Synthetic polymers for ophthalmic applications

The contact lens represents a well-established important class of biomaterials. This thesis brings together the literature, mostly Japanese and American patents, concerned with an important group of polymers, `rigid gas permeable contact lens materials'. A comparison is made of similarities in the underlying chemical themes, centring on the use of variants of highly branched siloxy compounds with polymerizable methacrylate groups. There is a need for standard techniques to assess laboratory behaviour in relation to in vitro performance. A major part of the present work is dedicated to the establishment of such standardised techniques. It is apparent that property design requirements in this field (i.e. oxygen permeability, surface and mechanical properties) are to some extent conflicting. In principle, the structural approaches used to obtain high oxygen permeability lead to surface properties that are less than ideal in terms of compatibility with tears. PMMA is known to have uniquely good (but not perfect) surface properties in this respect; it has been used as a starting point in attempting to design new materials that possess a more acceptable compromise of transport and surface properties for ocular use. Initial examination of the oxygen permeabilities of relatively simple alkyl methacrylates, show that butyl methacrylate which has a permeability some fifty times greater than PMMA, represents an interesting and hitherto unexplored group of materials for ophthalmic applications. Consideration was similarly given to surface modification techniques that would produce materials having the ability to sustain coherent tear film in the eye without markedly impairing oxygen transport properties. Particular attention is paid to the use of oxygen plasma techniques in this respect. In conclusion, similar design considerations were applied to an extended wear hydrogel lens material in an attempt to overcome mechanical stability deficiencies which manifest themselves lq`in vivo' but not `in vitro'. A relatively simple structure modification, involving steric shielding of the amide substituent group, proved to be an effective solution to the problem.

In vivo effects of tailored laminin-332 α3 conjugated scaffolds enhances wound healing:a histomorphometric analysis

Surface modification techniques have been used to develop biomimetic scaffolds by incorporating cell adhesion peptides. In our previous work, we have shown the tethering of laminin-332 α3 chain to type I collagen scaffold using microbial transglutaminase (mTGase), promotes cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. In this study, we evaluated the wound healing properties of tailored laminin-332 α3 chain (peptide A: PPFLMLLKGSTR) tethered to a type I collagen scaffold using mTGase by incorporating transglutaminase substrate peptide sequences containing either glutamine (peptide B: PPFLMLLKGSTREAQQIVM) or lysine (peptide C: PPFLMLLKGSTRKKKKG) in rat full-thickness wound model at two different time points (7 and 21 days). Histological evaluations were assessed for wound closure, epithelialization, angiogenesis, inflammatory, fibroblastic cellular infiltrations, and quantified using stereological methods (p < 0.05). Peptide A and B tethered to collagen scaffold using mTGase stimulated neovascularization, decreased the inflammatory cell infiltration and prominently enhanced the fibroblast proliferation which significantly accelerated the wound healing process. We conclude that surface modification by incorporating motif of laminin-332 α3 chain (peptide A: PPFLMLLK GSTR) domain and transglutaminase substrate to the laminin-332 α3 chain (peptide B: PPFLMLLKGSTREAQQIVM) using mTGase may be a potential candidate for tissue engineering applications and skin regeneration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A:2788-2795, 2013. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., a Wiley Company.

Parents’ Perception of Medication Treatments for Preschool Children with or at – risk for ADHD

Introduction: ADHD is a chronic medical condition that affects 3-7% of school-aged children. Over the last few years, there has been increased attention with children in the preschool age range. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that treatment for ADHD in the preschool age range should take the form of behavior modification first, with medication only considered after behavior modification is not effective alone in treating the symptoms (AAP, 2011). However, little research has been done to examine parent perceptions of evidence-based treatment approaches for children in the preschool age range. Objective: This study sought to examine parent perceptions of psychotropic medication use for preschool age (4-6 years) children with or at-risk of ADHD. Method: Data was collected from 176 families who presented for treatment at a clinic in southeast Florida. Parents completed questionnaires about their family background, their child’s behavior, behavioral functioning, and their perceptions of medication treatment. Results: Preliminary results indicate that 50% of parents were not open to the possibility of medication, 44.6% of parents were open to the possibility of medication, and 5.4% of parents chose against medication when a physician recommended it. Results examining the extent to which severity of child behavior problems impacts parent perceptions of medication will also be presented. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that parents of preschool children are hesitant to consider medication as a treatment option for their young children. The findings of this study are important as more and more young children are being diagnosed with ADHD each year

Adhésion au traitement antidiabétique oral chez les adultes atteints de diabète de type 2 : déterminants et interventions visant à l'améliorer

Introduction : Le diabète de type 2 est une maladie évolutive débilitante et souvent mortelle qui atteint de plus en plus de personnes dans le monde. Le traitement antidiabétique non-insulinique (TADNI) notamment le traitement antidiabétique oral (TADO) est le plus fréquemment utilisé chez les adultes atteints de cette maladie. Toutefois, plusieurs de ces personnes ne prennent pas leur TADO tel que prescrit posant ainsi la problématique d’une adhésion sous-optimale. Ceci entraîne des conséquences néfastes aussi bien pour les patients que pour la société dans laquelle ils vivent. Il serait donc pertinent d’identifier des pistes de solution à cette problématique. Objectifs : Trois objectifs de recherche ont été étudiés : 1) Explorer la capacité de la théorie du comportement planifié (TCP) à prédire l’adhésion future au TADNI chez les adultes atteints de diabète de type 2, 2) Évaluer l’efficacité globale des interventions visant à améliorer l’adhésion au TADO chez les adultes atteints de diabète de type 2 et étudier l’influence des techniques de changement de comportement sur cette efficacité globale, et 3) Évaluer l’efficacité globale de l’entretien motivationnel sur l’adhésion au traitement médicamenteux chez les adultes atteints de maladie chronique et étudier l’influence des caractéristiques de cette intervention sur son efficacité globale. Méthodes : Pour l’objectif 1 : Il s’agissait d’une enquête web, suivie d’une évaluation de l’adhésion au TADNI sur une période de 30 jours, chez des adultes atteints de diabète de type 2, membres de Diabète Québec. L’enquête consistait à la complétion d’un questionnaire auto-administré incluant les variables de la TCP (intention, contrôle comportemental perçu et attitude) ainsi que d’autres variables dites «externes». Les informations relatives au calcul de l’adhésion provenaient des dossiers de pharmacie des participants transmis via la plateforme ReMed. Une régression linéaire multivariée a été utilisée pour estimer la mesure d’association entre l’intention et l’adhésion future au TADNI ainsi que l’interaction entre l’adhésion passée et l’intention. Pour répondre aux objectifs 2 et 3, deux revues systématiques et méta-analyses ont été effectuées et rapportées selon les lignes directrices de PRISMA. Un modèle à effets aléatoires a été utilisé pour estimer l’efficacité globale (g d’Hedges) des interventions et son intervalle de confiance à 95 % (IC95%) dans chacune des revues. Nous avons également quantifié l’hétérogénéité (I2 d’Higgins) entre les études, et avons fait des analyses de sous-groupe et des analyses de sensibilité. Résultats : Objectif 1 : Il y avait une interaction statistiquement significative entre l’adhésion passée et l’intention (valeur-p= 0,03). L’intention n’était pas statistiquement associée à l’adhésion future au TADNI, mais son effet était plus fort chez les non-adhérents que chez les adhérents avant l’enquête web. En revanche, l’intention était principalement prédite par le contrôle comportemental perçu à la fois chez les adhérents [β= 0,90, IC95%= (0,80; 1,00)] et chez les non-adhérents passés [β= 0,76, IC95%= (0,56; 0,97)]. Objectif 2 : L’efficacité globale des interventions sur l’adhésion au TADO était de 0,21 [IC95%= (-0,05; 0,47); I2= 82 %]. L’efficacité globale des interventions dans lesquelles les intervenants aidaient les patients et/ou les cliniciens à être proactifs dans la gestion des effets indésirables était de 0,64 [IC95%= (0,31; 0,96); I2= 56 %]. Objectif 3 : L’efficacité globale des interventions (basées sur l’entretien motivationnel) sur l’adhésion au traitement médicamenteux était de 0,12 [IC95%= (0,05; 0,20); I2= 1 %. Les interventions basées uniquement sur l’entretien motivationnel [β= 0,18, IC95%= (0,00; 0,36)] et celles dans lesquelles les intervenants ont été coachés [β= 0,47, IC95%= (0,03; 0,90)] étaient les plus efficaces. Aussi, les interventions administrées en face-à-face étaient plus efficaces que celles administrées par téléphone [β= 0,27, IC95%=(0,04; 0,50)]. Conclusion : Il existe un écart entre l’intention et l’adhésion future au TADNI, qui est partiellement expliqué par le niveau d’adhésion passée. Toutefois, il n’y avait pas assez de puissance statistique pour démontrer une association statistiquement significative entre l’intention et l’adhésion future chez les non-adhérents passés. D’un autre côté, quelques solutions au problème de l’adhésion sous-optimale au TADO ont été identifiées. En effet, le fait d’aider les patients et/ou les cliniciens à être proactifs dans la gestion des effets indésirables contribue efficacement à l’amélioration de l’adhésion au TADO chez les adultes atteints de diabète de type 2. Aussi, les interventions basées sur l’entretien motivationnel améliorent efficacement l’adhésion au traitement médicamenteux chez les adultes atteints de maladie chronique. L’entretien motivationnel pourrait donc être utilisé comme un outil clinique pour soutenir les patients dans l’autogestion de leur TADO.

Sedação consciente em Odontopediatria

O medo e a ansiedade estão estreitamente relacionados com o tratamento dentário e, infelizmente, na população infantil este facto assume uma magnitude aumentada traduzindo-se muitas vezes de forma negativa no comportamento da criança comprometendo ou mesmo inviabilizando a execução do mesmo. O tratamento dentário de pacientes pediátricos com problemas comportamentais pode ser um verdadeiro desafio para o médico dentista e as tradicionais técnicas de controlo comportamental não farmacológicas nem sempre são suficientes para conseguir a cooperação da criança pelo que, em muitos casos, é necessária a associação dos mesmos a técnicas farmacológicas. A sedação consciente é utilizada em odontopediatria como uma técnica de controlo comportamental farmacológica, que visa induzir na criança, um estado mínimo de depressão da consciência, tornando-a passível de cooperar e viabilizando que os tratamentos necessários sejam efectuados com segurança. Existem inúmeros fármacos, técnicas e associações das mesmas que podem ser utilizadas para o efeito sendo que actualmente, em odontopediatria, predomina a prática da sedação consciente inalatória com protóxido de azoto e a utilização de benzodiazepinas como o midazolam. Apesar das muitas técnicas descritas, nenhuma delas é passível de ser administrada a todos os pacientes, pelo para cada caso, tendo em conta todas as particularidades, haverá uma técnica mais adequada. Apesar prática da sedação consciente ser uma mais-valia em odontopediatria, não é isenta de riscos e o médico dentista deve ter formação adequada para a providenciar de forma segura. Diferentes entidades publicaram guidelines que visam orientar a prática segura da sedação e minimizar o risco de incidentes.

Abordagem de pacientes autistas em Odontopediatria

O autismo é uma condição que faz parte de um grupo de perturbações do desenvolvimento global das funções cerebrais e que, por regra, é diagnosticada no início da infância. A dificuldade na linguagem e comunicação, o défice na interação social, as esteriotipias e os interesses específicos e comportamentos repetitivos caracterizam os indivíduos portadores desta patologia. A saúde oral das crianças autistas é geralmente precária e as necessidades de tratamento dentário elevadas. No entanto, os problemas comportamentais destes doentes fazem com que os pais não recorram às consultas de medicina dentária, outras vezes quando recorrem à consulta as dificuldades de colaboração impedem a prestação de cuidados de saúde oral adequados a estas crianças. Pretendeu-se assim, com este trabalho, realizar uma revisão sistemática de literatura científica, publicada nos últimos 15 anos, acerca dos problemas orais que atingem os pacientes autistas, e simultaneamente, compilar diretrizes de atuação clínica para orientar o médico dentista no atendimento destes doentes. Para isto, durante os meses de Outubro de 2014 a Outubro de 2015, procedeu-se a uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados PubMed e B-on, sendo consultados também outros bancos de dados como LILACS – BIREME, SciELO, utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: “autism”, “pediatric dentistry”, “Asperger Syndrome”, “Rett Syndrome”, “Childhood Disintegrative Disorder”, “prevalence”, “neurobiology”, “etiology”, “diagnosis”, “diagnostic criteria”, “comorbidity”, “oral health”, “dental caries”, “periodontal disease”, “oral habits”, “bruxism”, “self-injury”, “dental trauma”, “dental injury”, “malocclusion”, “behavior management techniques” separadas ou associadas pelo operador de pesquisa booleano AND. Na pesquisa foram empregues os seguintes limites: artigos publicados nos últimos 15 anos, abstract disponível, estudos em humanos e artigos e língua inglesa, francesa, portuguesa e espanhola. Desta pesquisa resultou um total de 150 artigos que foram selecionados primeiramente pelos títulos, seguidamente pela leitura dos abstracts e, finalmente, do artigo por inteiro, obtendo-se assim 95 artigos, para revisão. Foram ainda considerados artigos de referência publicados em anos anteriores, livros de texto médicos e publicações portuguesas com dados epidemiológicos sobre as Perturbações do Espetro do Autismo em Portugal. As doenças orais encontradas nas crianças autistas são semelhantes às das crianças sem qualquer perturbação mental, contudo a preferência por alimentos cariogénicos, a diminuição do fluxo salivar induzida pelos fármacos, associadas a uma pobre higiene oral, justificam uma maior prevalência de cárie. As doenças periodontais, também muito prevalentes neste grupo, desenvolvem-se em virtude da combinação da falta de hábitos de higiene oral, com os efeitos secundários de fármacos administrados a estes doentes, como os anticonvulsivantes. No seu atendimento na consulta dentária recorre-se às mesmas estratégias de orientação de comportamento aplicadas nas crianças saudáveis, para contornar os sentimentos de medo, ansiedade, desconfiança e a incapacidade de interação social, e assim evitar comportamentos de recusa durante a consulta dentária. É no entanto de salientar que os distúrbios comportamentais, o défice da comunicação e a falta de capacidades de interação social, caraterísticas do autismo impossibilitam a eficácia das técnicas de controlo do comportamento comunicativas, obrigando, muitas vezes, ao uso de técnicas de controlo de comportamento avançadas para prestação de cuidados de saúde oral com eficácia e em segurança. É importante uma grande motivação de pais/responsáveis para a saúde e higiene oral das crianças com Perturbações do Espetro do Autismo, e que todos os profissionais de saúde envolvidos no cuidado destes doentes contribuam para a aprendizagem de comportamentos que promovam a saúde oral destes doentes.

Interventions pour soutenir les infirmières dans l'appropriation de l'évaluation de la condition mentale des adultes avec trouble mental hospitalisés en soins physiques

Travail dirigé présenté en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en sciences infirmières, option expertise-conseil

Interventions pour soutenir les infirmières dans l'appropriation de l'évaluation de la condition mentale des adultes avec trouble mental hospitalisés en soins physiques

Travail dirigé présenté en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en sciences infirmières, option expertise-conseil

Remotely delivered exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation: design and content development of a novel mHealth platform

BACKGROUND: Participation in traditional center-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise programs (exCR) is limited by accessibility barriers. Mobile health (mHealth) technologies can overcome these barriers while preserving critical attributes of center-based exCR monitoring and coaching, but these opportunities have not yet been capitalized on.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to design and develop an evidence- and theory-based mHealth platform for remote delivery of exCR to any geographical location.

METHODS: An iterative process was used to design and develop an evidence- and theory-based mHealth platform (REMOTE-CR) that provides real-time remote exercise monitoring and coaching, behavior change education, and social support.

RESULTS: The REMOTE-CR platform comprises a commercially available smartphone and wearable sensor, custom smartphone and Web-based applications (apps), and a custom middleware. The platform allows exCR specialists to monitor patients' exercise and provide individualized coaching in real-time, from almost any location, and provide behavior change education and social support. Intervention content incorporates Social Cognitive Theory, Self-determination Theory, and a taxonomy of behavior change techniques. Exercise components are based on guidelines for clinical exercise prescription.

CONCLUSIONS: The REMOTE-CR platform extends the capabilities of previous telehealth exCR platforms and narrows the gap between existing center- and home-based exCR services. REMOTE-CR can complement center-based exCR by providing an alternative option for patients whose needs are not being met. Remotely monitored exCR may be more cost-effective than establishing additional center-based programs. The effectiveness and acceptability of REMOTE-CR are now being evaluated in a noninferiority randomized controlled trial.

La retroalimentación facial y su efecto en la evaluación de publicidad de humor

La hipótesis de retroalimentación facial planteada por Tomkins en 1962 sustenta que la activación de algunos músculos faciales envía información sensorial al cerebro y se induce entonces una experiencia emocional en el sujeto. Partiendo de dicha teoría y de investigaciones que la sustentan, el presente estudio se propuso confirmar el efecto de la emoción inducida a través de la retroalimentación facial sobre la evaluación de cinco tipos de humor en publicidad. Para ello se realizó un experimento con 60 hombres y 60 mujeres, que fueron asignados aleatoriamente a una de dos condiciones: estimulación de sonrisa –músculos hacia arriba- o inhibición de sonrisa –músculos hacía abajo-, mientras evaluaban 16 imágenes de publicidad de humor. A partir del análisis de los resultados se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las condiciones; en línea con la hipótesis formulada, los participantes expuestos a la condición estimulación de sonrisa –músculos hacía arriba- evaluaron más positivamente los comerciales. También se encontraron diferencias significativas en función del sexo y los tipos de humor evaluados. El estudio ofrece evidencia empírica de la teoría propuesta hace más de medio siglo y su efecto en el ámbito de la publicidad actual.

Estado de las enfermedades raras que cursan con discapacidad intelectual en Colombia

Las enfermedades raras o huérfano son una problemática que ha tomado mucha importancia en el contexto mundial del presente siglo, estas se han definido como crónicas, de difícil tratamiento de sus síntomas y con baja prevalencia en la población; muchas de estas enfermedades cursan con varios tipos de discapacidad, siendo el objetivo del presente trabajo el enfocarse en aquellas enfermedades raras que cursan con discapacidad intelectual. Para poder profundizar en estas enfermedades se realizó una revisión teórica sobre las enfermedades raras, así como de la discapacidad psíquica y su importancia a nivel mundial y nacional. A partir de estas definiciones, se revisaron en profundidad 3 enfermedades raras que cursan con discapacidad intelectual en el contexto colombiano, como son: el síndrome de Rett, el síndrome de Prader-Willi y el síndrome de X frágil. En cada una de estas enfermedades además se explicaron los tipos de diagnóstico, intervención, prevención, grupos de apoyo y tipos de evaluación que más se usan en el contexto nacional

La enseñanza de los niños impedidos

Diagnosis and intervention programs for SEN children: deafness, physical deficiencies, vocational training for mentally retarded.

El retardo en el desarrollo

Lectures on Applied Behavior Analysis techniques for diagnosis and rehabilitation of children with SEN. Theoretical, social and technical aspects.

The Role of Interface Modification on Thermal Degradation and Crystallization Behavior of Composites from Commingled Polypropylene Fiber and Banana Fiber

The thermal degradation behavior of banana fiber and polypropylene/banana fiber composites has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis. Banana fiber was found to be decomposing in two stages, first one around 320 degrees C and the second one around 450 degrees C. For chemically treated banana fiber, the decomposition process has been at a higher temperature, indicating thermal stability for the treated fiber. Activation energies for thermal degradation were estimated using Coats and Redfern method. Calorific value of the banana fiber was measured using a constant volume isothermal bomb calorimeter. rystallization studies exhibited an increase in the crystallization temperature and crystallinity of polypropylene upon the addition of banana fiber. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1113-1123, 2010. (C) 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers.