Otimização energética da máquina de impregnar telas para pneus

Este trabalho realizou-se na empresa Continental – Indústria Têxtil do Ave, S.A (CITA) em colaboração com a empresa Cofely GDF Suez – Energia e Serviços Portugal, S.A. O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi a otimização energética da máquina de impregnar telas para pneus – a máquina ZELL, tendo em conta as principais utilidades envolvidas: eletricidade e gás natural. Deste modo foi feito um levantamento prévio das condições de operação desta máquina relativamente às telas mais representativas da produção da empresa. Tendo-se verificado que as telas em poliéster representam 65% da produção total da máquina ZELL. Para este tipo de produto, foi feita uma análise dos consumos energéticos anuais para avaliar qual das utilidades referidas corresponde à maior parcela energética. Verificou-se que o consumo de gás natural representa a maior parcela da fatura energética anual da empresa correspondendo a 47%. Além disso, da energia total consumida anualmente pela ZELL, que corresponde a 1360 tep, 32% é relativo à energia elétrica e os restantes 68% ao consumo de gás natural. Por fim, procedeu-se à otimização energética estudando as alterações possíveis no sentido de reduzir os consumos energéticos da máquina, sem prejuízo da qualidade do produto final. Para isso propôs-se a instalação de permutadores de fluxo cruzado para pré-aquecer quer o ar fresco quer o ar de combustão. A implementação desta medida tem um período de retorno à volta de três anos e pode levar a uma poupança anual entre 1.359.639 kWh e 2.370.114 kWh para o ar fresco e 393.523 kWh e 639.475 kWh para o ar de combustão.

Development and characterization of concentric capillary nebulizer used in inductively coupled plasma analysis /

A simple, low-cost concentric capillary nebulizer (CCN) was developed and evaluated for ICP spectrometry. The CCN could be operated at sample uptake rates of 0.050-1.00 ml min'^ and under oscillating and non-oscillating conditions. Aerosol characteristics for the CCN were studied using a laser Fraunhofter diffraction analyzer. Solvent transport efficiencies and transport rates, detection limits, and short- and long-term stabilities were evaluated for the CCN with a modified cyclonic spray chamber at different sample uptake rates. The Mg II (280.2nm)/l\/lg 1(285.2nm) ratio was used for matrix effect studies. Results were compared to those with conventional nebulizers, a cross-flow nebulizer with a Scott-type spray chamber, a GemCone nebulizer with a cyclonic spray chamber, and a Meinhard TR-30-K3 concentric nebulizer with a cyclonic spray chamber. Transport efficiencies of up to 57% were obtained for the CCN. For the elements tested, short- and long-term precisions and detection limits obtained with the CCN at 0.050-0.500 ml min'^ are similar to, or better than, those obtained on the same instrument using the conventional nebulizers (at 1.0 ml min'^). The depressive and enhancement effects of easily ionizable element Na, sulfuric acid, and dodecylamine surfactant on analyte signals with the CCN are similar to, or better than, those obtained with the conventional nebulizers. However, capillary clog was observed when the sample solution with high dissolved solids was nebulized for more than 40 min. The effects of data acquisition and data processing on detection limits were studied using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The study examined the effects of different detection limit approaches, the effects of data integration modes, the effects of regression modes, the effects of the standard concentration range and the number of standards, the effects of sample uptake rate, and the effect of Integration time. All the experiments followed the same protocols. Three detection limit approaches were examined, lUPAC method, the residual standard deviation (RSD), and the signal-to-background ratio and relative standard deviation of the background (SBR-RSDB). The study demonstrated that the different approaches, the integration modes, the regression methods, and the sample uptake rates can have an effect on detection limits. The study also showed that the different approaches give different detection limits and some methods (for example, RSD) are susceptible to the quality of calibration curves. Multicomponents spectral fitting (MSF) gave the best results among these three integration modes, peak height, peak area, and MSF. Weighted least squares method showed the ability to obtain better quality calibration curves. Although an effect of the number of standards on detection limits was not observed, multiple standards are recommended because they provide more reliable calibration curves. An increase of sample uptake rate and integration time could improve detection limits. However, an improvement with increased integration time on detection limits was not observed because the auto integration mode was used.

The triggering of orographic rainbands by small-scale topography

The triggering of convective orographic rainbands by small-scale topographic features is investigated through observations of a banded precipitation event over the Oregon Coastal Range and simulations using a cloud-resolving numerical model. A quasi-idealized simulation of the observed event reproduces the bands in the radar observations, indicating the model’s ability to capture the physics of the band-formation process. Additional idealized simulations reinforce that the bands are triggered by lee waves past small-scale topographic obstacles just upstream of the nominal leading edge of the orographic cloud. Whether a topographic obstacle in this region is able to trigger a strong rainband depends on the phase of its lee wave at cloud entry. Convective growth only occurs downstream of obstacles that give rise to lee-wave-induced displacements that create positive vertical velocity anomalies w_c and nearly zero buoyancy anomalies b_c as air parcels undergo saturation. This relationship is quantified through a simple analytic condition involving w_c, b_c, and the static stability N_m^2 of the cloud mass. Once convection is triggered, horizontal buoyancy gradients in the cross-flow direction generate circulations that align the bands parallel to the flow direction.

Critical flux in ultrafiltration of skimmed milk

he best operating conditions, using the critical flux concept during ultrafiltration of skimmed milk, were evaluated for tubular membranes. It was found that irreversible fouling was greatly reduced by operating at or below the critical flux, but was not totally eliminated. The critical flux of skimmed milk was found to be the weak form. The critical flux at cross flow velocity 3.4 in s(-1) for MWCO 200 kDa membrane was 56.9 kg m(-2) h(-1) while for MWCO 25 kDa membranes it was 45 kg m(2) h(-1) suggesting that membrane pore size influenced the flux. The critical flux increased with increasing wall shear stress and decreased with increasing protein concentration. Empirical equations, for predicting the critical flux (J(crit)) for skimmed milk with a protein concentration (c(b)) in the range 3-7% w/w and wall shear stress (tau(w)) in the range 7-60 Pa for MWCO 200 kDa and 25 kDa membranes were J(crit) = 5.1 (tau(w)/c(b)) and J(crit) = 4.0 (tau(w)/c(b)) respectively. In general, the rejections of protein and lactose at the critical flux were not affected by protein concentration, wall shear stress and membrane used, and they were similar to those found when operating at the limiting flux.

Synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharide from lactose using beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis: studies on batch and continuous UF membrane-fitted bioreactors

A study of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) synthesis from lactose with beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis (Maxilact(R) L2000) was carried out. The synthesis was performed using various initial lactose concentrations ranging from 220 to 400 mg/mL and enzyme concentrations ranging from 3 to 9 U/mL, and was investigated at 40degreesC and pH 7, in a stirred-tank reactor. In the experimental range examined, the results showed the amount of GOS formed depended on lactose concentration but not on enzyme concentration. Galactose was a competitive inhibitor, while glucose was a non-competitive inhibitor. In a further study, a laboratory-scale reactor system, fitted with a 10-kDa NMWCO composite regenerated cellulose membrane, was used in a continuous process. The reactor was operated in cross-flow mode. The effect of operating pressures on flux and productivity was investigated by applying different transmembrane pressures to the system. The continuous process showed better production performance compared to the batch synthesis with the same lactose and enzyme concentrations at 40degreesC, pH 7. Comparison of product structures from batch and continuous processes, analyzed by HPAEPAD and methylation analysis, showed similarities but differed from the structures found in a commercial GOS product (Vivinal(R)GOS). (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Potential uses of ultrasound in the dairy ultrafiltration processes

There has been a growing interest in the industrial application of ultrasound, especially in the food industry. Power ultrasound can have a number of physical effects; it can increase turbulence through both the introduction of vibrational energy and through acoustic streaming, it can cause both particle agglomeration and particle dispersion and clean surfaces with a scouring action. Our work in this area has focused on the use of ultrasound to enhance membrane processing. Low frequency ultrasound has been used to facilitate cross flow ultrafiltration of dairy whey solutions for both during the ultrafiltration production cycle and the cleaning cycle. During the production cycle, the use of ultrasound reduces both pore blockage and the specific resistance of the fouling cake layer. This leads to higher flux rates and the potential for longer production cycles. During the cleaning cycle, ultrasound systematically increases cleaning efficiency, thus has the potential to reduce both total chemical consumption and system downtime. There was no deterioration in cleaning effectiveness or membrane condition which imples that sonication , has not damaged the membrane itself. Similarly, there was no change in the chemical nature of soluble proteins following sonication.

Mechanisms for the ultrasonic enhancement of dairy whey ultrafiltration

Low frequency ultrasound has been used to facilitate cross-flow ultrafiltration of dairy whey solutions. Experimental results show that ultrasonic irradiation at low power levels can significantly enhance the permeate flux with an enhancement factor of between 1.2 and 1.7. The use of turbulence promoters (spacers) in combination with ultrasound can lead to a doubling in the permeate flux. The application of a combined pore blockage/cake resistance model to the observed experimental data suggests that the use of ultrasound acts to lower the compressibility of both the initial protein deposit and the growing cake. Conversely, the pore blockage parameter is not significantly affected. The use of a gel polarization model shows that the ultrasonic irradiation increases the mass transfer coefficient within the concentration polarization layer. Electron microscopy results showed no evidence that the ultrasonic irradiation altered the membrane integrity. HPLC analysis of the whey proteins in the feed solution before and after sonication showed that the concentration profile of the whey proteins was also not affected by the sonication process.

Power ultrasound offers an environmentally friendly approach to cleaning dairy UF membranes

Flat sheet polymeric UF membranes of 30000 MWCO were obtained from Millipore Inc. Polypropylene spacers of a 50 mil (1.3 mm) thickness were obtained from KOCH membrane systems. A single 30 cm^sup 2^ membrane sheet was sandwiched with a spacer on the feed side of a cross flow Minitan S unit (Millipore Inc). The unit was immersed in a 50 kHz ultrasonic bath that was switched on as required. All experiments used re-constituted spray-dried whey powder to foul the membrane.

Performance evaluation of different ultrafiltration membranes for the reclamation and reuse of secondary effluent

This study investigates and compares the performance of two different types of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes in the recovery of water from secondary treated wastewater. Filtration experiments were carried out on a pilot scale cross-flow unit using synthetic wastewater similar to the quality of secondary treated wastewater by varying the operating parameters such as transmembrane pressure (TMP), feed composition and membrane configuration. The filtration experiments demonstrated that the flux recovery through spiral polymeric UF membrane was more sensitive to the variation in TMP compared to the tubular ceramic UF membrane over the range of TMP studied. The resistance in series model was used for the evaluation of the resistance to the permeate flux. The fouling resistance, particularly irreversible resistance compared to reversible resistance plays a major role in the total resistance for the tubular ceramic membrane. In contrast clean membrane resistance is the major contributor for the total resistance of the spiral polymeric membrane. Finally, the effectiveness of the filtration treatment was determined by evaluating the rejection coefficients for various pollution indices of the wastewater. Significant differences in the performance of the membrane types were observed which are likely to impact on the selection, operation and maintenance of the membrane system.

A preliminary study on the volume reduction of pre-treatment sludge in seawater desalination by forward osmosis

Forward Osmosis (FO) can be applied to recover water from the pre-treatment sludge of seawater reverse osmosis process. This study investigated the effect of the concentration of two draw solutions (MgCl₂ and NaCl) in the reduction of Fe(OH)₃ sludge volume and the effect of cross flow velocity on flux through FO membrane. Higher the concentration of NaCl and MgCl₂ higher the water flux observed. However, the percentage increase was not significant due to the occurrence of internal concentration polarisation. MgCl₂ draws marginally increased water flux than NaCl, when the conditions of feed and draw solutions were similar. Increase in cross flow velocity (from 0.25 to 1.0 m/s) marginally changed the flux with both draw solutions as higher cross flow velocities were unproductive to beat the external CP effect along the membrane surface. However, at 1 m/s, highest fluxes were obtained for both draw solutions.

Comparison of the performance of ceramic microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes in the reclamation and reuse of secondary wastewater

Advanced treatment of secondary wastewater generally has been achieved using polymeric microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes. Newly developed ceramic membranes offer distinctive advantages over the currently employed membranes and were recently introduced for the purpose. This paper presents results of a pilot study designed to investigate the application of ceramic microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes in the recovery of water from secondary wastewater. Synthetic wastewater similar to the quality of secondary treated wastewater was fed to ceramic MF and UF system in a cross-flow mode. The filtration experiments revealed that the flux recovery through tubular ceramic MF membrane was more sensitive to the variation in TMP compared with the tubular ceramic UF membrane over the range of TMP studied. The resistance in series model was used for the evaluation of the resistance to the permeate flux. The results revealed that for ceramic UF membrane, the contribution to the total resistance of fouling was higher than the inherent of the clean membrane resistance. However, both the clean membrane resistance and the fouling resistance contribute equally in the case of MF membrane. Various wastewater indices were measured to evaluate the effectiveness of the filtration treatment. The ceramic UF membrane consistently met water quality in the permeate in terms of colour, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and absorbance, suggesting that the permeate water could be made to be reused or recycled for suitable purposes. However, MF membrane appeared to be incompetent with respect to the removal of colour. The unified membrane fouling index (UMFI) was used to measure the fouling potential of both the membranes. The result showed that for UF membrane, the value of UMFI is one order of magnitude higher than MF membrane. The overall results suggest that there were significant differences in the performance of both the ceramic UF and MF membranes that are likely to impact on the operation and maintenance of the membrane system.

Towards integrated anti-microbial capabilities: Novel bio-fouling resistant membranes by high velocity embedment of silver particles

Biofilm formation on membranes during water desalination operation and pre-treatments limits performance and causes premature membrane degradation. Here, we apply a novel surface modification technique to incorporate anti-microbial metal particles into the outer layer of four types of commercial polymeric membranes by cold spray. The particles are anchored on the membrane surface by partial embedment within the polymer matrix. Although clear differences in particle surface loadings and response to the cold spray were shown by SEM, the hybrid micro-filtration and ultra-filtration membranes were found to exhibit excellent anti-bacterial properties. Poly(sulfone) ultra-filtration membranes were used as for cross-flow filtration of Escherichia coli bacteria solutions to investigate the impact of the cold spray on the material[U+05F3]s integrity. The membranes were characterized by SEM-EDS, FT-IR and TGA and challenged in filtration tests. No bacteria passed through the membrane and filtrate water quality was good, indicating the membranes remained intact. No intact bacteria were found on hybrid membranes, loaded with up to 15. wt% silver, indicating the treatment was lysing bacteria on contact. However, permeation of the hybrid membranes was found to be reduced compared to control non-modified poly(sulfone) membranes due to the presence of the particles across the membrane material. The implementation of cold spray technology for the modification of commercial membrane products could lead to significant operational savings in the field of desalination and water pre-treatments.

A review of computational fluid dynamics applications in pressure-driven membrane filtration

Ongoing advances in computational performance and numerics have led to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) becoming a ubiquitous modelling tool. However, CFD methods have only been adopted to simulate pressure-driven membrane filtration systems relatively recently. This paper reviews various approaches to describing the behaviour of these systems using CFD, beginning with the hydrodynamics of membrane channels, including discussion of laminar, turbulent, and transition flow regimes, with reference to the effects of osmotic pressure, concentration polarisation, and cake formation. The use of CFD in describing mass transfer through the membrane itself is then discussed, followed by some concluding comments on commercial membrane simulation packages and future research directions in membrane CFD. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Determinação de elementos traço em amostras ambientais por ICP OES

Neste trabalho é avaliada a aplicação da técnica de ICP OES (Espectrometria de Emissão com Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado) para a determinação de elementos traço em amostras ambientais. Foram investigados os comportamentos de As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, V e Zn, utilizando-se espectrômetro com vista de observação axial/radial do plasma e sistema de detecção baseado em dispositivos de carga acoplada (CCD). No presente estudo, foi avaliado o desempenho dos nebulizadores pneumáticos do tipo concêntrico (Meinhard), “cross flow” e GemCone® acoplados às câmaras de nebulização de duplo passo (Scott) e ciclônica, bem como do nebulizador ultra-sônico para a introdução de amostras no plasma. Investigou-se a robustez do plasma, potência de radiofreqüência (RF), vazão dos gases de nebulização e auxiliar, bem como a altura de observação, para ambas as vistas de observação do plasma. Sob condições otimizadas os limites de detecção (LD), em ng mL-1, para os elementos As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V e Zn, em solução aquosa de HNO3 5% (v/v), utilizando-se a configuração axial do plasma, foram: 1,1 - 16; 0,002 - 0,32; 0,03 - 1,2; 0,02 - 0,72; 0,03 - 0,82; 0,04 - 3,0; 0,003 - 0,76; 0,08 - 3,8; 0,22 - 8,9; 0,04 - 2,6; e 0,02 - 1,2 respectivamente. Utilizando-se a configuração radial, os LDs (ng mL-1) dos mesmos elementos foram: 10 - 87; 0,01 - 0,91; 0,07 - 3,8; 0,16 - 4,3; 0,13 - 8,1; 0,16 - 4,3; 0,01 - 0,81; 0,43 - 7,6; 1,4 - 37; 0,28 - 6,0 e 0,77 - 9,5 respectivamente. Com relação à nebulização pneumática, os LDs são relativamente mais baixos quando é utilizado o nebulizador concêntrico acoplado à câmara de nebulização ciclônica. LDs ainda melhores são obtidos mediante o uso de nebulização ultra-sônica mas, neste caso, foi observado que o plasma é menos robusto. As metodologias foram desenvolvidas mediante o uso de materiais de referência certificados sendo analisados os seguintes materiais: sedimento marinho (PACS-2/NRCC), folhas de maçã (apple leaves – 1515/NIST) e água (natural water – 1640/NIST), obtendo-se concentrações concordantes com as certificadas, com exceção do Ni em folha de maçã, que não foi detectado utilizando-se a nebulização pneumática e também não pôde ser determinado com exatidão mediante o uso de nebulizador ultra-sônico. Interferências não espectrais observadas na análise de sedimento marinho foram contornadas através da diluição da amostra, ou através da lavagem da câmara de nebulização com solução de HNO3 5% (v/v), por 60 s entre cada ciclo de leitura. Estas interferências não puderam ser contornadas com o uso de padrão interno (PI). A interferência espectral do As sobre o Cd não foi observada fazendo-se a medição do sinal em área de pico, demarcado com somente 3 pontos/pico. Após serem estabelecidas as metodologias de análise, foram analisadas as seguintes amostras não certificadas: água de rio, água subterrânea (poço artesiano), água tratada e de chuva, folhas de eucalipto e bambu, acículas de pinus e infusão de chá preto, sendo possível quantificar baixas concentrações dos elementos investigados, utilizando-se a calibração externa.

Development of a micro-heat exchanger with stacked plates using LTCC technology

A green ceramic tape micro-heat exchanger was developed using Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics technology (LTCC). The device was designed by using Computational Aided Design software and simulations were made using a Computational Fluid Dynamics package (COMSOL Multiphysics) to evaluate the homogeneity of fluid distribution in the microchannels. Four geometries were proposed and simulated in two and three dimensions to show that geometric details directly affect the distribution of velocity in the micro-heat exchanger channels. The simulation results were quite useful for the design of the microfluidic device. The micro-heat exchanger was then constructed using the LTCC technology and is composed of five thermal exchange plates in cross-flow arrangement and two connecting plates, with all plates stacked to form a device with external dimensions of 26 x 26 x 6 mm(3).