Avaliação temporal da poluição por antiincrustantes organoestânicos no litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: antes e após o banimento nacional e internacional

Tintas antifoulings são utilizadas para evitar a incrustação de organismos em estruturas submersas, especialmente casco de embarcações. Os compostos organoestânicos (OTs), utilizados nessas tintas, entre eles o tributilestanho, são desreguladores endócrinos e causaram diversos danos aos ecossistemas marinhos. No caso dos moluscos gastrópodes, esse tipo de poluição faz com que as fêmeas adquiram características masculinas, como vaso deferente e pênis, fenômeno esse conhecido como imposex. A Organização Marítima Internacional (IMO) estabeleceu o banimento de tintas à base de COEs nas embarcações, em 2008. No Brasil, a NORMAM 23, proibiu o uso em 2007, contudo a Marinha já havia suspendido seu uso desde 2003. Entretanto, efeitos deletérios destes compostos ainda são detectados em vários países, inclusive ao longo do litoral brasileiro. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo principal fazer uma avaliação temporal (1997-2012) da poluição por organestânicos na costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro utilizando como bioindicador a espécie Stramonita haemastoma. A área de estudo abrangeu cinco regiões: Paraty, Ilha Grande, Baia de Ilha Grande, Baia de Guanabara e Arraial do Cabo. Análises químicas de butilestânicos foram feitas em sedimentos superficiais de mangues de Paraty (Mangue do Estaleiro e mangue do Saco do Mamanguá) e Ilha Grande (Mangue do Aventureiro) sendo os dois últimos considerados áreas de referência. Em cada estação de biomonitoramento foram coletados 30 indivíduos sexualmente adultos da espécie S. haemastoma, através de mergulho livre em apnéia e analisados através do método não destrutivo proposto por nosso grupo de pesquisa. Em todas as cinco áreas analisadas ao longo da costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro foram registradas estações com altos índices de imposex. Apesar de muitas estações apresentarem diminuição nos índices, na maioria ocorreu um aumento ou conservação alta na porcentagem de imposex depois do banimento. As concentrações médias de butilestânicos no mangue (S1), perto de fontes locais, foram 205,7 16,8 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 16,4 1,3 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,0 2,9 ng (Sn) g-1 de MBT. Nas áreas de referência: mangue do Saco do Mamanguá (S2) foram 16,0 0,8 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 10,1 1,4 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,1 2,2 ng (Sn) g-1 de MBT e mangue do Aventureiro (S3) com 18,1 4,2 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 15,3 0,5 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,2 1,5 ng (Sn). g-1 de MBT. As taxas de degradação foram de 01, 1,3 e 1,4 respectivamente indicando inputs recentes desses compostos. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que carbono orgânico dissolvido e particulado, bem como xenoestrógenos podem estar interferindo no desenvolvimento da síndrome, levando a subestimação de avaliação do imposex. As concentrações de butilestânicos, além do aumento ou continuidade alta na incidência de imposex após o banimento na maioria das estações indicam que, apesar da proibição do uso do TBT em tintas antiiincrustantes no Brasil, elas ainda estão sendo utilizadas de forma ilegal, especialmente em pequenos barcos. Esse estudo é fundamental para se propor medidas de mitigação e controle dos compostos organoestânicos, até mesmo dos novos antifoulings TBT- free, que também possuem efeitos prejudiciais ao ambiente. Além disso, as áreas onde se registrou altos índices de imposex serão essenciais para o monitoramento dos efeitos desses novos antifoulings.

Krisiari aurrea hartuz: SAKANA S. COOP. enpresaren estrategia aldaketaren ezarpena eta analisia

[EU] Gradu Amaierako Lan honetan SAKANA kooperatiba da aztertzeko erabili dudan enpresa. 1975. Urtean sortu zen fundizio enpresa industrial bat da. Enpresa hau Lakuntzan dago kokatuta (Nafarroa) eta gaur egun 290 langile ditu. SAKANAK krisi ekonomikoarekin batera etorri zen eskariaren jaitsiera sufritu zuen. Hala ere, gaur egungo egoera ona da, lehiakide batzuen porrota ikusita, krisiari aurre egitea lortu duen enpresa bat izan da. Egungo egoera honen erantzulerik nagusiena 2007. urtean egin zuten aldaketa estrategikoa da. Aldaketa hau integrazio bertikalean oinarritu zen. SAKANAK pieza eolikoak funditzeaz gain, mekanizazioa eta margotzea gehitu zituen bere balio katera. Aldaketa honek kooperatiba honen etorkizunerako norabide bat markatu zuen. Estrategia aldaketa horren kudeaketari dagozkion atal nagusiei egingo zaie aipamena lan honetan, hau da, estrategia horren ezarpena aztertuz eta balorazioa eginez.

Imagens de um corpo de mulher: (re)criações na obra de arte de Clarice Lispector e Frida Kahlo

Imagens de um corpo de mulher: (re)criações na obra de arte de Clarice Lispector e Frida Kahlo é uma pesquisa de ordem literária e filosófica, que tem como objetivo encontrar um corpo de mulher através da análise de parte da produção literária de Clarice Lispector e plástica de Frida Kahlo, experimentada também pela pesquisadora no exercício desta escrita acadêmica. Com o método comparativo, esta dissertação propõe apresentar zonas fronteiriças entre a plasticidade e a textualidade, tanto da palavra, quanto da imagem. Tendo como ponto de interseção o corpo, há uma escritora que pinta e uma pintora que escreve: neste duplo deslocamento, vislumbram-se cruzamentos das quais insurgem corporalidades cuja constância é estar em transformação. Nos processos criativos das duas artistas pesquisadas, são tênues os limiares entre vida e arte. Coloca-se em questão o conceito de representação, já há muito tempo em crise, e possibilita o uso do termo (re)criação. No livro Água Viva, de Clarice Lispector, uma personagem-pintora realiza uma metaescrita, discutindo as limitações e os alcances do próprio ato de escrever. Nos quadros de Frida Kahlo, é recorrente a presença de uma figura corpórea marcada por procedimentos cirúrgicos, fruto da condição enferma que acompanhou a artista por toda sua trajetória. Cada uma, a seu modo e a partir de seu próprio corpo vivente, produziu (re)criações que implicam, em suas obras de arte, o leitor e o fruidor, inclusive a pesquisadora. Diante desse panorama, destacam-se os imbricamentos entre a Literatura e a Pintura, assim como entre a Arte e a Filosofia. Este trânsito não só aponta, mas também gera corpos poético-conceituais. A cintilação destes encontros, pois, é o devir aqui estudado um corpo de mulher por vir

Lake Victoria Region (East) Annual Report 1976

The fishing industry on Lake Victoria continued to provide a wide spectrum of activities to a variety of people principally the fishermen and the fish mongers, boat builders,fishnets and associated equipment manufacturer transporters on land and water and finally the consumers of the end product the fish. Though there were such varied activities in the industry the year under review, as in previous other recent years, was difficult one being, characterized by continued shortages of fishing gear and accessories, spare parts for the outboard engines, timber for boat building, nails, paints and generally high prices of those items when ever found. Thus this total sum the activities of the fishing industry on Lake victoria was rather slack as compared to those of precious year.

A COMPARATIVE-STUDY OF KARYOTYPES OF MUNTJACS BY CHROMOSOME PAINTING

We have used a combination of chromosome sorting, degenerate oligonucleotide-primed polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR), chromosome painting and digital image capturing and processing techniques for comparative chromosome analysis of members of the genus Muntiacus. Chromosome-specific ''paints'' from a female Indian muntjac were hybridised to the metaphase chromosomes of the Gongshan, Black, and Chinese muntjac by both single and three colour chromosome painting. Karyotypes and idiograms for the Indian, Gongshan, Black and Chinese muntjac were constructed, based on enhanced 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) banding patterns. The hybridisation signal for each paint was assigned to specific bands or chromosomes for all of the above muntjac species. The interspecific chromosomal homology was demonstrated by the use of both enhanced DAPI banding and comparative chromosome painting. These results provide direct molecular cytogenetic evidence for the tandem fusion theory of the chromosome evolution of muntjac species.

Evolution of the black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons) karyotype revealed by comparative chromosome painting

The black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons) has an unusual karyotype of 2n = 8 in females and 2n = 9 in males. We have studied the evolution of this karyotype by hybridising chromosome-specific paints derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of the Chinese muntjac (M. reevesi, 2n = 46) to chromosomes of the black muntjac. The hybridisation pattern allowed us to infer chromosomal homologies between these two species. Tandem and centromeric fusions, reciprocal translocations, and insertions are involved in the reduction of the diploid number from 2n = 46 to 2n = 8, 9. The painting patterns further show complex chromosomal rearrangements in the male black muntjac which involve more than half the karyotype, including both sex chromosomes. Since early meiosis is reported to be normal without any visible inversion loops of the synaptonemal complex, the observed chromosomal rearrangements would lead to heterosynapsis and, therefore, leave a large fraction of the male black muntjac karyotype balanced between the two sexes.

Reciprocal chromosome painting illuminates the history of genome evolution of the domestic cat, dog and human

Domestic cats and dogs are important companion animals and model animals in biomedical research. The cat has a highly conserved karyotype, closely resembling the ancestral karyotype of mammals, while the dog has one of the most extensively rearranged mammalian karyotypes investigated so far. We have constructed the first detailed comparative chromosome map of the domestic dog and cat by reciprocal chromosome painting. Dog paints specific for the 38 autosomes and the X chromosomes delineated 68 conserved chromosomal segments in the cat, while reverse painting of cat probes onto red fox and dog chromosomes revealed 65 conserved segments. Most conserved segments on cat chromosomes also show a high degree of conservation in G-banding patterns compared with their canine counterparts. At least 47 chromosomal fissions (breaks), 25 fusions and one inversion are needed to convert the cat karyotype to that of the dog, confirming that extensive chromosome rearrangements differentiate the karyotypes of the cat and dog. Comparative analysis of the distribution patterns of conserved segments defined by dog paints on cat and human chromosomes has refined the human/cat comparative genome map and, most importantly, has revealed 15 cryptic inversions in seven large chromosomal regions of conserved synteny between humans and cats.

Conserved chromosome segments in Hylobates hoolock revealed by human and H-leucogenys paint probes

A complete comparative chromosome map of the white-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock, 2n = 38), white-cheeked gibbon (Hylobates leucogenys, 2n = 52), and human has been established by hybridising H. leucogenys chromosome-specific paints and human 24-colour paints onto H. hoolock metaphase chromosomes. In the 18 H. hoolock autosomes, we identified 62 conserved segments that showed DNA homology to regions of the 25 H. leucogenys autosomes, Numerous interchromosomal rearrangements differentiate the karyotypes of H. leucogenys and H. hoolock. Only H. hoolock chromosome 10 showed homology to one entire autosome of H. leucogenys. The hybridisation of human 24-colour paints not only confirmed most of the chromosome correspondences between human and H. hoolock established previously but also helped to correct five erroneous assignments and revealed three new segments. Our results demonstrate that the karyotypes of the extant gibbons have arisen mainly through extensive translocation events and that the karyotype of H. hoolock more closely resembles the ancestral karyotype of Hylobates, rather than the karyotype of H. leucogenys. Copyright (C) 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Chromosome painting in the long-tailed field mouse provides insights into the ancestral murid karyotype

We report on the hybridization of mouse chromosomal paints to Apodemus sylvaticus, the long-tailed field mouse. The mouse paints detected 38 conserved segments in the Apodemus karyotype. Together with the species reported here there are now six species of rodents mapped with Mus musculus painting probes. A parsimony analysis indicated that the syntenies of nine M. musculus chromosomes were most likely already formed in the muroid ancestor: 3, 4, 7, 9, 14, 18, 19, X and Y. The widespread occurrence of syntenic segment associations of mouse chromosomes 1/17, 2/13, 7/19, 10/17, 11/16, 12/17 and 13/15 suggests that these associations were ancestral syntenies for muroid rodents. The muroid ancestral karyotype probably had a diploid number of about 2n = 54. It would be desirable to have a richer phylogenetic array of species before any final conclusions are drawn about the Muridae ancestral karyotype. The ancestral karyotype presented here should be considered as a working hypothesis. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Utilization of sardines

Oil sardine Sardinella longiceps stands out as the single largest pelagic fishery in India contributing to about 30% of total marine fish landings. Commensurate with the volume of the fishery, efforts at proper utilization of the fish by processing into canned and frozen products or by distributing in fresh state to internal consuming centres by quick transport have remained rather very poor. The paper presents the problems and prospects with regard to the utilization of the fish on the above lines. Results of investigations made at C.I.F.T. on the utilization of sardine body oil into industrially useful products such as factice, vehicle for paints, additive in lubricating oil and base for printing ink have also been discussed.

Difterentially expressed genes of Tetrahymena thermophila in response to tributyltin (TBT) identified by suppression subtractive hybridization and real time quantitative PCR

Tributyltin (TBT) is widely used as antifouling paints, agriculture biocides, and plastic stabilizers around the world, resulting in great pollution problem in aquatic environments. However, it has been short of the biomonitor to detect TBT in freshwater. We constructed the suppression subtractive hybridization library of Tetrahymena thermophila exposed to TBT, and screened out 101 Expressed Sequence Tags whose expressions were significantly up- or down-regulated with TBT treatment. From this, a series of genes related to the TBT toxicity were discovered, such as glutathione-S-transferase gene (down-regulated), plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase isoforms 3 gene (up-regulated) and NgoA (up-regulated). Furthermore, their expressions under different concentrations of TBT treatment (0.5-40 ppb) were detected by real time fluorescent quantitative PCR. The differentially expressed genes of T thermophila in response to TBT were identified, which provide the basic to make Tetrahymena as a sensitive, rapid and convenient TBT biomonitor in freshwater based on rDNA inducible expression system. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Flying lemurs – The 'flying tree shrews'? Molecular cytogenetic evidence for a Scandentia-Dermoptera sister clade

Background: Flying lemurs or Colugos (order Dermoptera) represent an ancient mammalian lineage that contains only two extant species. Although molecular evidence strongly supports that the orders Dermoptera, Scandentia, Lagomorpha, Rodentia and Primates form a superordinal clade called Supraprimates (or Euarchontoglires), the phylogenetic placement of Dermoptera within Supraprimates remains ambiguous. Results: To search for cytogenetic signatures that could help to clarify the evolutionary affinities within this superordinal group, we have established a genome-wide comparative map between human and the Malayan flying lemur (Galeopterus variegatus) by reciprocal chromosome painting using both human and G. variegatus chromosome-specific probes. The 22 human autosomal paints and the X chromosome paint defined 44 homologous segments in the G. variegatus genome. A putative inversion on GVA 11 was revealed by the hybridization patterns of human chromosome probes 16 and 19. Fifteen associations of human chromosome segments (HSA) were detected in the G. variegatus genome: HSA1/3, 1/10, 2/21, 3/ 21, 4/8, 4/18, 7/15, 7/16, 7/19, 10/16, 12/22 (twice), 14/15, 16/19 (twice). Reverse painting of G. variegatus chromosome-specific paints onto human chromosomes confirmed the above results, and defined the origin of the homologous human chromosomal segments in these associations. In total, G. variegatus paints revealed 49 homologous chromosomal segments in the HSA genome. Conclusion: Comparative analysis of our map with published maps from representative species of other placental orders, including Scandentia, Primates, Lagomorpha and Rodentia, suggests a signature rearrangement (HSA2q/21 association) that links Scandentia and Dermoptera to one sister clade. Our results thus provide new evidence for the hypothesis that Scandentia and Dermoptera have a closer phylogenetic relationship to each other than either of them has to Primates.

The Development of a Marine Natural Product-based Antifouling Paint

Problems with tin and copper antifouling compounds have highlighted the need to develop new environmentally friendly antifouling coatings. Bacteria isolated from living surfaces in the marine environment are a promising source of natural antifouling compounds. Four isolates were used to produce extracts that were formulated into ten waterbased paints. All but one of the paints showed activity against a test panel of fouling bacteria. Five of the paints were further tested for their ability to inhibit the settlement of barnacle larvae, Balanus amphitrite, and algal spores of Ulva lactuca, and for their ability to inhibit the growth of U. lactuca. Two paints caused a significant decrease in the number of settled barnacles. One paint containing extract of Pseudomonas sp. strain NUDMB50-11, showed excellent activity in all assays. The antifouling chemicals responsible for the activity of the extract were isolated, using bioassay guided fractionation, and their chemical structures determined.

Synthesis and characterization of thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(ester imide)s

Two closely series of poly(ester imide)s had been synthesized by solution polycondensation of p-phenylenebis(trimellitate) dianhydride with aliphatic diamines. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) traces of the most poly(ester imide)s exhibited two endotherms representing the solid state to anisotropic phase transition (T-m1) and the anisotropic to isotropic melt transition (T-m2), respectively. Observation under polarizing microscope and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) measurements suggested that the anisotropic phase formed above the melting paints (T-m1) had a smectic character. The thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) revealed that the thermal stabilities of the poly(ester imide)s were up to 350 degrees C. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Toward A Model Of Children's Story Comprehension

How does a person answer questions about children's stories? For example, consider 'Janet wanted Jack's paints. She looked at the picture he was painting and said 'Those paints make your picture look funny.' The question to ask is 'Why did Janet say that?'. We propose a model which answers such questions by relating the story to background real world knowledge. The model tries to generate and answer important questions about the story as it goes along. Within this model we examine two questions about the story as it goes along. Within this model we examine two problems, how to organize this real world knowledge, and how it enters into more traditional linguistic questions such as deciding noun phrase reference.