957 resultados para Ablation in different ambient gas
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Four anaerobic fluidized bed reactors filled with activated carbon (R1), expanded clay (R2), glass beads (R3) and sand (R4) were tested for anaerobic degradation of LAS. All reactors were inoculated with sludge from a UASB reactor treating swine wastewater and were fed with a synthetic substrate supplemented with approximately 20 mg l(-1) of LAS, on average. To 560 mg l(-1) COD influent, the maximum COD and LAS removal efficiencies were mean values of 97 +/- 2% and 99 +/- 2%, respectively, to all reactors demonstrating the potential applicability of this reactor configuration for treating LAS. The reactors were kept at 30 degrees C and operated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 18 h. The use of glass beads and sand appear attractive because they favor the development of biofilms capable of supporting LAS degradation. Subsequent 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of samples from reactors R3 and R4 revealed that these reactors gave rise to broad microbial diversity, with microorganisms belonging to the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, indicating the role of microbial consortia in degrading the surfactant LAS. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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(Morphological alterations in leave of micropropagated pineapple plants cv. IAC Gomo-de-mel acclimatizated in different conditions of luminosity). Microprapagated plants usually show difficulties to adapt to ex vitro conditions, and many times are submitted to the rustication process to aim the reduction of all the impacts resulting from the environmental changes. Once the leaf and its annexes are important indicators of adaptability strategies of the plants to adverse environmental conditions, the objective of this work was to compare the leaf anatomy of pineapple cv. IAC Gomo-de-mel in vitro cultivated plants with microplants acclimatized in different conditions of luminosity, under mesh, with 50% of shading and directly exposed to sunlight, to verify the needed of rustication process on this cultivar. Evaluations of the leaf epidermis using light and electronic scanning microscopy showed an increase on scale density in both leaves surfaces of the ex vitro microplants, mainly related to the ones directly exposed to sunlight. Subsequent observations showed an increase on cuticle thickness, on wavy contours of epidermal cells, and on the distribution and quantity of mesophyll fibers, evidencing the light conditions interference in morphological characteristics of these microplants. These alterations had not harmed microplant development, showing that are not need of rustication stages on the acclimatization process of this cultivar.
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Chitinase and peroxidase activity in different stages of eucalypt leaves after inoculation with Puccinia psidii and acibenzolar-S-metil To elucidate some biochemical processes during infection in the pathosystem Puccinia psidii x eucalyptus, the defense metabolism in different-stage leaves was compared between rust-resistant and susceptible clones, respectively. In addition, chitinase and peroxidase activities were assayed. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates, in a completely randomized design: 2 clones, inoculated and not inoculated with P. psidii; sprayed with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and distilled water; and represented by the 1(st) leaf pair (size equivalent to 1/5 total leaf development), 2(nd) pair (2/5 total development), and 4(th) pair (4/5 total leaf length). Leaves were harvested in 4 periods: 0, 24, 72 and 96 hours after inoculation. Results indicated that ASM treatment or P. psidii action led to higher chitinase and peroxidase activity level but did not alter the expression of these activities in developed leaves (4(th) pair) during the experiment. Alterations in enzyme levels after inoculation were only observed in developing leaves (1(st) and 2(nd) pairs), which suggests that the response to infection was concomitant to chitinase and peroxidase synthesis. The highest increases in enzymatic activities were observed in resistant clones at 72 hours after inoculation and in susceptible ones previously treated with ASM and later inoculated with the pathogen.
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Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) reduces an affected orchard`s economic life. This work aimed to characterize yield loss due to HLB for different sweet orange cultivars and determine the relationship between disease severity and yield. Disease severity and yield were assessed on 949 individual trees distributed in 11 different blocks from sweet orange cultivars Hamlin, Westin, Pera and Valencia. In each block, plants showing a range of HLB severity levels and asymptomatic plants were selected. Total yield (weight of harvested fruit), mean weight of asymptomatic and symptomatic fruit, relative yield (symptomatic tree yield/mean yield of asymptomatic trees from the same block) and relative number of fruits (fruit number from symptomatic tree/mean number of fruits from asymptomatic trees from the same block) were determined. The weight of symptomatic fruit was lower than the weight of asymptomatic fruit, but the weights of asymptomatic and symptomatic fruit were not correlated with disease severity, indicating that the effects of HLB were restricted to symptomatic branches. The relationship of the relative yield with HLB severity can be satisfactorily described by a negative exponential model. The rates of yield decrease as a function of disease severity were similar for all assessed cultivars. A relative yield (up to 19%) was observed even for trees where disease severity was 100%. The strong linear relationship between relative number of fruits per tree and the relative yield per tree suggested that the yield reduction was due primarily to early fruit drop or lack of fruit set on affected branches.
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Natural forest remnants have been set as seed production fields to supply seeds of native tree species for tropical forest restoration, but the effect of different forest types on seed production has not been accessed to date for palm species. In this work, we studied seed development, yield, and quality of two palm species in different tropical forest types in SE Brazil. Seed production of palmiteiro (Euterpe edulis) and queen-palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), which are largely used in restoration efforts due to their importance for vertebrate frugivores, were studied in natural remnants of Atlantic Rainforest, Restinga Forest, Seasonally Dry Forest, and Cerrado Forest. We studied seed development, yield, size, and germination of seed lots produced in some of these forest types, including seeds harvested in 2008, 2009, and both years. Seed yield and quality, as well as seed dry mass in 2009, were higher for palmiteiro seeds produced in the Atlantic Rainforest, while queen-palm seeds produced at the Restinga Forest showed the higher mass and yield, but the lowest physiological potential. Consequently, these natural differences of seed yield and quality have to be taken into account for establishing standards for seed commercialization and analysis, seed pricing, and seedling production in forest nurseries.
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Yield is closely linked to the plant yield components and depend directly of the genotype interaction with the environment. Essays were installed in the experimental field of the Bahia Foundation in the Maria Gabriela farm in the county of Sao Desiderio - BA in the year 2006-2007. The aim of this work was to evaluate yield components of five soybean cultivars with different maturation cycles indicated for the Western Region of Bahia in different sowing periods. The experimental design was in random blocks in 4 x 5 factorial scheme (four sowing periods: Ep1 first - 11/29/2006, Ep2 second - 12/14/2006, Ep3 third - 12/28/2007, Ep4 fourth - 01/12/2007 and five cultivars: M-SOY 8411, BRS Corisco, BRS 263 [Diferente], BRS Barreiras e M-SOY 9350) with four repetitions. The following characteristics were evaluated: total number of pods per plant, total number of beans per plant, mass of 1000 beans and yield. Plant yield components, total number of pods per plant, total number of beans per plant, mass of 1000 beans, reduced with sowing delay and showed compensation effect between cultivars and sowing periods. Late sowing Ep3 (28/12/2006) and Ep4 (12/01/2007) were not favourable to raise yield of soybean in the Western Region of Bahia.
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Previously known only from the southern United States, hosta petiole rot recently appeared in the northern United States. Sclerotium rolfsii var. delphinii is believed to be the predominant petiole rot pathogen in the northern United States, whereas S. rolfsii is most prevalent in the southern United States. In order to test the hypothesis that different tolerance to climate extremes affects the geographic distribution of these fungi, the survival of S. rolfsii and S. rolfsii var. delphinii in the northern and southeastern United States was investigated. At each of four locations, nylon screen bags containing sclerotia were placed on the surface of bare soil and at 20-cm depth. Sclerotia were recovered six times from November 2005 to July 2006 in North Dakota and Iowa, and from December 2005 to August 2006 in North Carolina and Georgia. Survival was estimated by quantifying percentage of sclerotium survival on carrot agar. Sclerotia of S. rolfsii var. delphinii survived until at least late July in all four states. In contrast, no S. rolfsii sclerotia survived until June in North Dakota or Iowa, whereas 18.5% survived until August in North Carolina and 10.3% survived in Georgia. The results suggest that inability to tolerate low temperature extremes limits the northern range of S. rolfsii.
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This study was conducted to evaluate the natural variability of total, extractable and non-extractable phenolics in pigmented and non-pigmented rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.) and to estimate whether the contents and distribution of these compounds are typical for genotypes from indica and japonica subspecies. Twenty-one samples of commercial as well as new genotypes of brown rice, including seven pigmented genotypes were obtained from two Agronomic Institutes in South Brazil. Free and conjugated phenolics were extracted with ethanol, while bound phenolics were released by alkaline hydrolysis. Total phenolics were estimated in both fractions by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Genotypes from Japonica and indica non-pigmented subspecies were not statistically distinguishable from each other, but differences in phenolic contents were associated with pericarp color. Despite individual differences, total phenolics were four times higher in pigmented than in non-pigmented genotypes (4246 and 1073 mg ferulic acid equiv. kg(-1), respectively). These high amounts were mostly due to the presence of extractable (free and conjugated) phenolics, which comprised up to 81% of total phenolics for pigmented genotypes. Non-extractable (bound) phenolics comprised 40% of total phenolics of non-pigmented rice genotypes while pigmented genotypes presented greater absolute amounts, but their contribution on total phenolics was small. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Aim of the study: The aerial parts of Baccharis dracunculifolia D.C., popularly known as ""alecrim do campo"" are used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the crude hydroalcoholic extract obtained from leaves of Baccharis dracunculifolia (BdE), which have not been reported. Matetials and methods: BdE was analyzed by HPLC and in vivo evaluated (doses ranging from 50 to 400 mg/kg, p.o.) by using the acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions, paw oedema induced by carrageenan or histamine, overt nociception models using capsaicin, glutamate or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), formalin-induced nociception and mechanical hypernociception induced by carrageenan or complete Freund adjuvant (CFA). As positive controls it was used paracetamol in both acetic acid and formalin tests; dipyrone in capsaicin, glutamate and PMA-induced nociception; indomethacin in CFA and carrageenan-induced hypernociception models. In addition, the in vitro effects of BdE on COX-2 activity and on the activation of NF-kappa B were also evaluated. Results: BdE (50-400 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly diminished the abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid, glutamate and CFA. Furthermore, BdE also inhibited the nociceptive responses in both phases of formalin-induced nociception. BdE, administered orally, also produced a long-lasting anti-hypernociceptive effect in the acute model of inflammatory pain induced by carrageenan. It was also observed the inhibition of COX-2 activity by BdE. Conclusion: In summary, the data reported in this work confirmed the traditional anti-inflammatory indications of Baccharis dracunculifolia leaves and provided biological evidences that Baccharis dracunculifolia, like Brazilian green propolis, possess antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Drosophila antonietae is a cactophilic species that is found in the mesophilic forest of the Parana`-Paraguay river basin and in the dunes of the South Atlantic coast of Brazil. Although the genetic structure of the Parana`-Paraguay river basin populations has already been established, the relationship between these populations and those on the Atlantic coast is controversial. In this study, we compared 33 repetitive units of pBuM-2 satellite DNA isolated from individuals from 8 populations of D. antonietae in these geographic regions, including some populations found within a contact zone with the closely related D. serido. The pBuM-2 sequences showed low interpopulational variability. This result was interpreted as a consequence of both gene flow among the populations and unequal crossing over promoting homogenization of the tandem arrays. The results presented here, together with those of previous studies, highlight the use of pBuM-2 for solving taxonomic conflicts within the D. buzzatii species cluster.
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Morphological and physiological caste differences were compared from colonies of Dolichovespula maculata in middle and late phases of the colony cycle. The females showed three patterns of ovarian development and only females classified as queens were inseminated. In both phases, queens were larger than workers for most measures. Discriminant analyses showed high distinction of caste in both phases. We also found highly pronounced qualitative differences: workers had hairs covering the entire body whereas queens had no hair and also some colour differences in the gaster. These results indicate that D. maculata presents pre-imaginal differentiation as seen in other Vespinae, and that size variation occurs from colony to colony such that queens of one colony may be comparable to workers of a different colony although the castes are always distinguishable within colonies.
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Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NS CL/P) is a complex disease in which heritability estimates vary widely depending on the population studied. To evaluate the importance of genetic contribution to NS CL/P in the Brazilian population, we conducted a study with 1,042 families from five different locations (Santarem, Fortaleza, Barbalha, Maceio, and Rio de Janeiro). We also evaluated the role of consanguinity and ethnic background. The proportion of familial cases varied significantly across locations, with the highest values found in Santarem (44%) and the lowest in Maceio (23%). Heritability estimates showed a higher genetic contribution to NS CL/P in Barbalha (85%), followed by Santarem (71%), Rio de Janeiro (70%), Fortaleza (64%), and Maceio (45%). Ancestry was not correlated with the occurrence of NS CL/P or with the variability in heritability. Only in Rio de Janeiro was the coefficient of inbreeding significantly larger in NS CL/P families than in the local population. Recurrence risk for the total sample was approximately 1.5-1.6%, varying according to the location studied (0.6-0.7% in Maceio to 2.2-2.8% in Barbalha). Our findings show that the degree of genetic contribution to NS CL/P varies according to the geographic region studied, and this difference cannot be attributed to consanguinity or ancestry. These findings suggest that Barbalha is a promising region for genetic studies. The data presented here will be useful in interpreting results from molecular analyses and show that care must be taken when pooling samples from different populations for association studies. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Protrusion of the abdominal wall secondary to abdominoplasty may occur in patients with weakness of the aponeurotic structures. The anterior layer of the rectus abdominis muscle consists of fibers that are transverse rather than vertical. Based on this anatomical feature, vertical sutures are suggested for the correction of diastasis recti, since they include a greater amount of fascial fibers and thus would be more resistant to tensile strength than horizontal ones. The anterior layers of the rectus abdominis muscles of 15 fresh cadavers were dissected. Two vertical lines were marked on each side of the linea alba, corresponding to the site where plication is usually performed in abdominoplasties. Three abdominal levels were evaluated: the supraumbilical, umbilical, and infraumbilical levels. A simple suture was placed in the vertical direction in one group and in the horizontal direction in the other group, at each of the three levels previously described. These sutures were connected to a dynamometer, which was pulled medially toward the linea alba until rupture of the aponeurosis occurred. The mean strength required to rupture the aponeurotic structures in which the vertical sutures had been placed was greater than for the horizontal ones (p < 0.0001). The vertical suture of the rectus abdominis sheaths was stronger than the horizontal suture because of the more transversal arrangement of its aponeurotic fibers. Thus, routine use of the vertical suture in plications of the aponeurosis of the rectus abdominis muscles is suggested.
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To compare color Doppler imaging (CDI) parameters of the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) in patients with Graves` orbitopathy (GO) and in normal controls. Forty-three GO patients and 14 normal controls underwent CDI of the SOV. Patients had either fibrotic (lipogenic or myogenic) or congestive orbitopathy. The findings for each group were compared. Fifty-eight orbits with fibrotic orbitopathy, 28 with congestive orbitopathy, and 28 from controls, were studied. In the congestive group, SOV flow was detected in 13, undetectable in 11, and reversed in four orbits; in the fibrotic group, it was present in 41 and undetectable in 17 orbits. In normal controls, SOV flow was detected in 25 and undetectable in three orbits. The differences among the three groups were significant. There was also a significant difference between controls and the congestive GO orbits but not between the fibrotic group and the other two groups. Fibrotic myogenic orbitopathy patients displayed a significantly smaller SOV flow than patients with lipogenic orbitopathy. SOV was significantly reduced in orbits with congestive GO or with myogenic fibrotic GO, but not in orbits with fibrotic lipogenic orbitopathy. SOV congestion may be a contributing pathogenic factor in both congestive and fibrotic myogenic Graves` orbitopathy.
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Objective: This study seeks to determine, through functional gait assessment in different irradiation sites, the influence of a low-intensity GaAsAl laser beam on an injury caused by crushing the peroneal nerve in rats. Methods: 53 rats were used, which were divided into six groups: normal, injured and untreated, injured and treated using placebo, injured and treated in the bone marrow, injured and treated in the nerve, and injured and treated in both (nerve and bone marrow). The peroneal nerve was crushed using a pair of tweezers, and subsequently treated with laser for 28 consecutive days. The functional gait evaluation analyzed the footprints, which were recorded with a video camera on an acrylic bridge in the preoperative period, and on postoperative days 14, 21 and 28, and assessed using PFI formula software. Results: In the functional gait evaluation, significant differences were found only on postoperative day 14. Conclusion: Based on the functional gait evaluation, low-intensity GaAs AI irradiation was able to accelerate and reinforce the process of peripheral nerve regeneration in rats on postoperative day 14, both in the bone marrow- and in the nerve-treated groups.