Scaling invariance for the escape of particles from a periodically corrugated waveguide

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Determination of Glyphosate in Water Samples by Multi-pumping Flow System Coupled to a Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Erbium and ytterbium co-doped SiO2 : GeO2 planar waveguide prepared by the sol-gel route using an alternative precursor

The sol-gel method combined with a spin-coating technique has been successfully applied for the preparation of rare-earth doped silica:germania films used for the fabrication of erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWA), presenting several advantages over other methods for the preparation of thin films. As with other methods, the sol-gel route also shows some drawbacks, such as cracks related to the thickness of silica films and high hydrolysis rate of certain precursors such as germanium alkoxides. This article describes the preparation and optical characterization of erbium and ytterbium co-doped SiO2:GeO2 crack-free thick films prepared by the sol-gel route combined with a spin-coating technique using a chemically stable non-aqueous germanium oxide solution as an alternative precursor. The non-crystalline films obtained are planar waveguides exhibiting a single mode at 1,550 nm with an average thickness of 3.9 mu m presenting low percentages of porosity evaluated by the Lorentz-Lorenz Effective Medium Approximation, and low stress, according to the refractive index values measured in both transversal electric and magnetic polarizations. Weakly confining core layers (0.3% < Delta n < 0.75%) were obtained according to the refractive index difference between the core and buffer layers, suggesting that low-loss coupling EDWA may be obtained. The life time of the erbium I-4(13/2) metastable state was measured as a function of erbium concentration in different systems and based on these values it is possible to infer that the hydroxyl group was reduced and the formation of rare-earth clusters was avoided.

Finite element analysis of anisotropic optical waveguide with arbitrary index profile

This work presents the application of a scalar finite element formulation for Ex (TE-like) modes in anisotropic planar and channel waveguides with diagonal permittivity tensor, diffused in both transversal directions. This extended formulation considers explicitly both the variations of the refractive index and their spatial derivates inside of each finite element. Dispersion curves for Ex modes in planar and channel waveguides are shown, and the results compared with solutions obtained by other formulations.

Waveguide features in self-patternable amine functionalized organic-inorganic hybrids

We report the use of organic-inorganic sol-gel derived poly(oxyehylene)/ siloxane hybrid doped with methacrylic acid modified zirconium (IV) n-propoxide for the fabrication of low cost waveguides trough direct UV laser writing. The organic-inorganic hybrids were processed as monoliths with size and shape control. The effective guiding region was identified and the number of modes was estimated via mode field analyses. A grating was successfully superimposed on the channel and the respective reflection spectrum was measured, enabling the determination of the guiding region dimension, the calculation of the effective refractive index of the guided mode. © 2007 IEEE.

Determination of onboard coplanar orbital maneuvers with orbits determined using GPS

In the present paper a study is made in order to find an algorithm that can calculate coplanar orbital maneuvers for an artificial satellite. The idea is to find a method that is fast enough to be combined with onboard orbit determination using GPS data collected from a receiver that is located in the satellite. After a search in the literature, three algorithms are selected to be tested. Preliminary studies show that one of them (the so called Minimum Delta-V Lambert Problem) has several advantages over the two others, both in terms of accuracy and time required for processing. So, this algorithm is implemented and tested numerically combined with the orbit determination procedure. Some adjustments are performed in this algorithm in the present paper to allow its use in real-time onboard applications. Considering the whole maneuver, first of all a simplified and compact algorithm is used to estimate in real-time and onboard the artificial satellite orbit using the GPS measurements. By using the estimated orbit as the initial one and the information of the final desired orbit (from the specification of the mission) as the final one, a coplanar bi-impulsive maneuver is calculated. This maneuver searches for the minimum fuel consumption. Two kinds of maneuvers are performed, one varying only the semi major axis and the other varying the semi major axis and the eccentricity of the orbit, simultaneously. The possibilities of restrictions in the locations to apply the impulses are included, as well as the possibility to control the relation between the processing time and the solution accuracy. Those are the two main reasons to recommend this method for use in the proposed application.

Escape beam statistics and dynamical properties for a periodically corrugated waveguide

Some escape and dynamical properties for a beam of light inside a corrugated waveguide are discussed by using Fresnel reflectance. The system is described by a mapping and is controlled by a parameter δ defining a transition from integrability (δ = 0) to non integrability (δ ≠ 0). The phase space is mixed containing periodic islands, chaotic seas and invariant tori. The histogram of escaping orbits is shown to be scaling invariant with respect to δ. The waveguide is immersed in a region with different refractive index. Different optical materials are used to overcame the results. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Respostas eletromagnéticas dos arranjos coplanar e coaxial em poço

Foi estudado a viabilidade de aplicação do arranjo coplanar de bobinas nas sondas de perfilagem em poço por indução eletromagnética. Paralelamente foram geradas as respostas do convencional arranjo coaxial, que é o amplamente utilizado nas sondas comerciais, com o propósito de elaborar uma análise comparativa. Através da solução analítica (meios homogêneos) e semi-analítica (meios heterogêneos) foram geradas inicialmente as respostas para modelos mais simples, tais como os do (1) meio homogêneo, isotrópico e ilimitado; (2) uma casca cilíndrica simulando a frente de invasão; (3) duas cascas cilíndricas para simular o efeito annulus; (4) uma interface plana e dois semi-espaços simulando o contato entre duas camadas espessas e (5) uma camada plano-horizontal e dois semi-espaços iguais. Apesar da simplicidade destes modelos, eles permitem uma análise detalhada dos efeitos que alguns parâmetros geoelétricos têm sobre as respostas. Aí então, aplicando ainda as condições de contorno nas fronteiras (Sommerfeld Boundary Value Problem), obtivemos as soluções semi-analíticas que nos permitiram simular as respostas em modelos relativamente mais complexos, tais como (1) zonas de transição gradacional nas frentes de invasão; (2) seqüências de camadas plano-paralelas horizontais e inclinadas; (3) seqüências laminadas que permitem simular meios anisotrópicos e (4) passagem gradacional entre duas camadas espessas. Concluimos que o arranjo coplanar de bobinas pode ser uma ferramenta auxiliar na (1) demarcação das interfaces de camadas espessas; (2) posicionamento dos reservatórios de pequenas espessuras; (3) avaliação de perfis de invasão e (4) localizar variações de condutividade azimutalmente.

Arranjos coplanar e coaxial nas sondas de perfilagem de poço: ferramentas triaxiais em reservatórios laminados

A ferramenta de indução triaxial ou multicomponente foi desenvolvida recentemente para solucionar os problemas de medição da convencional perfilagem de indução em formações anisotrópicas. Neste trabalho são apresentadas as respostas da sonda de indução triaxial em reservatórios que possuem seqüências finamente laminadas de arenito e folhelho. Reservatórios como estes apresentam a conhecida anisotropia macroscópica, portanto, os resultados demonstrarão a existência de uma resistividade horizontal e outra vertical. Devido a sonda triaxial de indução apresentar dois pares de bobinas coplanares, os quais em geral fornecem os valores de resistividade vertical, este trabalho apresenta inicialmente um estudo analítico e qualitativo das respostas obtidas pelo arranjo coplanar onde o transmissor é tratado como um dipolo. Também será apresentada a solução analítica em que a bobina transmissora é considerada como um loop de dimensão finita.

Detecção de fraturas no poço usando ferramenta de indução coplanar: modelamento analógico

A aplicabilidade de uma ferramenta de indução coplanar de duas bobinas na detecção de zonas fraturadas é estudado através de modelamento reduzido em laboratório. O fator de escala escolhido foi 10 e as condutividades de campo foram representadas por soluções de Cloreto de Amônia. O modelo geológico é composto por uma rocha homogênea resistiva com porções fraturadas e não-fraturada. As resistividades de campo são 4 Ω-m e 200 Ω-m para a zona fraturada e zona não-fraturada, respectivamente. As zonas fraturadas estudadas eram verticais, a várias distâncias da parede do poço, e cruzando a perfuração com mergulhos de 0°, 45° e 60°. A maioria dos perfis foram corridos em uma freqüência de laboratório de 100 kHz. Os resultados apresentados sob a forma de perfis mostraram que a ferramenta coplanar fornece informações sobre o mergulho, espessura e distância da parede do poço, dependendo da posição relativa das bobinas e da zona fraturada. Como a ferramenta coplanar não fornece informação de toda a formação ao redor da mesma, foi sugerido a construção de um sistema de duplo acoplamento semi-nulo (DASN) e alguns perfis são apresentados. Além do maior recobrimento, essa ferramenta fornece uma "técnica de olhada rápida" (quick-look technique) para estimar o mergulho da zona fraturada qualitativamente.

A simple and rapid screening method for sulfonamides in honey using a flow injection system coupled to a liquid waveguide capillary cell

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Real-time monitoring of ozone in air using substrate-integrated hollow waveguide mid-infrared sensors

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Monitoring of hydrogen sulfide via substrate-integrated hollow waveguide mid-infrared sensors in real-time

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Fabrication of Yb3+/Er3+ codoped Bi2O3-WO3-TeO2 pedestal type waveguide for optical amplifiers

We report, for the first time to our knowledge, experimental results on pedestal waveguides produced with Yb3+/Er3+ codoped Bi2O3-WO3-TeO2 thin films deposited by RF Sputtering for photonic applications. Thin films were deposited using Ar/O-2 plasma at 5 mTorr pressure and RF power of 40 W on substrates of silicon wafers. The definition of the pedestal waveguide structure was made using conventional optical lithography followed by plasma etching. Propagation losses around 2.0 dB/cm and 2.5 dB/cm were obtained at 633 and 1050 nm, respectively, for waveguides in the 20-100 mu m width range. Single-mode propagation was measured for waveguides width up to 10 mu m and 12 mu m, at 633 nm and 1050 nm, respectively; for larger waveguides widths multi-mode propagation was obtained. Internal gain of 5.6 dB at 1530 nm, under 980 nm excitation, was measured for 1.5 cm waveguide length (similar to 3.7 dB/cm). The present results show the possibility of using Yb3+/Er3+ codoped Bi2O3-WO3-TeO2 pedestal waveguide for optical amplifiers. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

UV laser photofabrication of waveguide couplers using self-patterning organic-inorganic hybrids

Planar waveguides with controlled refractive index were produced using thin films of sol-gel derived organic-inorganic hybrids, so called di-ureasils. Spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to characterize the films thickness and refractive index. UV-laser direct-writing method was used to produce Y-splitter structures with coupling ratio of 50% without the need of photoinitiators.