Tila tilassa : Liturgian ja tilan dialogi alttarin äärellä

This study examines the organisation and transformation of altar space in the modern Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland in liturgical and architectural perspective. The research data consists of 65 altar spaces in The Finnish Evangelical Lutheran church buildings. All of these were characterised in Church Government records as churches , built 1962 1999 and had been consecrated. The main data was collected by means of observation, photographing, and drawing sketches of altar spaces. The focus of this study concerns the organisation of modern Finnish Evangelical Lutheran altar spaces and, in particular, their changes also in relation to the liturgical movement. The challenge of this approach was especially in discovering the spatial identity of an altar space in terms of unequivocal boundaries. The analysis was realised in three stages. Interiors, the organisation of altar space, as well as architectonic qualities of altar spaces in terms of floor elevations, shapes of ceilings, lighting, and openings in the altar space were analysed. Moreover, attention was focused on furnishing and fixed versus movable pieces of furniture (such as the altar, altar rail, the pulpit, the baptismal font, and lectern). Finally, the potential qualitative and quantitative changes in altar space were examined. All in all, the majority of churches in the data featured elongated church halls with an altar at the end of the nave. To look at the data in chronological perspective, increasingly wide church halls had been built since the 1980s (yet there was only one central hall in which the altar was placed at the middle point of the church). Every third church altar was movable. As for the focal point of this study and the altar in particular, it was my aim to pay attention to the versus populum altar and its development in relation to the (Lutheran) liturgy. Hence, it was meaningful to determine, in terms of interior design, whether liturgists were able to celebrate facing the people attending the service. In the 1960s and 70s, a versus orientem altar featured in more than half of all new Finnish Lutheran churches, yet in 2000 two out of three churches featured a versus populum altar. For architectural and esthetic reasons (and not primarily due to liturgical ideas), also altars standing freely off the walls had been constructed. In terms of the liturgy, versus populum altars had been realised in expectation of increased communication between liturgist and worshippers. However, the analysis indicated that the altar could also become a divider of space. This aspect is a novel finding in relation to earlier and concurrent discussions concerning the liturgical movement. This study concluded, all in all, that altars had been increasingly constructed closer and closer to the worshiping parish and, accordingly, used increasingly often in the versus populum manner. Lecterns were often movable until the millennium this was the case in most altar spaces. Baptismal fonts did not have a permanent place in this data, and the data even included altar spaces with no baptismal fonts in the choir, nor the church hall. The position and status of fonts was generally weakened even if baptism in the Lutheran Church was regarded as one of the two sacraments together with the eucharist. The study concluded that even if baptism is regarded as a sacrament in the church, the position and status of baptismal fonts had weakened overall in newer church architecture. In other words, the tendency of the liturgical movement to emphasise the service and its celebration had obviously had its effect on the placement of baptismal fonts in the church hall. This research indicated that the pieces of furniture that mostly involved (many kinds of) visual and spatial changes included the altar and the lectern. In certain instances, fixed furnishings had been substituted by movable pieces or, moreover, new pieces of furniture and paraphernalia such as music instruments, pieces of art, tables, chairs and plants were brought in. In the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, liturgical changes were principally inspired by the Catholic Church, in which liturgical changes are essentially based on Canon Law. Unlike Finnish Lutheranism, Catholicism provides detailed rules and principles even regarding the design of an altar space. According to this study, in the Finnish Lutheran Church, the primarily functional nature of given guidelines and instructions characterises several practical solutions in furnishing.

Avioliiton teologia Englannin kirkossa ja Suomen evankelis-luterilaisessa kirkossa vuosina 1963-2006

The theology of marriage in the Church of England(CofE) and in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland(ELCF)1963–2006 The method of the study is a systematic analysis of the sources. In the CofE marriage stems from creation, but it is also sacramental, grounded in the theology of love and redemption. Man and woman have a connection between them that is a mystical union in character because of the one between Christ and the Church; therefore every marriage is sacramental. The purposes of marriage have been expressed in a different order than earlier. A caring relationship and sexuality are set before childbirth as the causes of marriage. The remedial cause of marriage is also moved to the background and it cannot be found in the recent wedding formulas. A personal relationship and marriage as a school of faith and love have a central place in the theology of marriage. The theology of love unites the love of God and marriage. In the CofE the understanding of divorce and co-habiting has changed, too. Co-habiting can now be understood as a stage towards marriage. Divorce has been understood as a phenomenon that must be taken as a fact after an irretrievable breakdown of marriage. Thus the church must concentrate on pastoral care after divorce. Similarly, the ELCF also maintains that the order of creation is the origin of marriage as a lifelong institution. This is also an argument for the solemnization of marriage in the church. Faith and grace are not needed for real marriage because marriage is the culmination of reason and natural law. The society defines marriage and the church gives its blessing to the married couples if so requested. Luther’s view of marriage is different from this because he saw marriage as a school of love and faith, similar to CofE. He saw faith as essential to enable the fullfillment of natural law. Marriage in the ELCF is mostly a matter of natural ethics. An ideal form of life is sought through the Golden Rule. This interpretation of marriage means that it does not presuppose Christian education for children to follow. The doctrine of the two kingdoms is definitely essential as background. It has been impugned by scholars, however, as a permanent foundation of marriage. There is a difference between the marriage formulas and the other sources concerning the purposes of marriage in the ELCF. The formulas do not include sexuality, childbirth or children and their education as purposes of marriage. The formulas include less theological vocabulary than in the CofE. The liturgy indicates the doctrine in CofE. In the Lutheran churches there is not any need to express the doctrine in the wedding formulas. This has resulted in less theology of marriage in the formulas. The theology of Luther is no longer any ruling principle in the theology of marriage. The process of continuing change in society refines the terms for marriage more than the theological arguments do.

Santa Gertrudis Magna : una mística teóloga

Resumen: Santa Gertrudis se ubica en el punto de inflexión en que la unidad tradicional entre teología y vida espiritual comienza a debilitarse. Contemporánea al desarrollo de la escolástica, pertenece sin embargo al mundo monástico, donde la integración entre la vida y la teología, se cultiva y se defiende. Su vida se nos presenta como la de aquélla en quien se cumple la finalidad teológica que subyace a toda vida cristiana: la comprensión vital del misterio por la experiencia de íntima comunión con lo divino. Su doctrina ilumina el núcleo de la fe a partir de las fuentes de la liturgia, la revelación y la tradición patrística, asimiladas a través de su experiencia espiritual. Esta se expresa en la originalidad y precisión teológica de sus visiones y oraciones, vertidas en un lenguaje afectivo y simbólico, en el equilibrio de su doctrina espiritual y en su hondo sentido de Iglesia. Su experiencia constituye una mística dogmática, eclesial y esponsal, cuya universalidad y actualidad la hacen apta y atractiva al público creyente y no creyente de hoy

Práticas religiosas Afro-Brasileiras, marco regulatório e uso do meio ambiente e do espaço urbano da cidade do Rio de Janeiro

A Constituição Federal brasileira relaciona dentre as garantias do cidadão o direito ao meio ambiente sadio e a liberdade religiosa e de liturgia. Também prevê como valor constitucional a ser defendido pelo Estado brasileiro as matrizes culturais africanas. A problemática da presente pesquisa é o conflito entre esses valores e garantias em um Estado democrático de direito, conflito este que indentificamos no caso selecionado para estudo: a proibição de oferendas das religiões afrobrasileiras no Parque Nacional da Tijuca, no Rio de Janeiro, pela administração da entidade gestora do Parque. A partir deste estudo de caso, propomos questionar: 1) como o conflito é construído numa perspectiva multidimensional (da geografia cultural, da teologia, da sociologia etc); 2) se e por que as religiões de matrizes africanas foram excluídas do arcabouço jurídico ambiental brasileiro; 3) se este arcabouço pode ser interpretado de modo a favorecer a prática de oferendas e 4) se há uma consciência e uma ética ambientais emergentes naquelas comunidades religiosas, facilitadoras do argumento defensivo da prática de oferendas em áreas verdes públicas. Assim, o objetivo da presente pesquisa é contribuir para a solução exitosa deste conflito, de modo que esta solução seja válida e exeqüível em qualquer área verde sob administração pública. Desse modo, advogamos a tese de que é possível ponderar as duas garantias constitucionais em conflito, de forma que as oferendas, ao invés de proibidas, sejam aceitas de modo disciplinado, não agressivo ou menos agressivo ao meio ambiente, pela negociação dos atores envolvidos. Através da metodologia qualitativa demonstraremos que há um conflito entre atores que dão distintos significados ao meio ambiente, a partir de racionalidades distintas, sendo a da administração ambiental fortemente ancorada na própria doutrina formatadora dos parques nacionais. Aditaremos que o conflito poderia ter sido evitado ou minorado se as comunidades religiosas urbanas afrobrasileiras tivessem sido reconhecidas como populações tradicionais pelo movimento socioambientalista, fortemente inspirador da legislação brasileira. Demonstraremos ainda que, apesar desta lacuna, a legislação que já está dada pode ser interpretada de modo a chancelar a prática das oferendas, e que a proibição seria um equívoco legal da administração ambiental, tendo em vista que o direito ambiental oferece um sistema principiológico favorável à prática das oferendas, tarefa facilitada por uma emergente ética ambiental naqueles grupos religiosos. Não obstante, uma proposta de inclusão de um artigo na Lei do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação será elaborada, para evitar que a solução do conflito dependa de interpretações. Por fim, recomendaremos que a interdição no Parque da Tijuca seja exemplarmente substituída por uma negociação entre as partes envolvidas, de modo a que sejam preservados todos os interesses constitucionais envolvidos, proporcionando o avanço da democracia brasileira.

El «Ión»,fundador de la hermenéutica occidental

[ES] En el «Ión» Platón funda la hermenéutica occidental, no la práctica de la exégesis. Para ello debe rechazar el liderazgo de la poesía. Y en un triple frente. Como saber, la poesía no distingue entre significante y significado, y considera la interpretación como un mero descifrado, no como un análisis de la verdad y falsedad del significado. Como discurso legitimador, es una liturgia, no una funcionalización técnica, además de que oculta el conflicto en que toda sociedad consiste. Como competencia interactiva, el poeta no es autónomo, sino alienado, y pone en juego la emotividad, no la racionalidad. Desde este breve diálogo, la filosofía y la literatura se han disociado dramáticamente en la cultura occidental.

月球水冰探测进展

月球上是否存在水冰是第二次月球探测热潮中的热点问题。1994 年克莱门汀号(Clementine)环月探测器搭载的频率为2. 273 GHz 双基地雷达探测到月球南极一些地区出现同向极化增加等独特的回波特征,这些地区正好处于极地永久阴影区,表明这些地区可能存在水冰。Arecibo 天文台频率为2. 38 GHz 的地基雷达对月球极地进行制图,也得到类似结论。1998 年月球勘探者号(Lunar Prospec2tor) 环月探测器搭载的中子探测仪在月球极地永久阴影区探测到高含量的氢信号大多认为是水冰引起的。但雷达探测和中子探测结果均存在多解性。月球表面粗糙度同样可以引起雷达回波呈现出类似水冰的异常特征,而中子探测仪测量到的仅仅是氢信号而非水,而且月球勘探者号撞击月表之后并没有探测到任何的水蒸气信号。月球极地水冰存在与否、存在形式和存在数量等科学问题的回答需要对月球极地特别是永久阴影区作进一步探索。

The Cult of 'Maria Regina' in Early Medieval Rome

This paper examines the importance of the cult of Mary to religious practice in early medieval Rome, with a particular focus on the manifestations of devotion to Mary in the decoration of churches such as S. Maria Antiqua and San Clemente.

La capilla del Cristo de las Descalzas Reales de Madrid: arte y liturgia en el siglo XVI

Estudio de la capilla del Cristo de las Descalzas Reales de Madrid que analiza la historia de la obra, sus aspectos artísticos y su significado. Las circunstancias de la fundación del monasterio explican la función de la capilla como escenario de las especiales ceremonias litúrgicas del Viernes Santo y del Domingo de Resurrección instauradas en razón de su origen, lo que permite asimismo fijar su ejecución entre las obras de su etapa fundacional, probablemente entre 1560 y 1565, diseñada por artistas de los talleres reales. Se aporta noticia documental sobre Diego de Urbina y Juan de Cerecedo como pintores al servicio de Juana de Austria en ese momento.

The portrait of the first poster artists of Spanish cinema: From the genre scene to the realistic portrait

The article, which is part of a more detailed piece of work, aims to highlight the use of the portrait on the film posters of the first Spanish poster artists before the Star-System was introduced in Spain. For this it is posed the evolution that occurs in the representation of the characters in the film poster from the second decade to the beginning of the thirties in the twentieth century, a historical period of profound influences of the artistic and advertising vanguards in our poster artists´ work. However, in the late twenties moving from the simple inclusion of the scene based on the picture of a film, to the chromatic and realistic representation of the star´s face. These were the years when the influence of the major North American studios began to show in Spain. Nevertheless, it highlights their technical and compositional freedom and their influence on subsequent poster artists, as many of them will integrate the portraits and settings on their posters, following the guidelines of the major studios or the independent ones. But without forgetting their own personal way of painting the film stars’ faces on their posters.

Whose sins do the Brethren confess? The problem of sin as the problem of expiation

Among Brethren fisher families in Gamrie, northeast Scotland, professional clergy and written liturgy are held to be blasphemous denials of the true workings of the Holy Spirit. God, I was told, chooses to speak through all born-again (male) persons, unrestricted by the vain repetitions of lettered clerics and their prayer books. In this context, confession of one’s own sin is a private and pointedly interior affair. In Gamrie, not only did every man seek to be his own skipper, but also his own priest. Yet, much of Brethren worship is given over to ritualised acts of confession. So whose sins do the Brethren confess, and to what end? This article argues that among the Brethren of Gamrie, such acts involve confessing not one’s own sin, but the sins of a ‘sick’ and ‘fallen’ world. More than this, by attending to the sociological (as opposed to theological) processes of confessing the sins of another, we see a collapse in the distinction between confiteor and credo that has so dogged anthropological studies of Christianity. In Brethren prayer and bible study, as well as in everyday gossip, the “I confess” of the confiteor and the “I believe” of credo co-constitute one another in and through evidences of the ‘lostness’ of ‘this present age’. But how, if at all, does this solve ‘the problem of sin’? This article suggests that, with the ritual gaze of confession turned radically outward, Brethren announcements of global wickedness enact (in a deliberate tautology) both a totalising call for repentance from sin, and a millenarian creed of the imminent apocalypse. Here, the problem of ritual can be understood as the problem of (partially failed) expiation.

Oeuvres médicales de GUY DE CHAULIAC, LANFRANC, Jean LE LIEVRE, HIPPOCRATE, etc.

Contient : Calendrier français à l'usage de Toulouse ; Table du contenu de ce recueil ; Figures et vers français sur les quatre complexions de l'homme « sanguin, colorique, fleumatique et milencolique » ; Tables astronomiques ; « Taula per saber la calitat de las planetas » ; « Taula de la luna per conoysc en cal signe es cada jorn » ; « Taula per saber la hora de las plan[e]tas » ; « Disputacions de cyreurgie sur les condicions de tout le corps, ordonnées sur les oeuvrez de maistre Guidon de Caillac, maistre en medecine. Pour ce que selon Galien, in libro XVIJ° de utilitate particularium, capitulo penultimo, quatre utilités et prouffis sont... — ... est dit proprement pannicule. Expliciunt disputaciones » ; « L'Anothomie mise en disputacions. Cyreurgie est une science qui enseigne la maniere comment ont doit ouvrer... — ... En tout le grant pié y a XXX os. Explicit, » etc. (Figure du squelette humain, fol. 38 v°) ; « Le formulaire de maistre Lenfranc, doctour en medecine, qu'il envoya à son fils Bernard pour luy donner doctrine et congnoissance de cyrurgie en petite forme. Honorable Bernard, je Alenfranc entens de faire ung livre... — ... tu pourras savoir de plus grans choses. Explicit » ; « Le formulaire des aydes des apostemez, postulé et ordonné par maistre Guidon de Cailhac, cyreurgien et maistre en medicine, fait et composé à Montpellier, en l'an de Nostre S[eigneur] M. IIIe. XL. Pour ce que selon G[alien] ou III. de ingenio sanitatis, commancement de la science de ouvrer... — ... est à presumer que vous le savez » ; « Le formulaire des aydes des playes et des ulceres, ordonnées en Avignon par maistre Guidon de Cailhac, qui adonc estoit medecin du pape Clement, en l'an mil trois cens et quarente. Pour la doubte de oblier la necessité... — ... laver avecques de sang chault de bestez » ; « La deuxieme doctrine de la formacion des remedez... des maladies de la teste jusques es piez, selon la diversité des membres... Cy après mettrons les aydes des playes du chief... — ... et fiat emplastrum et est loé » ; « Aucunes bonnes receptes aprouvées par pluseurs ou fait de cyreurgie. Pour clistere. ???... » ; « Les proprietez de certaines eauez esprouvées par pluseurs docteurs en medecine. Eau de saulgie vaut contre toute paralisie... » — A la suite sont différentes recettes, parmi lesquelles la liste des jours périlleux de l'année (fol. 160) ; « Aucunez questions touchant le fait de flebotomye, qui sont extraictez et prises au VIJe livre de Guidon de Cailhac, qui est dit Antidotaire... Qu'est saignée ? Saignée ou flebothomie est incision de vaynez... — ... maladies moult mauvaises et perilleuses » ; « Ung petit traictié fait et compilé par maistre Jehan Le Lievre, tresexcellent maistre et docteur en medecine, sur le fait du nombre de la declairacion des vaynes qui sont assizes sur le corps de la personne. Cy après s'ensuit le nombre de la declairacion... Et premierement dit que au front en a une... — ... sur le corps est plus a plain declairé. Expliciunt les disputacions des saignées par ordre composées et le traictié sur ladite matiere de Me Jehan Le Lievre, docteur en medecine » ; « Le livre des secrez des dames, lequel est deffendu à reveler, sur peine d'escomeniment, en la Clementine, à nulle femme ne à nul homme, se il n'est de l'office de cyreurgie. Une dame m'a prié par courtoisie loyale... — ... avecques vin blanc et tantost enfantera » ; « Le chapitre des aydes de la mayre [matrice] des dames et de leurs medecinez. Il y a pluseurs femmes qui ont la maire chaulde... — ... jusques que le sang soit restraint » ; « Le meilleur livre que Ypocras eust en sa vie, qui traitte de la congnoissance de la vie et de la mort... Ypocras qui en son temps estoit le plus noble... — ... guarira au plaisir de Dieu. Cy finist le secret d'Ypocras » ; « Collacion pour congnoistre toutez les complexions selon la parolle de Me Albubert, dont Rasis, le noble et tresexcellent docteur parle en son livre. Les corps qui sont en complexion colorique... — ... plus fermez et fortez en judicature, etc. » ; « Certaynes curez et regimens d'aucunez oeuvrez perticulieres, faictes par ma[i]stre Jehan Piscis, docteur en medecine et chancellier de la noble faculté... à Montpellier. Et premierement pour le halaynement. Tu eviteras l'air froit... — ... (Ungant... contre la douleur des reins...) des devant dictez herbes ana. m.j. » ; « Aucunez proprietez de certainez viandes,... par maistre Jehan Piscis,... pour donner bonnez et malez humeurs selon la complexion des corps humains. Les viandes qui engendrent bon sang... — ... qui engendrent milencolie. » (Suivent, fol. 317, différentes formules de remedes) ; « Les cynonismes de maistre Guidon de Gailhac [Chauliac], maistre et docteur en medecyne, composez selon l'alphabetum... Aqua, c'est eaue et est la premiere des froides... — ... Usifur,... in secundo cum stipticitate » ; « Le livre des constellacions, pour savoir en quelle constellacion est homme né, et pour savoir les adventurez qui luy doyvent advenir, selon les dis des grans philosophez Tholomeus et Aristote. Premierement pour savoir la mort et la vie... — ... par le monde serchant son adventure. Cy finissent les XII signez et VII planettez » ; A la fin, on a biffé la mention : « Sed libre est de Piare d'Anjou, barbier de monseigneur le cardinal d'Alebret et sergent d'armes de nostre saint pere le Pape et serviteur de monseigneur le cardinal de Roan, et fut acheptay l'an mil CCCC LII »

Two leaves from a Medieval breviary (prayer-book), c.1350-1400

The actual scripture quotations begin with blue and gold illuminated letters. Towards the end of each passage, there is a small red “R” that marks the “Response”. At the conclusion of the Response, the next lesson is announced. There are three lessons on these leaves. The first leaf begins with the word “Requiem” with the initial letter illuminated. The third lesson begins with the illuminated letter “M” on the word “Manus”. This passage is from the Book of Job, Chapter 10, verses 8-11 which reads: Your hands have formed me and fashioned me; will you then turn and destroy me? Oh, remember that you fashioned me from clay. Will you then bring me down to dust again? Did you not pour me out as milk, and thicken me like cheese? With skin and flesh you clothed me, with bones and sinews knit me together.

Leaf from a Liturgical Music Manuscript for Holy Saturday

The text reads as follows: nomen Domini invocabo. V. Date magnitudinem Deo nostro: Deus, vera opera eius, et omnes viae eius indicia. V. Deus fidelis, in quo….. Translated: I will invoke the name of the Lord. V. Give ye magnificence to our God: The works of God are perfect, and all his ways are judgments. V. Let my doctrine gather as the rain…..

Leaf from a Liturgical Music Manuscript for Good Friday

The text reads as follows: Narrator: Passio domini nostri iesu christi secundum matheum. In illo tempore dixit iusus discipulis suis. Christ: Scritis quia post biduum pascha fiet, et filius hominis tradetur ut crucifigatur. Narrator: Tumc congregati sunt principes sacerdotum et seniores populi, in atrium principis… Translated: Narrator: The Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ according to Matthew. “And it came to pass when Jesus had finished all of these words that he said to his disciples: Christ: You know that after two days the Passover will be here; and the Son of Man will be delivered up to be crucified. Narrator: Then the chief priests and the elders of the people gathered together in the court of the high priest…

Lettre ouverte à propos de L'Esprit de la liturgie, ouvrage du cardinal Joseph Ratzinger

Le document contient la "Réponse à la lettre ouverte d'Olivier Bauer" par le cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (traduction de Pierre Bühler)