Jüdisches Museum Wien‏ Collection 1915-1994

Printed materials about the first Jewish museum in Vienna, Austria, which existed 1895 to 1938. Also included is a biography about Maurice (Moritz) Bronner, curator at the museum 1910-1914, by his son, Felix Bronner. Folder 2 holds copies of 2 photographs of Maurice Bronner, circa 1910 and 1965.

Itsenäisen Suomen puolesta : Sotilaskomitea 1915-1918

For Independent Finland. The Military Committee 1915–1918 In the course of the First World War, several organizations were founded with the purpose of making Finland independent or, at least, restoring her autonomous status. The Military Committee was the most significant active independence organization in Finland in the First World War, in addition to the activist student movement, i.e., the Jaeger Movement. The Military Committee was an organization founded in 1915 by officers who had attended the Hamina Cadet School, with the goal of creating a national army for a liberation war against the Russian troops. It was believed that the liberation war should succeed only with the help of the German Army. With the situation in society continually tensing up in the autumn 1917, the Military Committee also had to figure on the possibility of a Civil War. The activities of the Military Committee started in the early part of 1915 when they were still small-scale, but they gained significant momentum after the Russian Revolution in March 1917. In January 1918, the Military Committee formed the general staff for the White Army, the Senate’s troops. The independence-related activities of the Hamina cadets in the years of the First World War were more extensive and multifaceted than has been believed heretofore. The work of the Military Committee was divided into preparations for a liberation war in Finland, on one hand, and in Stockholm and Berlin, on the other hand. In Finland, the Military Committee took part in intelligence gathering for Germany and in supporting the recruiting Jaegers, and later in founding the civil guard organization, in solving the law and order authorities issue, and finally in selecting the Commander-in-Chief for the Senate’s troops. The member of the Military Committee, especially Captain Hannes Ignatius of the Cavalry contributed greatly to the drafting of the independence activists’ national action plan in Stockholm in May 1917. This plan preceded the formation of the civil guard organization. The Military Committee’s role in founding the civil guards was initially minor, but in the fall of 1917, the Military Committee started to finance the activities of the civil guards, named several former officers as commanders of the civil guards and finally overtook the entire civil guard movement. In Stockholm and Berlin, the representatives of the Military Committee were in active contact with both the high command of the German Army and with the representatives of the Swedish Army. Colonel Nikolai Mexmontan, who was a representative of the Military Committee, collaborated with Swedish officers and Jaeger officers in Stockholm in coming up with comprehensive and detailed plans for starting the Liberation War. Under Mexmontan’s leadership, there were serious negotiations to enter into a confederation with Germany. Lieutenant Colonel Wilhelm Thesleff, on the other hand, became the commander of the Jaeger Battalion 27. The influence and importance of the Military Committee came to the forefront in independent and conflict-torn Finland. The Military Committee became a Senate committee on the 7th of January 1918, with its chairman, for all practical purposes, as the Commander-in-Chief in an eventual war. Lieutenant General Claes Charpentier was the chairman of the Military Committee from mid-December 1917 onwards, but on the 15th of January 1918 he had to resign in favour of Lieutenant General Gustaf Mannerheim. Soon after that, Mannerheim got an order from the chairman of the Senate P. E. Svinhufvud to organize and assume the leadership of the law and order authorities. The chairman of the Military Committee became the Commander-in-Chief of the Senate troops in January 1918, and the Military Committee became the Commander-in-Chief’s general staff. The Military Committee had turned from a clandestine organization into the first general staff of the independent Finnish Army.

Centenário do genocídio do povo armênio

Objetiva tecer considerações gerais a respeito do genocídio sofrido pelo povo armênio em 1915, assim como de fazer algumas sugestões de manifestação, no âmbito do Parlamento brasileiro, na medida em que nos aproximamos do centenário desse holocausto em 2015, no sentido de extrair da tragédia ocorrida mecanismos educativos que sejam úteis para a consolidação de uma cultura de paz e de respeito aos direitos humanos em quaisquer latitudes.

Collecção das Leis da Republica dos Estados Unidos do Brazil de 1915

Parte 1 - Atos do Poder Legislativo

Collecção das Leis da Republica dos Estados Unidos do Brasil de 1923

Parte 1 - Atos do Poder Legislativo

Synopse dos trabalhos da Camara dos Srs. Deputados : relativos ao anno de 1915 : acompanhados de differentes documentos : organizados na Secretaria da mesma Camara

Sinopse dos trabalhos realizados na Câmara dos Deputados, em 1915.

Synopse dos trabalhos da Camara dos Srs. Deputados : relativos ao anno de 1923 : acompanhados de differentes documentos : organizada na Secretaria da mesma Camara

Sinopse dos trabalhos na Câmara dos Deputados, em 1923.

Las organizaciones juveniles del nacionalismo vasco: política, cultura y ocio (1893-1923)

909 p.

1923: investigação sobre a existência de racismo no noticiário esportivo carioca

No ano de 1923, o Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama disputa pela primeira vez a Primeira Divisão do Campeonato Carioca de Futebol. A equipe conquista o título tendo, entre seus jogadores, homens negros e mulatos. Com vitórias expressivas, aquela trajetória passa a ocupar um lugar importante no imaginário construído sobre as primeiras décadas do futebol brasileiro. Toda esta construção está fundamentada na obra de Mario Filho, O Negro no Futebol Brasileiro. O livro relata o feito vascaíno como uma trajetória heróica, na qual um time formado por negros e mulatos precisou superar preconceitos raciais para alcançar seus objetivos. A proposta desta pesquisa é comparar a narrativa de Mario Filho com o que foi escrito nos jornais da época. O objetivo é verificar se há mais incoerências ou coincidências entre o que Mario Filho escreveu e o que os jornais noticiaram. Ao retomar os jornais da década de 1920, verificamos como a imprensa enxergava o acontecimento à época e, se o preconceito racial estava presente nas páginas dos jornais, assim como nos faz crer a obra de Mario Filho. A comparação revelou que, em alguns momentos, a narrativa de Mario Filho encontra respaldo integral nas notícias publicadas no ano de 1923. No entanto, em outras oportunidades o autor não encontra nenhum respaldo nas outras fontes consultadas.

Conhecimentos pedagógicos como orientação para a "missão docente": a formação na Escola Normal de Niterói na Primeira República (1893-1915)

A dissertação analisa a política de formação docente oferecida pela Escola Normal de Niterói entre 1893 e 1915. O projeto de institucionalização da escolarização de professores representou momento de transformações significativas na profissão, então associada aos ideais de progresso e modernidade republicanos, com destaque para a circulação e apropriação de teorias pedagógicas. Buscou-se conhecer o lugar de tais teorias e dos saberes na formação institucional de professores, visando compreender, em que medida, as representações sobre a missão docente se fez presente nos discursos dos Presidentes de Estado no período. Com esse objetivo, analisamos as reformas de ensino e as frequentes inserções e retiradas de disciplinas escolares, em meio aos intensos debates na esfera governamental sobre o que ensinar ao povo e aos professores. Almejava-se um saber que fosse capaz de ampliar a visão do cidadão brasileiro, modificar seus hábitos e inseri-lo na modernidade, aspectos que condiziam com a construção de um espírito republicano. Para compreender o funcionamento e a contribuição dessa escola para a história da educação fluminense, analisamos a legislação educacional, os programas e as disciplinas, e também alguns exames de admissão e finais dos alunos. Foram utilizadas as mensagens dos presidentes do Estado (1892 a 1918), as leis que reformaram ou regulamentaram a instrução pública (1893, 1895, 1900, 1912 e 1915), em particular a Escola Normal de Niterói, os exames de admissão (1901 a 1908), os exames finais dos alunos (1897 a 1911) e um diário de Geografia (1915). Tais documentos foram analisados à luz de extensa historiografia sobre a formação docente e permitiram conhecer práticas escolares da instituição. As leis que modificaram os programas tentaram imprimir um caráter mais científico ao curso e muito se discutiu sobre a questão prática. Para tanto, as disciplinas tencionavam articular a teoria à experiência corroborando a aptidão do professor. A aprendizagem era verificada por meio de exames finais, que sucediam as sabatinas e as provas. Examinar era um dispositivo de poder que comparava e excluía e não apenas mensurava o conhecimento. Investigar a formação de professores nos levou a olhar as articulações históricas e as relações de forças que a constituíram. A pesquisa documental sugere a necessidade de ampliarmos a visão sobre a formação docente na Primeira República, tendo em vista que houve esforços em se organizar a instrução pública, sobretudo, no que concerne à Escola Normal de Niterói.

An analysis of salmon rod catch data from castle fisheries, River Derwent, 1923-1989.

The aim of this study was to investigate the historical catch record from the Castle Fishery on the River Derwent over the period 1923 - 1989, to determine if changes had taken place in the composition of the catch and to examine the influence of flow on the performance of the fishery. The River Derwent is situated in West Cumbria, North West England. It flows from its source on Scafell Pike (NGR NY 229 089) westwards discharging into the Irish sea at Workington, a distance of 52 km. Over its length it receives water from an additional 214 km of stream, 5 large lakes and approximately 30 small tarns. The catchment drains a total area of 663 km2. The study concludes that through the time period there was considerable variation in catch between years. The trend was for the catch to increase steadily over the period 1923 - 1958, declining rapidly in 1959, after which catches increased steadily reaching a peak in the mid-sixties, before declining towards the end of the decade. During the seventies and eighties catches remained relatively stable at between 300 - 600 salmon per year until 1988 when over 2000 salmon were reported caught, the greatest number in any year over the study period.

Systematic study of the blue green algae of Ceylon kept at the herbarium of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya

The collection of blue green algae kept at the herbarium of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya, was collected by Ferguson more than 70 years ago. Since then many changes have taken place in the taxonomy of the blue green algae. West (1902), Lemmermann (1907), Wine (1915), Crow (1923), Bharadwaja (1934) and Holsinger (1935) had described some of the blue green algae of Ceylon. While examining the collections of blue green algae kept at the herbarium, the authors found that most of the identifications were incorrect and required revision. In the present paper 20 blue green algae are described. The classification and key to the species are based on the characters given by Desikachary (1959). Blue green algae are important to fisheries since Chanos larvae feed on them.

伯胺N_(1923)萃取不同金属离子的机理的研究

伯胺N_(1923)(RNH_2)是一种对许多金属具有优良萃取性能的萃取剂，因RNH_2为较强的Lewis碱，能以多种途径与金属离子结合，文献报道的一般为加合反应及阴离子交换机理，至于配位反应未见报道，故详细地研究RNH_2萃取不同金属离子的机理，发现新的萃取，分离体系，具有理论和实际意义。本文分别研究了RNH_2及其相应盐从不同介质中萃取Ag~+，Zn~(2+)，Cd~(2+)，Sc~(3+)的机理。提出了RNH_2能以配位反应萃取金属离子，并且发现对一些体系(如ZnCl_2, Zn(SCN)_2, CdCl_2等)RNH_2及其盐均具有较好的萃取行为。对有关体系详细研究了其萃取机理：1）RNH_2萃取AgNO_3的机理。在接近中性介质中，RNH_2是AgNO_3的优良萃取剂，其反应机理为：2RNH_(2(0)) + Ag~+ + NO_3~- <-> (RNH_2)_2AgNO_(3(0))考察了溶剂，温度等反应平衡的影响，其分配比基本随溶剂介电常数的增大而增大，并且该反应为放热反应，温度升高不利于萃取。我们还解析了该萃合物的IR及NMR。2，RNH_3NO_3萃取硫代硫酸银的机理。与上述AgNO_3体系不同，RNH_2不能萃取硫代硫酸银，但RNH_3NO_3能以阴离子交换反应萃取该体系中的Ag(I)。通过研究不同因素对分配比的影响，指出在该体系中Ag(I)同时以AgS_2O_3~-和Ag(S_2O_3)_2~(3-)两种形式萃入有机相。并且有机相中AgS_2O_3~-/Ag(S_2O_3)_2~(3-)比值随着NO_3~-浓度的增大，RNH_3NO_3、S_2O_3~(2-)浓度的减小而增大。萃合物的IR分析证明存在两种不同配位形式的S_2O_3~(2-)。3，RNH_2萃取ZnCl_2的机理及平衡规律。研究了RNH_2在不同酸度条件下萃取ZnCl_2的机理，在pH值较高时，RNH_2能以配位反应萃取ZnCl_2，其反应为：2RNH_(2(0)) + ZnCl_2 <-> (RNH_2)_2ZnCl_(2(0))并详细地研究了其平衡规律，得出数学模型：1/D = 2/(C_(RMH_(2(o)))) X + (1 + Σ from i = 1 to 4 of β_i C_(cl~-)~i)/(K C_(cl~-)~2 C_(RNH_(2(0))) (X为平衡水相Zn~(2+)总浓度) 在高酸度([HCl] = 2.8 M)条件下，RNH_2萃取ZnCl_2呈加成反应：(RNH_3Cl)_(3(0)) + ZnCl_2 <-> (RNH_3Cl)_2ZnCl_(2(0))求得了萃取过程的各热力学函数。4）RNH_2萃取ZnBr_2, ZnI_2的机理。研究RNH_2萃取ZnBr_2，ZnI_2的性能表明，在pH值较高时, RNH_2能以萃取ZnCl_2相同的机理萃取ZnBr_2, ZnI_2，其反应为：2RNH_(2(0)) + ZnX_2 <-> (RNH_2)_2ZnX_(2(0)) (x~- = Br~-, I~-) 计算了不同RNH_2浓度条件下反应的平衡常数，表明不是RNH_2浓度的函数，该平衡常数随温度升高而降低。同时我们在相同条件下，比较RNH_2萃取ZnX_2的能力为：ZnI_2 > ZnBr_2 > ZnCl_2 5，RNH_2及其硝酸盐萃取Zn(SCN)_2的机理 在Zn(SCN)_2体系中，RNH_2及RNH_3NO_3的均能较有效地萃取Zn(II)，但其反应机理并不相同，RNH_2以配位反应萃取Zn(SCN)_2，相应的反应为：2RNH_(2(0)) + Zn(SCN)_2 <-> (RNH_2)_2Zn(SCN)_(2(0)) RNH_3NO_3则以阴离子交换反应萃取Zn(SCN)_4~(2-)，其反应如下：(RNH_3NO_3)_(2(0)) + Zn(SCN)_4~(2-) <-> (RNH_3)_2Zn(SCN)_(4(0)) + 2NO_3~- 测定并计算了各反应的浓度平衡常数及热力学函数，两反应均为放热反应。同时，在相同条件下，RNH_2比RNH_3NO_3有更强萃取Zn(II)的能力。6，RNH_2萃取CdCl_2及其它Cd(II)盐的机理 RNH_2及RNH_3Cl能分别以配位反应及加合反应萃取CdCl_2，通过萃合物组成的测定，得出反应方程式为：3RNH_(2(o)) + CdCl_2 <-> (RNH_2)_3CdCl_(2(0)) (RNH_3Cl)_(3(o)) + CdCl_2 <-> (RNH_3Cl)_3CdCl_(2(0))计算了各反应的平衡常数及热力学函数。同时观察了RNH_2萃取CdBr_2, CdI_2, Cd(SCN)_2的性能，相应萃合物组成为(RNH_2)_2CdX_2 (X~- = Br~-, I~-, SCN~-)。在相同条件下，CdX_2的萃取率次序为：Cd(NO_2)_2 < CdCl_2 < CdBr_2 < Cd(SCN)_2 < CdI_2。并讨论了CdX_2的生成能，第二级累积稳定常数，X~-的半径等因素与Cd(II)分配比的关系。7，RNH_2硫酸盐萃取Sc_2(SO_4)_3的机理 研究了不同因素对其萃取性能的影响，指出在硫酸介质中，RNH_2是Sc~(3+)的优良萃取剂。通过萃合物组成的测定得到该萃取反应式为：1.25[(RNH_3)_2SO_4]_(2(0)) + Sc(SO_4)_3~(3-) <-> (RNH_3)_3Sc(SO_4)_3·(RNH_3)_2SO_(4(0)) + 1.5SO_4~(2-)测定并计算了该反应的平衡常数及热力学函数。通过详细解释萃合物的IR，证明在该萃合物中SO_4~(2-)是以双配位形式与Sc~(3+)相结合。在上述萃取机理研究了基础上初步探讨了用RNH_2回收银及进行Zn(II)-Cd(II)分离的可能性。

伯胺N_(1923)萃取过渡金属离子机理的研究

伯胺由于其特殊的结构（R-NH_2），使它具有和仲、数胺不相同的一些性质。有较强的和矿物酸HX结合形成RNH_3X的能力，从而以离子交换机理萃取金属离子；也可以-NH_2上的氮、氢原子同以高价存在的过渡金属含氧酸以氢键方式相结合；另外，RNH_2也可通过氮原子以配位键形式与一些属于软酸类的过度金属离子形成配合物。通过伯胺萃取金属离子行为的研究，可发现新的萃取体系，扩大我国自行设计的伯胺N_(1923)萃取剂的应用领域，为金属离子的分离提纯工艺提供基本参数。我们实验室过去曾对伯胺N_(1923)萃取稀土（III）、Fe（III）、Zn （II）、Cd（II）、Ag（I）、Sc（III）等的机理进行了比较系统的研究。本工作是在此基础上，进一步完善及扩大N_(1923)对周期表中各族元素的萃取及应用。为此，我们选择了文献尚未报道的Ti（IV）、HgCl_2、Hg(CH_3COO)_2、Cu(CH_3COO)_2为研究对象，对它们的萃取机理进行了较详细的研究。结果表明，自由的N_(1923)或其盐对上述体系具有良好的萃取性能，并初步讨论了N_(1923)在金属离子萃取分离中的应用。一、伯胺N_(1923)萃取HgCl_2的机理 微量汞的萃取及分离对环境保护具有重要的实际意义。我们的研究结果表明，在pH值为3-4.5范围内，即使Cl~-浓度很低时，伯胺N_(1923)也能几乎定量地萃取HgCl_2，其盐酸盐亦能有效地萃取Hg（II），但两者的萃取机理不同。自由伯胺RNH_2可与HgCl_2形成配合物，其萃取机理为：RHN_(2(0)) + HgCl_2 <-> Hg(RNH_2)Cl_(2(0))对伯胺盐，实验证明其机理主要为加合反应，但当Cl~-浓度较高时，则为阴离子交换反应：加合反应：2RNH_3Cl_((0)) + HgCl_2 <-> (RNH_3Cl)_2HgCl_(2(0))交换反应：2RNH_3Cl_((0)) + HgCl_4~(2-) <-> (RNH_3)_2HgCl_(4(0)) + 2Cl~-通过考察温度对配位萃取反应的影响，求得反应的热效应ΔH = -48.82 KJ/mol，并分析了萃合物的IR、NMR谱。二、伯胺N_(1923)萃取Hg(CH_3COO)_2的机理 与HgCl_2体系相似，自由伯胺或其盐均能萃取Hg(CH_3COO)_2，萃取机理分别为：RNH_(2(0)) + Hg(CH_3CCO)_2 <-> Hg(RNH_2)(CH_3COO)_(2(0)) (CH_3COONH_3R)_(2(0)) + Hg(CH_3COO)_2 <-> (CH_3COONH_3R)_2Hg(CH_3COO)_(2(0))。在不同的萃取剂浓度下，上述反应的表观平衡常数基本不随萃取剂浓度的变化而改变，其对数值分别为：11.85、8.11。三、伯胺N_(1923)萃取Cu(CH_3COO)_2的机理 水相酸度对萃取反应的影响表明，RNH_2在近中性体系中具有很好的萃取性能，而在乙酸浓度较高的条件下，Cu（II）几乎不被RNH_2所萃取。说明自由伯胺能以配位机理的形式萃取Cu(Oh_3coo)_2，经确定，萃取反应式为：2RNH_(2(0)) + Cu(CH_3COO)_2 <-> Cu(RNH_2)_2(CH_3COO)_(2(0))并对该反应的表观平衡常数及热力学函数进行了计算。通过分析萃合物的IR谱，认为Cu(RNH_2)_2(CH_3COO)_2为平面型四配位的配合物。四、(RNH_3)_2SO_4从硫酸溶液中萃取Ti（IV）的研究 在低酸度（pH：0.84）的H_2SO_4溶液中，伯胺N_(1923)对Ti（IV）具有很强的萃取能力。用化学平衡法确定其反应式为：3(RNH_3)_2SO_(4(0)) + Ti(OH)_3~+ + SO_4~(2-) <-> 2(RNH_3)_3Ti(OH_3)(SO_4)_(2(0))我们用正十二胺代替N_(1923)，合成了上述萃合物的模拟物，经元素分析确定了萃合物的分子式：(RNH_3)_3Ti(OH)_3(SO_4)_2。并较详细地分析了萃合物的NMR、IR谱。变温NMR的结果表明，萃合物中存在两种含有活泼氢的基团，用D_2O交换后的NMR的结果亦证明了这一点。从萃合物的IR谱中，可得到SO_4~(2-)是以单齿配位形式同Ti（IV）相结合的信息。这些结果为所提出的萃取机理提供了直接的证据。并求出了上述萃取反应的表观平衡常数，其对数值为10.15，该值基本不随萃取剂浓度的变化而发生改变。反应的热效应ΔH = 66.49 KJ/mol，由计算得出的ΔG值可知，上述萃取反应有很大的向右进行的趋势。五、伯胺N_(1923)在萃取分离中的应用 为了扩大N_(1923)的应用，通过上述研究，我们对其在萃取分离中的应用进行了讨论，认为在以下几方面有可能得到应用：1、从环境废水中除Hg(II)；2、Hg(II)和Zn(II)、Cd(II)在CH_3COOH体系中的分离；3、CH_3COOH体系中Cu(II)、Co(II)、Ni(II)的萃取分离；4、在较高浓度的H_2SO_4体系中，应用(RNH_3)_2SO_4进行了Ti(IV)-Fe(II)的分离。