Educación y Ciencia extenderá este curso el programa PAPÁS.

Se extiende el programa PAPÁS de forma experimental en distintos centros de Castilla-La Mancha. El programa es un canal de información y comunicación personalizado entre los padres, los alumnos, los profesores y los centros a través de Internet, su fin es el de ofrecer a los padres una información detallada de la vida escolar de sus hijos.

El efecto de un programa de formaci??n para profesores sobre sus concepciones de naturaleza de la ciencia y tecnolog??a

Monogr??fico con el t??tulo: " Formaci??n de profesores. Perspectivas de Brasil, Colombia, Espa??a y Portugal"

Triple- and quadruple-escape peaks in HPGe detectors: Experimental observation and Monte Carlo simulation

The triple- and quadruple-escape peaks of 6.128 MeV photons from the (19)F(p,alpha gamma)(16)O nuclear reaction were observed in an HPGe detector. The experimental peak areas, measured in spectra projected with a restriction function that allows quantitative comparison of data from different multiplicities, are in reasonably good agreement with those predicted by Monte Carlo simulations done with the general-purpose radiation-transport code PENELOPE. The behaviour of the escape intensities was simulated for some gamma-ray energies and detector dimensions; the results obtained can be extended to other energies using an empirical function and statistical properties related to the phenomenon. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

An experimental and theoretical investigation into positron and electron scattering from formaldehyde

We report on measurements of total cross sections (TCSs) for positron scattering from the fundamental organic molecule formaldehyde (CH(2)O). The energy range of these measurements was 0.26-50.3 eV, whereas the energy resolution was similar to 260 meV. To assist us in interpreting these data, Schwinger multichannel level calculations for positron elastic scattering from CH(2)O were also undertaken (0.5-50 eV). These calculations, incorporating an accurate model for the target polarization, are found to be in good qualitative agreement with our measured data. In addition, in order to compare the behaviour of positron and electron scattering from this species, independent atom model-screened additivity rule theoretical electron TCSs, now for energies in the range 1-10 000 eV, are also reported.

Uma análise experimental de abordagens heurísticas aplicadas ao problema do caixeiro viajante

Due to great difficulty of accurate solution of Combinatorial Optimization Problems, some heuristic methods have been developed and during many years, the analysis of performance of these approaches was not carried through in a systematic way. The proposal of this work is to make a statistical analysis of heuristic approaches to the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). The focus of the analysis is to evaluate the performance of each approach in relation to the necessary computational time until the attainment of the optimal solution for one determined instance of the TSP. Survival Analysis, assisted by methods for the hypothesis test of the equality between survival functions was used. The evaluated approaches were divided in three classes: Lin-Kernighan Algorithms, Evolutionary Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization. Beyond those approaches, it was enclosed in the analysis, a memetic algorithm (for symmetric and asymmetric TSP instances) that utilizes the Lin-Kernighan heuristics as its local search procedure

Uma análise experimental de algoritmos exatos aplicados ao problema da árvore geradora multiobjetivo

The Multiobjective Spanning Tree Problem is NP-hard and models applications in several areas. This research presents an experimental analysis of different strategies used in the literature to develop exact algorithms to solve the problem. Initially, the algorithms are classified according to the approaches used to solve the problem. Features of two or more approaches can be found in some of those algorithms. The approaches investigated here are: the two-stage method, branch-and-bound, k-best and the preference-based approach. The main contribution of this research lies in the fact that no research was presented to date reporting a systematic experimental analysis of exact algorithms for the Multiobjective Spanning Tree Problem. Therefore, this work can be a basis for other research that deal with the same problem. The computational experiments compare the performance of algorithms regarding processing time, efficiency based on the number of objectives and number of solutions found in a controlled time interval. The analysis of the algorithms was performed for known instances of the problem, as well as instances obtained from a generator commonly used in the literature

Experimental infection of commercial layers using a Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum strain: Leukogram and serum acute-phase protein concentrations

The aim of the present study was to evaluate white blood cell counts and serum protein profiles of commercial layers experimentally infected with Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) in order to better understand the pathophysiology of the disease caused by this bacterium. 180 five-day-old commercial layers were divided into 3 groups (G); G1 and G2 received 0.2 mL of inoculate containing 3.3x10 8 CFU or 3.3×10 5 CFU SG resistant to nalidix acid (Nal r)/mL, respectively, directly into their crops. G3 group did not receive the inoculum. Birds were sacrificed 24 hours before (T1) and 24 hours after the infection (T2), and three (T3), five (T4), seven (T5), and ten (T6) days after the administration of the inoculum. White blood cell counts were carried out in a Neubauer hemocytometer and in blood smears. Serum protein concentrations, including acute-phase proteins, were determined using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Data were submitted to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Tukey's test (P <0.05). G1 and G2 groups presented higher leukocyte counts on T4 and T5, respectively, due to the increase of circulating lymphocytes and heterophils, with a significant difference relative to G3. In electrophoresis, an increase in the serum levels of ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and hemopexin and a decrease in transferrin, which are acute-phase proteins, was verified. IgA serum levels did not change; however, IgG concentration increased during the infection. In conclusion, the results provide information for the better understanding of the pathophysiology of fowl typhoid.

Experimental infection of commercial layers with wild or attenuated Salmonella Gallinarum mutant strains: Anatomic pathology, total blood cell count and serum protein levels

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Experimental investigations on the first Townsend coefficient in pure isobutane

In this work we present results of the first Townsend coefficient (alpha) in pure isobutane by measuring the current growth as a function of the electric field strength in a pulsed irradiation regime. A Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC)-like configuration was used. To validate this method, as well as to crosscheck the experimental apparatus, measurements of the alpha parameter were firstly carried out with pure nitrogen and the results compared to the accurate data available in the literature. The data obtained with isobutane in a field range from 145 Td up to 200 Td were well-matched to those calculated with Magboltz versions 2.7.1 and 2.8.6. The experimental consistency of these results with other published data in the range of 550-1300 Td was very good, as demonstrated by the use of the Korff parameterization. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electronic stopping cross sections for protons in Al2O3: an experimental and theoretical study

The electronic stopping cross section (SCS) of Al2O3 for proton beams is studied both experimentally and theoretically. The measurements are made for proton energies from 40 keV up to 1 MeV, which cover the maximum stopping region, using two experimental methods, the transmission technique at low energies (similar to 40-175 keV) and the Rutherford backscattering at high energies (approximate to 190-1000 keV). These new data reveal an increment of 16% in the SCS around the maximum stopping with respect to older measurements. The theoretical study includes electronic stopping power calculations based on the dielectric formalism and on the transport cross section (TCS) model to describe the electron excitations of Al2O3. The non-linear TCS calculations of the SCS for valence electrons together with the generalized oscillator strengths (GOS) model for the core electrons compare well with the experimental data in the whole range of energies considered.

Interfacial concentrations of chloride and bromide in zwitterionic micelles with opposite dipoles: Experimental determination by chemical trapping and a theoretical description

Interfacial concentrations of chloride and bromide ions, with Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, trimethylammonium (TMA(+)), Ca2+, and Mg2+ as counterions, were determined by chemical trapping in micelles formed by two zwitterionic surfactants, namely N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (HPS) and hexadecylphosphorylcholine (HDPC) micelles. Appropriate standard curves for the chemical trapping method were obtained by measuring the product yields of chloride and bromide salts with 2,4,6-trimethyl-benzenediazonium (BF4) in the presence of low molecular analogs (N,N,N-trimethyl-propane sulfonate and methyl-phosphorylcholine) of the employed surfactants. The experimentally determined values for the local Br- (Cl-) concentrations were modeled by fully integrated non-linear Poisson Boltzmann equations. The best fits to all experimental data were obtained by considering that ions at the interface are not fixed at an adsorption site but are free to move in the interfacial plane. In addition, the calculation of ion distribution allowed the estimation of the degree of ion coverage by using standard chemical potential differences accounting for ion specificity. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Taller de ecología y recursos naturales, una propuesta basada en lo experimental

El colegio Marianista propone a partir de 4° año tres orientaciones, una de ellas es Ciencias Naturales. En 5° año los alumnos cursan un taller cuatrimestral llamado Taller de Ecología y Recursos Naturales. Este taller es de carácter integrador de todo el proceso de formación en ciencias que los alumnos recorren durante su escolaridad secundaria y tiene como objetivo que su naturaleza sea netamente experimental. Intenta que los alumnos entiendan a la ecología como una ciencia compleja y con metodologías específicas y propias, transmitiendo conceptos de su contenido curricular mediante experiencias realizadas en el laboratorio y un trabajo de campo. Esta estrategia resultó sumamente positiva a la hora de motivar a los alumnos en su proceso de aprendizaje, siendo éste de carácter experimental

Año Internacional de la Astronomia : "Galileo, entre la ciencia y la fe". El aprendizaje por proyectos

Uno de los fines de las Ciencias Naturales es ofrecer al estudiante de escuela secundaria, las herramientas metodológicas específicas del área, a fin de que los saberes de la materia puedan ser aplicados, en la construcción de otros conocimientos, igual o más complejos y también en las acciones de la vida cotidiana. El año 2009, declarado por las Naciones Unidad como el Año Internacional de la Astronomía, en honor a las primeras observaciones de Galileo, es excelente oportunidad para que, a través del trabajo mediante proyectos, se revalorice su tarea, sus aportes a la Ciencia, y se realice una lectura crítica de su relación con la Iglesia y las instituciones de la época. Partiendo de los contenidos del curriculum para los primeros, segundos y terceros años de la Escuela Secundaria, este proyecto intenta, un rastreo bibliográfico, como así también una profundización experimental en lo que atañe a la observación y reconocimiento de astros, trabajos realizados por Galileo, experimentación con lentes y construcción de telescopios sencillos. También se extiende la tarea interdisciplinar, al área de informática, con el armado y exposición de presentaciones de power- point por parte de los alumnos de los distintos años. Finalmente, teniendo presente la importancia ineludible del trabajo de la escuela en unión con las familias y la comunidad, se organiza un concurso de ensayos, para adultos, sobre la vida de este astrónomo y físico, con la participación de padres y docentes, abierto a otras escuelas e instituciones.

Taller de ecología y recursos naturales, una propuesta basada en lo experimental

El colegio Marianista propone a partir de 4° año tres orientaciones, una de ellas es Ciencias Naturales. En 5° año los alumnos cursan un taller cuatrimestral llamado Taller de Ecología y Recursos Naturales. Este taller es de carácter integrador de todo el proceso de formación en ciencias que los alumnos recorren durante su escolaridad secundaria y tiene como objetivo que su naturaleza sea netamente experimental. Intenta que los alumnos entiendan a la ecología como una ciencia compleja y con metodologías específicas y propias, transmitiendo conceptos de su contenido curricular mediante experiencias realizadas en el laboratorio y un trabajo de campo. Esta estrategia resultó sumamente positiva a la hora de motivar a los alumnos en su proceso de aprendizaje, siendo éste de carácter experimental

Cuando la ciencia va a la escuela

A partir de las problemáticas detectadas durante las instancias regional y provincial de La Feria de Ciencias y Tecnología 2006, el Club de Ciencias del Partido de La Costa elaboró una propuesta de alfabetización científica para docentes: las Asesorías "Cuando la ciencia va a la escuela". Ella implica la articulación de la educación formal, no formal (Club de ciencias), la comunidad científica local y el ámbito municipal. Docentes y asesores de ciencia comparten las distintas etapas de una investigación escolar, aprendiendo acerca de la ciencia, su método y su didáctica; y desarrollando una serie de actitudes y valores que hacen al trabajo en equipo. Partiendo de la observación del entorno cercano como elemento motivador de problemáticas enmarcadas en los contenidos curriculares vigentes, y estableciendo una serie de pasos para verificarlas de manera observacional o experimental. Hasta el momento, se han desarrollado asesorías en 14 establecimientos educativos de los Partidos de La Costa y Pinamar, con la participación de alrededor de 80 docentes. En la presente comunicación, se comparten los fundamentos de esta propuesta de alfabetización científica y los resultados obtenidos en una situación de aprendizaje generada en la Escuela Primaria nº 6 de Mar del Tuyú, en los ciclos lectivos 2007 y 2008.