Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of a putative C-type lectin (Fclectin) gene in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis

Lectin is regarded as a potential molecule involved in immune recognition and phagocytosis through opsonization in crustacean. Knowledge on lectin at molecular level would help us to understand its regulation mechanism in crustacean immune system. A novel C-type lectin gene (Fclectin) was cloned from hemocytes of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis by 3' and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR. The full-length cDNA consists of 1482 bp with an 861 bp open reading frame, encoding 287 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a putative signal peptide of 19 amino acids. It also contains two carbohydrate recognition domains/C-type lectin-like domains (CRD1 and CRD2), which share 78% identity with each other. CRD1 and CRD2 showed 34% and 30% identity with that of mannose-binding lectin from Japanese lamprey (Lethenteron japonicum), respectively. Both CRD1 and CRD2 of Fclectin have I I amino acids residues, which are relatively invariant in animals' C-type lectin CRDs. Five residues at Ca2+ binding site I are conserved in Fclectin. The potential Ca2+/carbohydrate-binding (site 2) motif QPD, E, NP (Gln-Pro-Asp, Glu, Asn-Pro) presented in the two CRDs of Fclectin may support its ability to bind galactose-type sugars. It could be deduced that Fclectin is a member of C-type lectin superfamily. Transcripts of Fclectin were found only in hemocytes by Northern blotting and RNA in situ hybridization. The variation of mRNA transcription level in hemocytes during artificial infection with bacteria and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was quantitated by capillary electrophoresis after RT-PCR. An exploration of mRNA expression variation after LPS stimulation was carried out in primarily cultured hemocytes in vitro. Expression profiles of Fclectin gene were greatly modified after bacteria, LPS or WSSV challenge. The above-stated data can provide us clues to understand the probable role of C-type lectin in innate immunity of shrimp and would be helpful to shrimp disease control. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Early development of Costaria costata (C. Agardh) Saunders and cultivation trials

Costaria costata (C. Agardh) Saunders is one of common kelps distributed in many coastal areas worldwide; however, in China, no reports have been made on cultivation of the genus. To investigate potential cultivation of the species in the northern part of China, trials on isolation and preservation of the gametophytes were conducted using C. costata from Korea; growth and development of the gametophytes were observed. We showed that at 10 +/- 1A degrees C, 60 mu mol m(-2)s(-1) and 12:12 h (L:D), freshly released zoospores settled down within 1 hour, and then developed into the primary cell during the following 2 days. After a vegetative growth phase lasting 6-8 days, female gametophytes became 3-4 times larger in diameter than that of the primary cell, but still remained at a unicellular stage, while male gametophytes divided into 4-10 cells with only a slight change in size. Fertilization occurred within 10 days after the zoospores were released from the sporangia, and the apical and basal tissues of the juvenile sporophyte divided and differentiated into the blade and stipe. Temperature and irradiance influenced gametophytic vegetative growth and developmental patterns. Generally, low irradiance (15 mu mol m(-2)s(-1) and 30 mu mol m(-2)s(-1)) was unfavorable to the induction of fertility, but it enhanced female gametophyte division. The optimal conditions for vegetative growth were 15A degrees C and 30 mu mol m(-2)s(-1). After transplantation of the juvenile seedlings and after eight months cultivation, the harvested mature blade reached 194 cm in length and 32.7 cm in width. Our study proves that it is feasible to implement propagation and large scale cultivation of C. costata in northern China.

Morphological and reproductive response of Caragana microphylla to different stocking rates

Understanding the effect on host plants of defending against herbivores is important in grazing ecology and grassland management. In this study, the morphological and reproductive responses of Caragana microphylla Lam. to grazing sheep were investigated using a 15-year grazing experiment with six stocking rates in the Inner Mongolia steppe of China. Plant height, rachis length, leaflet size, and number of pods decreased significantly, whereas spine density and length increased significantly with increased stocking rate. Significant negative correlations were observed between production of vegetative and reproductive organs and defensive organs, indicating that it is costly for C. microphylla to defend against herbivores and that morphological miniaturization and a tradeoff between production and defense were main responses of C. microphylla to herbivores. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Suppression of the Hepatitis C viral load by Phyllanthus niruri extracts

Gemstone Team ANTIDOTE

Caracterización funcional de la estepa magallánica y su transición a matorral de Mata Negra (Patagonia austral) a partir de imágenes de resolución espacial intermedia

La PPNA es indicadora de la biomasa disponible y se relaciona con la capacidad de carga de los sistemas pastoriles extensivos. Es posible estimarla a partir de índices de vegetación obtenidos de sensores remotos. El objetivo de esta tesis fue caracterizar funcional y estructuralmente una estepa graminosa (Estepa Magallánica Seca-EMS) y una arbustiva ((Matorral de Mata Negra-MMN) de la Patagonia Austral. En 18 sitios se midió cobertura vegetal (2004 y 2010) y biomasa por estratos (2004 y 2005). Se obtuvieron 8 índices de vegetación a partir de imágenes MODIS (resolución 16 días, 250m, 2003-2010). Se caracterizaron las comunidades vegetales (PCA). Se extrajeron los índices en áreas de 3x3 pixeles y correlacionaron con la biomasa y cobertura medidas a campo. Ambas áreas están dominadas por especies perennes con una cobertura de 66 por ciento En MMN la mitad de este valor corresponde a arbustos. La biomasa aérea total fue de aproximadamente 1000 Kg MS/ha en EMS y el triple en MMN, en ambos casos un 33 por ciento corresponde a material verde. Los índices presentan patrones temporales similares entre áreas, con un máximo a fines de octubre, aunque NDVI y RVI mostraron un segundo pico en abril. El MMN posee mayor biomasa pero los índices fueron 20 por ciento menores que EMS. El NDVI caracterizó mejor la vegetación de la EMS, con correlaciones de 0,69, 0,43 y 0,48 con la fracción verde de biomasa total, intercoironal y coironal, respectivamente. Reflejó además el crecimiento otoñal característico de ambientes con régimen isohigro, limitados por temperatura y humedad. Por el contrario, en el MMN, los índices espectrales y los indicadores de biomasa no correlacionaron. Los valores de regresión obtenidos indican que la evaluación de biomasa disponible a partir de sensores remotos es solo posible en uno de los ecosistemas y muestran que para estimar la receptividad, seria necesaria una calibración local de los índices, dado que la estructura de la vegetación modifica los valores espectrales.

Caracterización funcional de la estepa magallánica y su transición a matorral de Mata Negra (Patagonia austral)a partir de imágenes de resolución espacial intermedia

La PPNA es indicadora de la biomasa disponible y se relaciona con la capacidad de carga de los sistemas pastoriles extensivos. Es posible estimarla a partir de índices de vegetación obtenidos de sensores remotos. El objetivo de esta tesis fue caracterizar funcional y estructuralmente una estepa graminosa (Estepa Magallánica Seca-EMS)y una arbustiva ((Matorral de Mata Negra-MMN)de la Patagonia Austral. En 18 sitios se midió cobertura vegetal (2004 y 2010)y biomasa por estratos (2004 y 2005). Se obtuvieron 8 índices de vegetación a partir de imágenes MODIS (resolución 16 días, 250m, 2003-2010). Se caracterizaron las comunidades vegetales (PCA). Se extrajeron los índices en áreas de 3x3 pixeles y correlacionaron con la biomasa y cobertura medidas a campo. Ambas áreas están dominadas por especies perennes con una cobertura de 66 por ciento En MMN la mitad de este valor corresponde a arbustos. La biomasa aérea total fue de aproximadamente 1000 Kg MS/ha en EMS y el triple en MMN, en ambos casos un 33 por ciento corresponde a material verde. Los índices presentan patrones temporales similares entre áreas, con un máximo a fines de octubre, aunque NDVI y RVI mostraron un segundo pico en abril. El MMN posee mayor biomasa pero los índices fueron 20 por ciento menores que EMS. El NDVI caracterizó mejor la vegetación de la EMS, con correlaciones de 0,69, 0,43 y 0,48 con la fracción verde de biomasa total, intercoironal y coironal, respectivamente. Reflejó además el crecimiento otoñal característico de ambientes con régimen isohigro, limitados por temperatura y humedad. Por el contrario, en el MMN, los índices espectrales y los indicadores de biomasa no correlacionaron. Los valores de regresión obtenidos indican que la evaluación de biomasa disponible a partir de sensores remotos es solo posible en uno de los ecosistemas y muestran que para estimar la receptividad, seria necesaria una calibración local de los índices, dado que la estructura de la vegetación modifica los valores espectrales.

Chemotherapy and TRAIL-mediated colon cancer cell death: the roles of p53, TRAIL receptors, and c-FLIP.

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has recently attracted attention as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer. We assessed the roles of p53, TRAIL receptors, and cellular Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) in regulating the cytotoxic effects of recombinant TRAIL (rTRAIL) alone and in combination with chemotherapy [5-fluorouracil (5-FU), oxaliplatin, and irinotecan] in a panel of colon cancer cell lines. Using clonogenic survival and flow cytometric analyses, we showed that chemotherapy sensitized p53 wild-type, mutant, and null cell lines to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Although chemotherapy treatment did not modulate mRNA or cell surface expression of the TRAIL receptors death receptor 4, death receptor 5, decoy receptor 1, or decoy receptor 2, it was found to down-regulate expression of the caspase-8 inhibitor, c-FLIP. Stable overexpression of the long c-FLIP splice form but not the short form was found to inhibit chemotherapy/rTRAIL-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated down-regulation of c-FLIP, particularly the long form, was found to sensitize colon cancer cells to rTRAIL-induced apoptosis. In addition, treatment of a 5-FU-resistant cell line with 5-FU down-regulated c-FLIP expression and sensitized the chemotherapy-resistant cell line to rTRAIL. We conclude that TRAIL-targeted therapies may be used to enhance conventional chemotherapy regimens in colon cancer regardless of tumor p53 status. Furthermore, inhibition of c-FLIP may be a vital accessory strategy for the optimal use of TRAIL-targeted therapies.

Aspectos diferenciales intersexuales a la luz de la psicomotricidad en el trazado III-C.

Demostrar a la luz de la psicomotricidad las posibles diferencias intersexuales con el test del trazado III-C. 102 sujetos de edades comprendidas entre 17 y 19 años. De ellos, 49 son varones y 53 mujeres y todos están en el Curso de Orientación Universitaria (COU) y son de Cádiz. Estudia los caracteres evolutivos de la adolescencia para conocer los cambios físicos, la consolidación de la estructura psíquica, la conducta sexual, el comportamiento social, el afán de producción y el impulso creativo. Analiza el problema de los sexos, centrándose en las diferencias de la apariencia corpórea de cada uno, las formas de movimiento y el modo de hablar. Y finaliza con la aplicación del test de trazado III-C para descubrir las diferencias intersexuales en la psicomotricidad. Test TRazado III-C. Los sujetos realizaron las pruebas del test voluntariamente sin ningún tipo de coacción en un tiempo libre de recreo. Las dimensiones que analiza el test son la aptitud, lateralidad, actitud y coherencia intra psíquica. Y para conocer dichas dimensiones se comprueba tanto la cantidad como la calidad en ambas manos y después se representan los resultados mediante gráficas que determinan diferentes tipologías que identifican a los sujetos como impulsivos, inhibidos o compensados, en función de su psicomotricidad. 1) La gráfica de varones para la mano derecha, observa un primer momento de alta impulsividad, para en los siguientes momentos frenar el proceso pulsional y dirigirse hacia la zona de máxima integración. 2) La gráfica de mujeres indica un primer momento de impulsividad para orientarse definitivamente hacia la zona de la ineficacia con una progresiva disminución de la cantidad como de la calidad del trazado. 3) En la gráfica de varones para la mano izquierda tiene un primer momento de leve desinhibición determinado por la prudencia y un segundo momento de cansancio y desinterés por la tarea, orientándose la gráfica definitivamente hacia la zona de máxima integración. 4) La gráfica de las mujeres para la mano izquierda se sitúa en gran parte en la zona de integración con un primer momento de impulsividad para orientarse definitivamente hacia la zona de la impulsividad con una posición intermedia de tipo asténico. Las gráficas de mano derecha y mano izquierda en ambos grupos, indican estabilidad conductual dentro de la posición que ocupan.

Mutagenic evaluation and chemical investigation of Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss. leaf extracts

Byrsonima intermedia is a native species of the cerrado formation (tropical American savannah). In Brazil, this plant has been used for the treatment of fever, in ulcers, as a diuretic, as antiasthinatics and in skin infections. Members of the genus Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae) are employed not only in the folk medicine but also as food to make juice, jellies and liquor. The aim of this work was to evaluate the mutagenic effects of Byrsonima intermedia, common name 'murici'. Phytochernical analysis of methanol extract furnished (+)catechin, (-)-epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside, methyl gallate, gallic acid, quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside, amentoflavone, quercetin, querceti n-3-O-(2-O-galloyl)-beta-galactopyranoside and quei-eetin-3-O-(2-O-galloyl)-alpha-arabinopyranoside. Methanol, hydromethanol and chloroform extracts were evaluated in inutagenic assay with Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test) and mice (Micronucleus test). The methanolic extract presented signs of mutagenic activity for the strains TA98 and TA100 in the Ames assay. Mutagenicity was not observed in vivo. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

Are light traps baited with kairomones effective in the capture of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia intermedia? An evaluation of synthetic human odor as an attractant for phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss.: Gastric and duodenal anti-ulcer, antimicrobial and antidiarrheal effects in experimental rodent models

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Spermiogenesis and sperm ultrastructure in Cichla intermedia with some considerations about Labroidei spermatozoa (Teleostei, Perciformes, Cichlidae)

Spermiogenesis and spermatozoal structure were studied in Cichla intermedia, a primitive species of Neotropical cichlids. The analysis shows that spermiogenesis is characterized by chromatin compaction, flagellum development, nuclear rotation, nuclear fossa formation and residual cytoplasm elimination. In the spermatozoa, the head is round, the nucleus contains highly condensed filamentous clusters of chromatin and an acrosome is absent. The nuclear fossa is slightly eccentric and shows a projection that penetrates into the nuclear outline. The proximal centriole is located in the initial segment of the nuclear fossa. The midpiece and the cytoplasmic channel are long. The mitochondria, about 10 in number, are round or slightly elongated, disposed in two layers around the initial segment of the flagellum. The flagellum has a classical 9 + 2 axoneme and two lateral fins. The data available show that no characteristics of spermiogenesis or spermatozoa are exclusively found in members of the suborder Labroidei. However, three characteristics seem to be exclusively observed in Cichlidae: (1) compact filamentous clusters of chromatin; (2) slightly eccentric nuclear fossa; and, (3) number of mitochondria. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.