente definida, com o objectivo de ganhar um determinado confronto competitivo. Os objectivos deste estudo consistem em primeiro lugar, conhecer em profundidade o jogo de andebol, questionando os peritos da modalidade sobre três aspectos: que momentos determinantes existem no jogo de andebol, qual a sua ordem de importância e que estratégias de intervenção eles utilizariam nesses momentos; em segundo lugar pretendemos caracterizar a intervenção em competição dos treinadores de andebol quanto à forma de comunicação verbal. Os métodos de pesquisa utilizados foram o questionário (para conhecer o jogo de andebol) e um sistema de observação em vídeo (para caracterizar a comunicação do treinador em competição). Foram analisados dezasseis treinadores de alto nível por questionário e cinco por observação vídeo. Os questionários foram aplicados e as filmagens dos jogos efectuadas durante a época de 1999/2000. Da pesquisa efectuada por questionário decorrem as principais conclusões: 1) existem momentos em que a intervenção do treinador é determinante para o resultado final do mesmo. Durante o jogo é determinante o treinador intervir: 2) nos momentos finais do jogo em igualdade e desvantagem no marcador e quando a equipa sofre uma exclusão temporária; 3) de acordo com o cumprimento ou o resultado prático do plano táctico estabelecido; 4) fazendo substituições por lesão, por incumprimento das missões tácticas, como resposta às condições específicas do jogo e de acordo com funções defensivas e/ou ofensivas; 5) gerindo os descontos de tempo, solicitando-os de acordo com as exigências do jogo e intervindo ao nível colectivo e individual; 6)relacionando-se com os árbitros, mantendo sempre a cordialidade independentemente do resultado do jogo. Durante o Intervalo do jogo é determinante o treinador: 7) reunir rapidamente com o adjunto e dirigir a sua intervenção para as acções colectivas da equipa. Das estratégias que os treinadores afirmaram utilizar salientam-se as seguintes: Durante o jogo os treinadores afirmam intervir: 8) sobre o colectivo da equipa, reservando uma intervenção individualizada para os momentos de exclusão de jogadores; 9) nos descontos de tempo tanto colectiva como individualmente; Durante o intervalo do jogo os peritos afirmam: 10) iniciá-lo com uma análise colectiva da equipa. Da pesquisa efectuada por observação vídeo decorrem as principais conclusões: 11) a comunicação verbal dos peritos observados caracteriza-se por mensagens gerais, dirigidas para o colectivo ou para um jogador de campo, de carácter maioritariamente pressionante e aprovativa (quando os treinadores ganham os jogos) e de natureza defensiva.
Resumo:
Nesta dissertação pretende-se estudar a influência da não saturação de solos compactados no comportamento mecânico das camadas de aterro, nomeadamente de infraestruturas de transportes. Os aterros são normalmente construídos através de camadas de solo compactado em condições não saturadas, cujo comportamento mecânico varia ao longo da sua extensão apesar de serem aplicadas as mesmas forças de compactação. Para tal podem ser identificadas várias explicações de forma a justificar o comportamento mecânico da camada como o tipo de solo, as alterações das condições de estado, ou seja, do índice de vazios e do teor em água. Estas variações ao longo das camadas dão origem a diferentes forças de sucção entre as partículas do solo condicionando, originando assim variações no comportamento mecânico das camadas de aterro. O estudo conduzido no presente trabalho tem por base os resultados de ensaios in-situ realizados num aterro experimental, onde foram executadas camadas de aterro com diferentes teores em água. A partir da caracterização do comportamento mecânico e das condições de estado avalia-se a influência da não saturação das camadas. Este estudo é complementado com uma campanha de ensaios de laboratório onde se avalia a influência das condições de estado, nomeadamente o teor em água e o índice de vazios, nas forças de sucção, que estão diretamente relacionadas com o comportamento mecânico do solo compactado.
Resumo:
Ce travail est une contribution aux études anthropologiques conduites sur la sexualité et le corps dans les classes populaires. Il cherche à analyser le processus de construction des représentations du corps ainsi que sa relation avec la sexualité et le genre, à partir d une approche de la construction sociale. En ce sens, la ligne directrice de cette discussion est d une part le concept de corps compris comme une construction socioculturelle propre à chaque société, d autre part les différents usages et représentations dont chaque classe sociale investit le corps. A cette fin, une recherche de caractère ethnographique a été réalisée auprès d adolescents âgés de treize à dix-sept ans, résidents d un quartier populaire de Natal (Brésil), le Guarapes. Conduit d avril 2005 à juillet 2006, ce travail de terrain a mêlé observation directe et entretiens avec des adolescents des deux sexes
Resumo:
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Resumo:
A condução das operações de preparo de forma inadequada ocasiona sérios problemas de conservação do solo, destacando-se a compactação, que acarreta a redução do espaço poroso, principalmente dos macroporos, e altera os atributos físico-hídricos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência dos diferentes sistemas e tempos de adoção de manejos em Latossolo Vermelho de Jaboticabal, Estado de São Paulo, por meio da densidade máxima, e correlacioná-la com a produtividade da soja, a densidade relativa e a umidade crítica de compactação. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdivididas (cinco sistemas de uso e três camadas), com quatro repetições. Os cinco sistemas de uso foram: plantio direto por cino anos (SPD5), plantio direto por sete anos (SPD7), plantio direto por nove anos (SPD9), preparo convencional (SPC) e uma área adjacente de mata nativa (MN). As camadas do solo avaliadas foram as de 0-0,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m, nas quais foram determinados a densidade máxima do solo (Ds máx), a umidade crítica de compactação (Ugc), a densidade relativa do solo (Dsr), a composição granulométrica, a porosidade e o teor de matéria orgânica do solo. Os resultados mostraram que o comportamento das curvas de compactação do solo foi o mesmo em todas as camadas dos diferentes manejos e que os teores de matéria orgânica não justificaram as pequenas alterações da Ds máx. Para o Latossolo Vermelho, as operações mecanizadas nos sistemas de manejo podem ser executadas na faixa de 0,13 a 0,19 kg kg-1 de umidade sem causar degradação física. Verificou-se que a Dsr ótima e a umidade crítica de compactação foram de 0,86 e 0,15 kg kg-1, respectivamente, embora os diferentes sistemas e tempos de adoção de manejo tenham apresentado comportamento semelhante quanto à produtividade da soja.
Resumo:
The species of cover crops in pre-harvest of maize crop may influence the soil chemical properties. The objective was to evaluate soil fertility due to the use of plant species cover, previously cultivated with maize crop in no-tillage and conventional and subjected to nitrogen. The experiment was conducted at UNESP in Jaboticabal-SP, in an Oxisol clay during the crop years 2000/01, 2001/02 and 2002/03. The experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots with four replications. The treatments consisted of nitrogen (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha(-1)) and planting systems, and three under no-tillage system with the use of cover crops: Brachiaria, millet, Crotalaria and lablab, and under a conventional tillage. We evaluated at the flowering stage of corn, covering the crop year 2002-2003, the chemical soil layers (0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20; 0.20-0.30 m deep). Tillage systems and nitrogen levels influenced differently to the chemical properties of soil layers studied. Regardless of the nitrogen used in the conventional treatment showed lower organic matter content, calcium and value of sum of bases in the topsoil.
Resumo:
In the globalized world modern telecommunications have assumed key role within the company, causing a large increase in demand for the wireless technology of communication, which has been happening in recent years have greatly increased the number of applications using this technology. Due to this demand, new materials are developed to enable new control mechanisms and propagation of electromagnetic waves. The research to develop new technologies for wireless communication presents a multidisciplinary study that covers from the new geometries for passive antennas, active up to the development of materials for devices that improve the performance at the frequency range of operation. Recently, planar antennas have attracted interest due to their characteristics and advantages when compared with other types of antennas. In the area of mobile communications the need for antennas of this type has become increasingly used, due to intensive development, which needs to operate in multifrequency antennas and broadband. The microstrip antennas have narrow bandwidth due to the dielectric losses generated by irradiation. Another limitation is the degradation of the radiation pattern due to the generation of surface waves in the substrate. Some techniques have been developed to minimize this limitation of bandwidth, such as the study of type materials PBG - Photonic Band Gap, to form the dielectric material. This work has as main objective the development project of a slot resonator with multiple layers and use the type PBG substrate, which carried out the optimization from the numerical analysis and then designed the device initially proposed for the band electromagnetic spectrum between 3-9 GHz, which basically includes the band S to X. Was used as the dielectric material RT/Duroid 5870 and RT/Duroid 6010.LM where both are laminated ceramic-filled PTFE dielectric constants 2.33 and 10.2, respectively. Through an experimental investigation was conducted an analysis of the simulated versus measured by observing the behavior of the radiation characteristics from the height variation of the dielectric multilayer substrates. We also used the LTT method resonators structures rectangular slot with multiple layers of material photonic PBG in order to obtain the resonance frequency and the entire theory involving the electromagnetic parameters of the structure under consideration. xviii The analysis developed in this work was performed using the method LTT - Transverse Transmission Line, in the field of Fourier transform that uses a component propagating in the y direction (transverse to the real direction of propagation z), thus treating the general equations of the fields electric and magnetic and function. The PBG theory is applied to obtain the relative permittivity of the polarizations for the sep photonic composite substrates material. The results are obtained with the commercial software Ansoft HFSS, used for accurate analysis of the electromagnetic behavior of the planar device under study through the Finite Element Method (FEM). Numerical computational results are presented in graphical form in two and three dimensions, playing in the parameters of return loss, frequency of radiation and radiation diagram, radiation efficiency and surface current for the device under study, and have as substrates, photonic materials and had been simulated in an appropriate computational tool. With respect to the planar device design study are presented in the simulated and measured results that show good agreement with measurements made. These results are mainly in the identification of resonance modes and determining the characteristics of the designed device, such as resonant frequency, return loss and radiation pattern
Resumo:
ln this work, it was deveIoped a parallel cooperative genetic algorithm with different evolution behaviors to train and to define architectures for MuItiIayer Perceptron neural networks. MuItiIayer Perceptron neural networks are very powerful tools and had their use extended vastIy due to their abiIity of providing great resuIts to a broad range of appIications. The combination of genetic algorithms and parallel processing can be very powerful when applied to the Iearning process of the neural network, as well as to the definition of its architecture since this procedure can be very slow, usually requiring a lot of computational time. AIso, research work combining and appIying evolutionary computation into the design of neural networks is very useful since most of the Iearning algorithms deveIoped to train neural networks only adjust their synaptic weights, not considering the design of the networks architecture. Furthermore, the use of cooperation in the genetic algorithm allows the interaction of different populations, avoiding local minima and helping in the search of a promising solution, acceIerating the evolutionary process. Finally, individuaIs and evolution behavior can be exclusive on each copy of the genetic algorithm running in each task enhancing the diversity of populations
Resumo:
The present work deals with the ana1ysis of microstrip patch antennas printed on tapered dielectric substrates. We investigate the influence ofthe substrate height variations on the properties of configurations such as microstrip patch antennas, microstrip patch antennas with overlay and suspendeô microstrip patch antennas. The dielectric substrates can be isotropic or anisotropic ones. This accurate analysis is based on the full-wave formulation. It is carried out initially for the determination of the impedance matrix, through the use of the spectral¬domain immitance approach. We use a model based on a segmentation of the considered line into uniform microstrip line subsections. Normalized phase constants and characteristic impedances are obtained by means of the Galerkin numerical technique. Then, the cascaded combination of the uniform microstrip subsections are analyzed through an interactive procedure. Numerical results are presented for the input reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio, resonant frequency, and radiation pattems ofthe E_plane and H-plane diagrams. It is found that the variations in the substrate height profile produce a great influence on the bandwidth of microstrip antennas. This procedure gives bandwidth improvements without altering considerably the resonant frequency. Furthermore, the tapered microstrip antenna can be used as a lightweight altemative for bandwidth control and to eXtend the use of microstiip antenna technology to a wider variety of applications. Finally, suggestions for the continuity of this work are presented
Resumo:
Abstract
Resumo:
Recently, planar antennas have attracted interest due to its characteristics as well as the advantages they offer compared to other types of antennas. In the area of mobile communications the need for such antennas has become increasingly intense due to development, which requires antennas that operate in multifrequency and broadband. The microstrip antennas have narrow bandwidth due to losses in the dielectric caused by irradiation. Another limitation is the radiation pattern degradation due to generation of surface waves in the substrate. Some techniques are being developed to minimize this bandwidth limitation, as is the case in the study of type materials PBG - Photonic Band Gap, to compose the dielectric material. The analysis developed in this work were performed with use of the method LTT - Transverse Transmission Line, in the field of Fourier transform that uses a component propagating in the y direction (transerve real direction of propagation z), thus treating the general equations of the fields electric and magnetic fields as a functions of y E and Hy . This work has as main objective the method LTT structures resonator line slot with four layers of material photonic PBG, for obtaining the complex resonant frequency and efficiency of this structure. PBG theory is applied to obtain the relative permittivity for the substrate biases sep compounds photonic material. Numerical-computational results in graph form in two dimensions for all the analysis are presented for the proposed structures that have photonic materials, as substrates
Resumo:
Recently, an amazing development has been observed in telecommunication systems. Two good examples of this development are observed in mobile communication and aerospace systems. This impressive development is related to the increasing need for receiving and transmitting communication signals. Particularly, this development has required the study of new antennas and filters. This work presents a fullwave analysis of reflectarrays. The considered structures are composed by arrays of rectangular conducting patches printed on multilayer dieletric substrates, that are mounted on a ground plane. The analysis is developed in the spectral domain, using an equivalent transmission line method in combination with Galerkin method. Results for the reflection coefficient of these structures are presented and compared to those available in the literature. A good agreement was observed. Particularly, the developed analysis uses the transmission lines theory in combination with the incident potentials and the field continuity equations, at the structures interfaces, for obtaining the scattered field components expressions as function of the patch surface currents and of the incident field. Galerkin method is used to determine the unknown coefficients in the boundary value problem. Curves for the reflection coefficient of several reflectarray geometries are presented as function of frequency and of the structural parameters
Resumo:
This work presents an analysis of the annular ring microstrip antennas printed on uniaxial anisotropic substrates and with superstrate.The analysis uses the full-wave formulation by means of the Hertz vector potentials method, in the Hankel transform domain. The definition of the Hertz vector potentials and the application of the appropriate boundary conditions to the structure allow determining the dyadic Green functions, relating the current densities in the conducting patch to the transforms of the tangential electric field components. Galerkin s method is then used to obtain the matrix equation whose nontrivial solution gives the complex resonant frequency of the antenna. From the modeling, it is possible to obtain results for the resonant frequency, bandwidth and quality factor, as a function of several parameters of the antenna, for different configurations. We have considered annular ring microstrip antennas on a single dielectric layer, antennas with two anisotropic dielectric layers, and annular ring microstrip antennas on suspended substrates. Numerical results for the resonant frequency of the these structures printed on isotropic substrates are also presented and compared with those published by other authors, showing a good agreement
Análise espectral de reflectarrays com substrato de duas camadas dielétricas anisotrópicas uniaxiais
Resumo:
Recently, an amazing development has been observed in telecommunication systems. Two good examples of this development are observed in mobile communication and aerospace systems. This impressive development is related to the increasing need for receiving and transmitting communication signals. Particularly, this development has required the study of new antennas and filters. This work presents a fullwave analysis of reflectarrays. The considered structures are composed by arrays of rectangular conducting patches printed on multilayer dieletric substrates, that are mounted on a ground plane. The analysis is developed in the spectral domain, using an equivalent transmission line method in combination with Galerkin method. Results for the reflection coefficient of these structures are presented and compared to those available in the literature. A good agreement was observed. Particularly, the developed analysis uses the transmission lines theory in combination with the incident potentials and the field continuity equations, at the structures interfaces, for obtaining the scattered field components expressions as function of the patch surface currents and of the incident field. Galerkin method is used to determine the unknown coefficients in the boundary value problem. Curves for the reflection coefficient of several reflectarray geometries are presented as function of frequency and of the structural parameters