Sous-titrage de documentaire sur la capoeira

Trabalho de Projeto Apresentado ao Instituto de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Tradução e Interpretação Especializadas, sob orientação da professora Doutora Isabelle Tulekian Lopes e do professor Doutor Manuel Moreira da Silva

Variação das unidades fraseoterminológicas da culinária entre português brasileiro e português europeu

A criação de uniões, como a União Europeia e o Mercosul, o aumento do intercâmbio de mercadorias, de informações e conhecimentos, etc. estabelece novos trabalhos na área da Terminologia Científica e Técnica, tanto bilíngue como monolíngue, inclusive entre variantes de uma mesma língua, como o Português Brasileiro (PB) e o Português Europeu (PE), o que torna relevante o conhecimento das variantes fraseoterminológicas entre duas normas linguísticas para o especialista e para o tradutor. Sendo a Culinária uma área que proporciona vários tipos de intercâmbios, como linguístico, cultural, mercantil, etc. e, dessa forma, necessitando trocar conhecimentos, nosso estudo propõe, através de uma perspectiva interdisciplinar que engloba a Terminologia, numa ótica variacionista, a Fraseologia e a Linguística de Corpus, estabelecer critérios para identificar, emparelhar, contrastar e descrever as unidades fraseoterminológicas (UFT) da Culinária do PB e do PE, almejando, por conseguinte, estruturá-las numa ferramenta que seja útil aos especialistas, estudantes e tradutores dessa área. O desenvolvimento deste trabalho está organizado em sete capítulos. O primeiro, apresenta a Culinária, traçando um panorama histórico dessa área, e estabelece o mapa conceitual da Culinária que, além de servir para a organização das relações conceituais no dicionário, limita o universo da pesquisa. O segundo aborda a variação em Terminologia, bem como as principais tendências da Terminologia que aceitam a variação terminológica. O terceiro explana a Fraseologia, desde a língua corrente até à língua de especialidade, e estabelece os critérios para recolha dos candidatos a UFT da Culinária. O quarto apresenta brevemente a Linguística de Corpus e traça os caminhos seguidos para a constituição dos dois corpora textuais da Culinária, compostos de receitas culinárias e técnicas de preparo, os quais serviram para o levantamento da terminologia. O quinto trata da coleta e organização das unidades fraseoterminológicas da Culinária em PB bem como das respectivas variantes em PE e seu armazenamento em Base de Dados. O sexto, analisa a variação entre os pares de UFT selecionados para esse fim, descreve os contrastes detectados, e apresenta uma tipologia contrastiva dessas UFT variantes entre PB e PE. O sétimo apresenta o projeto do Dicionário Fraseológico Contrastivo de Culinária: Português Brasileiro - Português Europeu, descrevendo suas partes e o sistema de remissivas. Com base nas reflexões teóricas e na análise dos dados recolhidos, pudemos, além de identificar, emparelhar e descrever as diferentes formas assumidas do discurso da Culinária pelas UFT, chegar a um projeto de dicionário fraseoterminológico, cuja microestrutura possibilitará, mais que compreender o significado da UT, encontrar elementos para produzir um texto, visando, desse modo, as necessidades reais de tradutores e redatores, que carecem de recursos para o uso adequado das UFT presentes nas línguas de especialidade. Os resultados obtidos reafirmam que a variação terminológica é um fenômeno inerente aos domínios de especialidade, assim como às línguas naturais em que estão inseridas e, portanto, não deve ser ignorado na hora de elaborar dicionários terminológicos.

La perception naïve non native des voyelles nasales du portugais

Les adultes peuvent éprouver des difficultés à discriminer des phonèmes d’une langue seconde (L2) qui ne servent pas à distinguer des items lexicaux dans leur langue maternelle (L1). Le Feature Model (FM) de Brown (1998) propose que les adultes peuvent réussir à créer des nouvelles catégories de sons seulement si celles-ci peuvent être construites à partir de traits distinctifs existant dans la L1 des auditeurs. Cette hypothèse a été testée sur plusieurs contrastes consonantiques dans différentes langues; cependant, il semble que les traits qui s’appliquent sur les voyelles n’aient jamais été examinés dans cette perspective et encore moins les traits qui opèrent à la fois dans les systèmes vocalique et consonantique et qui peuvent avoir un statut distinctif ou non-distinctif. Le principal objectif de la présente étude était de tester la validité du FM concernant le contraste vocalique oral-nasal du portugais brésilien (PB). La perception naïve du contraste /i/-/ĩ/ par des locuteurs du français, de l’anglais, de l’espagnol caribéen et de l’espagnol conservateur a été examinée, étant donné que ces quatre langues diffèrent en ce qui a trait au statut de la nasalité. De plus, la perception du contraste non-naïf /e/-/ẽ/ a été inclus afin de comparer les performances dans la perception naïve et non-naïve. Les résultats obtenus pour la discrimination naïve de /i/-/ĩ/ a permis de tirer les conclusions suivantes pour la première exposition à un contraste non natif : (1) le trait [nasal] qui opère de façon distinctive dans la grammaire d’une certaine L1 peut être redéployé au sein du système vocalique, (2) le trait [nasal] qui opère de façon distinctive dans la grammaire d’une certaine L1 ne peut pas être redéployé à travers les systèmes (consonne à voyelle) et (3) le trait [nasal] qui opère de façon non-distinctive dans la grammaire d’une certaine L1 peut être ou ne pas être redéployé au statut distinctif. En dernier lieu, la discrimination non-naïve de /e/-/ẽ/ a été réussie par tous les groupes, suggérant que les trois types de redéploiement s’avèrent possibles avec plus d’expérience dans la L2.

Minimalist perspectives for psycholinguistic research

A particular approach to the study of psycholinguistic processes is presented, which is based on a minimalist conception of language. A procedural model of language acquisition is sketched, which reconciles infants speech processing and the idea of innately guided learning with a minimalist view of the initial state of language acquisition in an account of the bootstrapping problem. Language acquisition is viewed as proceeding with the progressive specification of formal features of the functional categories of the lexicon. The possibility of a minimalist derivation to be incorporated in a sentence production and/or comprehension model is discussed. Possible sources of language impairment, as manifested in SLI (Specific Language Impairment) syndrome, are considered in the light of this integrative approach. Reference is made to experimental work carried out in Brazilian Portuguese, with some extension to European Portuguese and River-Plate Spanish.

Back to the margins in search of the core: "Foreign Land"'s geography of exclusion

The crisis of the national project in the early 1990s, caused by a short-lived but disastrous government, led Brazilian art cinema, for the first time, to look at itself as periphery and re-approach the old colonial center, Portugal. Terra estrangeira/Foreign Land (Walter Salles & Daniela Thomas, Brazil/Portugal, 1995), a film about Brazilian exiles in Portugal, is the best illustration of this perspective shift which provides a new sense of Brazil’s scale and position within a global context. Shot mainly on location in São Paulo, Lisbon and Cape Verde, it promotes the encounter of Lusophone peoples who find a common ground in their marginal situation. Rather than as a former empire, Portugal is defined by its situation at the edge of Europe and by beliefs such as Sebastianism, whose origins go back to the time when the country was dominated by Spain. As a result, notions of “core” or “center” are devolved to the realm of myth. The film’s carefully crafted dialogue combines Brazilian, Portuguese and Creole linguistic peculiarities into a common dialect of exclusion, while language puns trigger visual rhymes which refer back to the Cinema Novo (the Brazilian New Wave) repertoire and restage the imaginary of the discovery turned into unfulfilled utopia. The main characters also acquire historical resonances, as they are depicted as descendants of Iberian conquistadors turned into smugglers of precious stones in the present. Their activities define a circuit of international exchange which resonates with that of globalized cinema, a realm in which Foreign Land, made up of citations and homage to other cinemas, tries to retrieve a sense of belonging.

Back to the margins in search of the core: foreign land's geography of exclusion

The crisis of the national project in the early 1990s, caused by a short-lived but disastrous government, led Brazilian art cinema, for the first time, to look at itself as periphery and re-approach the old colonial centre, Portugal. Terra estrangeira/Foreign Land (Walter Salles & Daniela Thomas, Brazil/Portugal, 1995), a film about Brazilian exiles in Portugal, is the best illustration of this perspective shift aimed at providing a new sense of Brazil’s scale and position within a global context. Shot mainly on location in São Paulo, Lisbon and Cape Verde, it promotes the encounter of Lusophone peoples who find a common ground in their marginal situation. Even Portugal is defined by its location at the edge of Europe and by beliefs such as Sebastianism, whose origins go back to the time when the country was dominated by Spain. As a result, notions of ‘core’ or ‘centre’ are devolved to the realm of myth. The film’s carefully crafted dialogues combine Brazilian, Portuguese and Creole linguistic peculiarities into a common dialect of exclusion, while language puns trigger visual rhymes which refer back to the Cinema Novo (the Brazilian New Wave) repertoire and restage the imaginary of the discovery turned into unfulfilled utopia. The main characters also acquire historical resonances, as they are depicted as descendants of Iberian conquistadors turned into smugglers of precious stones in the present. Their activities define a circuit of international exchange which resonates with that of globalized cinema, a realm in which Foreign Land, made up of citations and homage to other cinemas, tries to retrieve a sense of belonging.

L3 syntactic transfer selectivity and typological determinacy: the typological primacy model

The present article addresses the following question: what variables condition syntactic transfer? Evidence is provided in support of the position that third language (L3) transfer is selective, whereby, at least under certain conditions, it is driven by the typological proximity of the target L3 measured against the other previously acquired linguistic systems (cf. Rothman and Cabrelli Amaro, 2007, 2010; Rothman, 2010; Montrul et al., 2011). To show this, we compare data in the domain of adjectival interpretation between successful first language (L1) Italian learners of English as a second language (L2) at the low to intermediate proficiency level of L3 Spanish, and successful L1 English learners of L2 Spanish at the same levels for L3 Brazilian Portuguese. The data show that, irrespective of the L1 or the L2, these L3 learners demonstrate target knowledge of subtle adjectival semantic nuances obtained via noun-raising, which English lacks and the other languages share. We maintain that such knowledge is transferred to the L3 from Italian (L1) and Spanish (L2) respectively in light of important differences between the L3 learners herein compared to what is known of the L2 Spanish performance of L1 English speakers at the same level of proficiency (see, for example, Judy et al., 2008; Rothman et al., 2010). While the present data are consistent with Flynn et al.’s (2004) Cumulative Enhancement Model, we discuss why a coupling of these data with evidence from other recent L3 studies suggests necessary modifications to this model, offering in its stead the Typological Primacy Model (TPM) for multilingual transfer.

(PDF, 406 KB) On L3 acquisition and phonological permeability: a new test case for debates on the mental representation of non-native phonological systems

The goal of this article is to make an epistemological and theoretical contribution to the nascent field of third language (L3) acquisition and show how examining L3 development can offer a unique view into longstanding debates within L2 acquisition theory. We offer the Phonological Permeability Hypothesis (PPH), which maintains that examining the development of an L3/Ln phonological system and its effects on a previously acquired L2 phonological system can inform contemporary debates regarding the mental constitution of postcritical period adult phonological acquisition. We discuss the predictions and functional significance of the PPH for adult SLA and multilingualism studies, detailing a methodology that examines the effects of acquiring Brazilian Portuguese on the Spanish phonological systems learned before and after the so-called critical period (i.e., comparing simultaneous versus successive adult English-Spanish bilinguals learning Brazilian Portuguese as an L3).

Disentangling sources of incomplete acquisition: an explanation for competence divergence across heritage grammars.

This article brings to light an important variable involved in explaining a type of competence divergence in an instance of bilingual acquisition: heritage speaker (HS) bilingualism. We present results of experiments with European Portuguese (EP) heritage speakers (HSs), showing that they have full morpho-syntactic and semantic competence of inflected infinitives, similar to EP monolinguals. We show this constitutes clear evidence of competence mismatches between heritage speakers of European and Brazilian Portuguese, comparing our results to Rothman’s (2007) experimental evidence that Brazilian Portuguese (BP) heritage speakers lack knowledge of inflected infinitives. These comparative results are especially relevant because inflected infinitives were argued (Pires, 2002, 2006) to have been lost in colloquial BP dialects, although educated monolinguals demonstrate target competence.

A complex network approach to text summarization

Automatic summarization of texts is now crucial for several information retrieval tasks owing to the huge amount of information available in digital media, which has increased the demand for simple, language-independent extractive summarization strategies. In this paper, we employ concepts and metrics of complex networks to select sentences for an extractive summary. The graph or network representing one piece of text consists of nodes corresponding to sentences, while edges connect sentences that share common meaningful nouns. Because various metrics could be used, we developed a set of 14 summarizers, generically referred to as CN-Summ, employing network concepts such as node degree, length of shortest paths, d-rings and k-cores. An additional summarizer was created which selects the highest ranked sentences in the 14 systems, as in a voting system. When applied to a corpus of Brazilian Portuguese texts, some CN-Summ versions performed better than summarizers that do not employ deep linguistic knowledge, with results comparable to state-of-the-art summarizers based on expensive linguistic resources. The use of complex networks to represent texts appears therefore as suitable for automatic summarization, consistent with the belief that the metrics of such networks may capture important text features. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Relative entropy measures applied to healthy and pathological voice characterization

Nowadays, noninvasive methods of diagnosis have increased due to demands of the population that requires fast, simple and painless exams. These methods have become possible because of the growth of technology that provides the necessary means of collecting and processing signals. New methods of analysis have been developed to understand the complexity of voice signals, such as nonlinear dynamics aiming at the exploration of voice signals dynamic nature. The purpose of this paper is to characterize healthy and pathological voice signals with the aid of relative entropy measures. Phase space reconstruction technique is also used as a way to select interesting regions of the signals. Three groups of samples were used, one from healthy individuals and the other two from people with nodule in the vocal fold and Reinke`s edema. All of them are recordings of sustained vowel /a/ from Brazilian Portuguese. The paper shows that nonlinear dynamical methods seem to be a suitable technique for voice signal analysis, due to the chaotic component of the human voice. Relative entropy is well suited due to its sensibility to uncertainties, since the pathologies are characterized by an increase in the signal complexity and unpredictability. The results showed that the pathological groups had higher entropy values in accordance with other vocal acoustic parameters presented. This suggests that these techniques may improve and complement the recent voice analysis methods available for clinicians. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Variação, contato e mudança linguística em Moçambique e Cabo Verde : A concordância variável de número em sintagmas nominais do português

This study investigates variable noun phrase number agreement (VNA) in two second language varieties of Portuguese, spoken in Maputo, Mozambique and in Mindelo, Cape Verde. Quantitative VARBRUL analysis is carried out based on recordings made in Maputo and Mindelo 2007 and 2008. Previous quantitative studies on VNA in varieties of Brazilian Portuguese (Guy, 1981; Lopes, 2001; Andrade, 2003) as well as on VNA in first and second language varieties of Portuguese from São Tomé (Baxter, 2004; Figueiredo, 2008, 2010) indicate contact between Portuguese and African languages as the main origin of this phenomenon. VNA in Brazilian Portuguese is, however, interpreted by Scherre (1988) and Naro & Scherre (1993, 2007) as the result of language internal drift. Varieties of Portuguese from Mozambique and Cape Verde are particularly interesting to contrast in order to investigate influences from African languages on VNA, as in Mozambique Bantu languages are first languages of the vast majority of Portuguese speakers, whereas in Cape Verde, practically all Portuguese speakers are first language speakers of Cape Verdean Creole, whose substrates are West African, and not Bantu, languages. Comparison is also made with previous studies from Brazil and São Tomé. The results of this study comment previously postulated explanations for VNA in Portuguese in various ways. The analysis of the variables onset age and age stratum indicates that VNA in the analyzed varieties is a phenomenon linked to the acquisition of Portuguese as a second language and/or language contact rather than the result of internal drift. The fact that all the compared varieties tend to mark plural on pre-head components contradicts Bantu transfer as an explanation for this pattern, and raises the need to also consider more general explanations based on language contact. The basic structural similarity between the compared varieties suggests the existence of a grammatical restructuring continuum.

Concordância nominal de número na fala infantil : análise variacionista

Este trabalho tem como proposta investigar aspectos relacionados à concordância nominal de número na fala de crianças monolíngües no português do Brasil. O parâmetro analítico segue as descrições sobre o fenômeno na fala adulta, sob o arcabouço da Sociolingüística Quantitativa. Dessa forma, a investigação que aqui se apresenta estrutura-se tanto em aspectos lingüísticos quanto sociais. Nosso objetivo é observar, se tal como na fala adulta, a concordância nominal de número caracteriza-se como uma regra variável na fala infantil. Nossa análise organiza-se em dois momentos. O primeiro, denominado análise atomística, focaliza as motivações estruturais do sistema lingüístico condicionantes da presença da marca formal de plural em cada constituinte sintagmático. A segunda parte, denominada análise não atomística, analisa o sintagma nominal como um todo e averigua os condicionamentos extralingüísticos no que diz respeito à produção de SNs plurais padrão e não-padrão na fala da criança, nos termos estipulados pela norma gramatical. Para tal propósito, tomamos para análise quatro coletas transversais de crianças, recobrindo um período etário dos quatro aos oito anos de idade. De modo geral, os resultados encontrados sugerem um comportamento verbal semelhante ao dos adultos, embora muitos dos fatores discutidos não tenham significância estatística, conforme a análise realizada com o pacote de programas estatístico VARBRUL.

Redes estratégicas no contexto luso-brasileiro: estudo de caso na indústria do petróleo

Desde seu surgimento, a área de estratégia apresenta como características centrais a criação, uso e difusão de modelos que ajudam a construir e manter a autoridade do estrategista da grande empresa e o forte embasamento nas teorias econômicas e no paradigma da entidade autônoma. No cenário teórico dessa disciplina, predominam os referenciais produzidos no ambiente anglo-americano, a prescrição de modelos estratégicos universais e a falta profundidade teórica e conceitual que ajude a melhor compreender o fenômeno das redes. Esse arcabouço teórico dominante na disciplina designa maior relevância e foco à tese da mercadização, que reproduz os princípios do neoliberalismo e marginaliza as demais teorias de mercado que também são de fundamental importância para a compreensão do desempenho das empresas e das redes. Exemplos de teorias marginalizadas são as que endereçam o reconhecimento das interfaces entre poder, política, mercado, Estado e sociedade. Especialmente em economias emergentes assim como em economias em transição, como é o caso do Brasil e de Portugal respectivamente, essas teorias marginalizadas revelam o reconhecimento de que estratégias de não-mercado são tão importantes quanto estratégias de mercado. Dada a atual relevância das operações envolvendo as organizações híbridas Petrobras e Galp, em especial na indústria petrolífera de Brasil e Portugal, por meio de um estudo de caso a presente dissertação busca identificar como e porque são formadas redes de organizações híbridas na indústria petrolífera luso-brasileira e como estratégias de mercado e de não-mercado interagem nessas redes.

Memória ferroviária : da mobilização social à política pública de patrimônio

Esta tese tem como objetivo o estudo do processo de construção e apropriação do passado ferroviário e da transformação da memória ferroviária como objeto de política pública, sobretudo após a edição da Lei no 11.483/2007. O estudo aborda os papeis desempenhados por agentes sociais diversos, como as associações de preservação ferroviárias (APF), a Rede Ferroviária Federal (RFFSA) e o Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (Iphan), e suas estratégias de ressignificação e objetificação do passado ferroviário, processo que teve início ainda na década de 1970. A pesquisa descreve a implantação da malha ferroviária brasileira, de maneira a contextualizar a extinção da RFFSA, em 2007; aborda o surgimento e evolução das APFs, e descreve a atuação da Rede na preservação e salvaguarda do passado da ferrovia por meio da análise do Programa de Preservação do Patrimônio Histórico Ferroviário (Preserfe). Por fim, a tese se debruça sobre a atuação do Iphan, recorrendo à análise dos processos de tombamentos de bens ferroviários e ao estudo dos desdobramentos da Lei no 11.483/2007 no interior do órgão. O movimento de valorização do passado ferroviário contribui para os debates acerca dos processos de apropriação e patrimonialização do passado.