986 resultados para 92-600
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@@ 2009年4月23日,在中国人民海军创立60周年之际,中央军委主席胡锦涛在青岛奥帆中心附近海域检阅了多国海军舰队.阅兵开始,中国海军的导弹驱逐舰、护卫舰、核潜艇跃现海面,举世瞩目,见证了中国"建设一支强大的人民海军"的步伐.
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The energy loss of protons and deuterons in D_2O ice has been measured over the energy range, E_p 18 - 541 kev. The double focusing magnetic spectrometer was used to measure the energy of the particles after they had traversed a known thickness of the ice target. One method of measurement is used to determine relative values of the stopping cross section as a function of energy; another method measures absolute values. The results are in very good agreement with the values calculated from Bethe’s semi-empirical formula. Possible sources of error are considered and the accuracy of the measurements is estimated to be ± 4%.
The D(dp)H^3 cross section has been measured by two methods. For E_D = 200 - 500 kev the spectrometer was used to obtain the momentum spectrum of the protons and tritons. From the yield and stopping cross section the reaction cross section at 90° has been obtained.
For E_D = 35 – 550 kev the proton yield from a thick target was differentiated to obtain the cross section. Both thin and thick target methods were used to measure the yield at each of ten angles. The angular distribution is expressed in terms of a Legendre polynomial expansion. The various sources of experimental error are considered in detail, and the probable error of the cross section measurements is estimated to be ± 5%.
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We have measured differential cross-sections for the two-body photodisintegration of Helium-3, ɣ + He3 → p + d, between incident photon energies of 200 and 600 MeV, and for center of mass frame angles between 30° and 150°. Both final state particles were detected in arrays of wire spark chambers and scintillation counters; the high momentum particle was analyzed in a magnet spectrometer. The results are interpreted in terms of amplitudes to produce the ∆(1236) resonance in an intermediate state, as well as non-resonant amplitudes. This experiment, together with an (unfinished) experiment on the inverse reaction, p + d → He3 + ɣ, will provide a reciprocity test of time reversal invariance.
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The spectroscopic properties of (Y0.92-xLa0.08Ndx)(2)O-3 transparent ceramics were investigated. According to three intensity parameters (Omega(2),Omega(4),Omega(6)) fitted by the Judd-Ofelt theory, the spectroscopic quality parameter (X-Nd), branching ratio (beta(J,J')), and quantum efficiency (eta) of Nd3+ were determined. It was found that X-Nd of the host, owing to the additive La2O3, was decreased from 1.6 to 0.46; thus beta(J,11/2) was increased from 46% to 56.82%. A figure of merit of the specimens was discussed and compared with Nd:YAG transparent ceramic. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America.
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The identification of larval istiophorid billfishes from the western North Atlantic Ocean has long been problematic. In the present study, a molecular technique was used to positively identify 27 larval white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus), 96 larval blue marlin (Makaira nigricans), and 591 larval sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) from the Straits of Florida and the Bahamas. Nine morphometric measurements were taken for a subset of larvae (species known), and lower jaw pigment patterns were recorded on a grid. Canonical variates analysis (CVA) was used to reveal the extent to which the combination of morphometric, pigment pattern, and month of capture information was diagnostic to species level. Linear regression revealed species-specific relationships between the ratio of snout length to eye orbit diameter and standard length (SL). Confidence limits about these relationships served as defining characters for sailfish >10 mm SL and for blue and white marlin >17 mm SL. Pigment pattern analysis indicated that 40% of the preflexion blue marlin examined possessed a characteristic lower jaw pigment pattern and that 62% of sailfish larvae were identifiable by lower jaw pigments alone. An identification key was constructed based on pigment patterns, month of capture, and relationships between SL and the ratio of snout length to eye orbit diameter. The key yielded identifications for 69.4% of 304 (blind sample) larvae used to test it; only one of these identifications was incorrect. Of the 93 larvae that could not be identified by the key, 71 (76.3%) were correctly identified with CVA. Although identif ication of certain larval specimens may always require molecular techniques, it is encouraging that the majority (92.4%) of istiophorid larvae examined were ultimately identifiable from external characteristics alone.
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In 1988, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife began sampling and monitoring the development of a new fishery for Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, and black hagfish, E. deani. Hagfish landings by Oregon trap vessels have ranged from 11,695 kg in 1988 to 340,774 kg in 1992. Whole frozen fish were shipped to South Korea for the "eel skin" leather market. From 1988 through 1989, I sampled 924 Pacific hagfish and 897 black hagfish from commercial and research catches. Mean length of fish sampled from commercial landings was 39.6 cmf or Pacific hagfish and 34.5 cm for black hagfish. Weight-length relationships (W=aLb) were calculated for males and females of both species. Fifty percent maturity for male and female Pacific hagfish was 35 cm and 42 cm, respectively, while 50% maturityf or male and female black hagfish was 34 cm and 38 cm, respectively. Examination of gonads for both species indicated that spawning either occurs throughout the year or the spawning period is protracted. Mature females of both species had from one to three distinct sizes of eggs, but they usually carried only one group of eggs over 5 mm in length. Mature Pacific hagfish females averaged 28 eggs over 5 mm in length, and black hagfish females averaged 14 eggs over 5 mm in length. Hermaphroditism was found in 0.2% of the Pacific hagfish examined.
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银杉属Cathaya是我国著名植物学家陈焕镛和匡可任建立的松科单型属,该属是否成立及该属在松科中的系统位置至今仍众说不一。银杉Cathazyaargyro phylla是银杉属的唯一幸存种,被誉为第三纪的活化石,并被列为我国一级保护的濒危植物,也是世界植物红皮书所列少数几种濒危裸子植物之一,保护区虽已设立数个,但该物种的濒危原因仍为未解之谜。本文针对上述问题开展了松科植物的分子系统学研究,探讨了银杉属的系统位置及松科的属间关系,并通过遗传多样性的研究探讨了银杉的濒危机制及保护策略。 1.松科的分子系统学研究 为选取合适的分子标记,本文先探讨了ITS-1在松科等裸子植物中的系统学价值。对1 6种裸子植物(其中含松科10属12种)的ITS-1的扩增结果如下:ITS-1在裸子植物属闻存在极大的长度变异(约600-2600bp),因而不适用于属级以上的系统学研究;在同属种中,ITs-1的长度虽较一致,但与被子植物的ITS-1相比,裸子植物的ITS-1太长(如在松属中超过2600bp),难以进行大规模研究。银杉属ITS-1的扩增产物中,一个片段的长度与松属ITS-1的长度相当,另一个片段的长度与云杉属ITS-l的长度相当,这三属间的关系值得进一步研究。此外,在松科植物ITS-1的研究中必须注意真菌“污染”这一问题。 由于ITS不适用于裸子植物属间关系的研究,因而本文运用rbcL-accD基因片段及trnK基因的PCR-RFLP分析探讨银杉属的系统位置及松科的属间关系。rbcL和trnK虽然都是叶绿体基因,但位于trnK内含子区的natK基因与rbcL基因在所受的选择压及进化速率上相差甚远,通过这两个基因研究结果的比较有助于评价系统树的可靠性。此外,考虑到松科的10个属中有9个属的rbcL基因序列已被测定,我们补测了银杉属的rbcL基因序列,进而对松科10个属的rbcL基因序列进行了全面分析。PCR -RFLP分析及rbcL基因的序列分析结果如下: A. PCR扩增的松科rbcL-accD基因片段均长约2550bp,属间没有明显的长度变异,1 8种限制性内切酶的单酶切及7种组合双酶切共获得86个酶切位点,其中54个为变异位点。PAUP和MEGA软件分析均表明:银杉属、松属、黄杉属和落叶松属构成一个单系群,且银杉属与松属的关系似乎近于它与另外二属的关系,但这一结果来得到bootstrap分析的较强支持;黄杉属近缘于落叶松属;冷杉属近缘于油杉属。 B.PCR扩增出的松科trnK基因均长约2557bp,在属间也没有明显的长度变异。16种限制性内切酶的单酶切及7种组合双酶切共获得92个酶切位点,其中68个为变异位点。变异位点中的35个具有系统发育信息,其中28个位于matK基因上。分布于整个trnK基因上的informative位点和仅分布于matK基因上的informative位点分别用于PAUP(version 3.1.1)分析,且PAUP分析中分别用Wagner简约法和Dollo筒约法构建系统树。总体看来,Wager简约树和Dono简约树的结构基本一致(Cedrus的位置除外):Abies、Keteleeria、Tsuga和Pseudolarix分为一支,且这一支在所有的简约树中均得到分辨;Pseudotsuga近缘于Larix,而Abkes相对近缘于Keteleeria; Cathaya与Ables-Keteleeria-Pseudolarix-Tsuga这一支的关系较远,它与松科的其它属聚在一起,但b∞tstrap分析也不支持它与任何一个属有很近的关 系,说明Cathaya是比较孤立的一个属。Cedrus的位置较特殊,在Wagner简约树中它位于松属以外的其它8个属的基部(因松属为外类群),而在Dollo筒约树中它位于Al}ies-Kete~eer uz-Pseudo/zr/x- Tsuga达一支的基部,并且它与这一支的关系得到了bootstrap分析的较强支持。 C.银杉的rbeL基因长1425bp,其序列与松科其它9个属的rbcL基因序列均有较大差异,从遗传距离(Mega软件中的P-distance)上看,银杉属作为一个属是无可非议的。PAUp和Mega软件分析均表现:Abies、Keteleeria、Pseudolter和Tsuga分为一支,且Cathaya与这一支的关系较远;Pseuaiotsuga近缘于Larix,且这二属间的关系得到了bootstrap分析的强烈支持;Abies近缘于Keteleeria,Pseudolarix近缘于Tsuga,且这两支也得到了bootstrap分析的较强支持;Cathaya与Pinus聚为一支,但支持强度不高。Cetirus的位置与trnK基因的PCR-RFLP分析结果极为相似。 根据rbcL-accD基因片段及trnK基因的PCR-RFLP分析以及rbcL基因的序列分析可以得出如下结论:<1> Cathaya作为一个属不仅是成立的,而且是一个较为孤立的属,将它置于其它任何属内都是不正确的,该属与Abies-Keteleer ia-Pseudolarx-Tsuga这一支的关系较远,相对而言Cathaya与Pinus的关系可能稍近一些。<2>松科主要分为两大支:一支含Abies、KeteZeera、Pseudolarx和Tsuga,该支中Abies近缘于KetelaeriaPseudolarix近缘于Tsuga;另一支含Pseudotsuga、Larix、Cathaya、Pinus和Picete,该支中Pseudotsuga明显近缘于Larix;Cedrus可能更近于Abies-Keteleeria-Pseudolarix-Tsuga这一支。 2.银杉的遗传多样性研究 本研究运用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)方法对银杉的1 1 3个个体(分别采自现存全部4个居群:金佛山、花坪、大瑶山和八西山)进行了遗传多样性检测。21个1O-mer的寡核苷酸引物共检测11个位点,其中42个位点是多态的,占37%,这一多态位点百分率仅为裸子植物多态位点百分率平均值的一半左右,说明银杉的遗传多样性水平很低。对多态位点的分析发现银杉屠群内发生了十分严重的遗传漂变,因而导致屠群间的强烈分化。AMOVA分析表明:银杉的遗传变异中,34.7%的变异存在于居群闻,这一数值是裸子植物GST平均值(6。8%)的5倍多;在金佛山屠群中,17%的遗传变异存在于亚居群间,这一数值也是裸子植物GsT平均值的两倍多。银杉的这一居群遗传结构与其它裸子植物的居群遗传结构截然不同。此外,我们提出了度量遗传多样性水平的分化指数概念及其计算方法,并发现遗传多样性水平的高低与生境的复杂程度有一定的相关性。 银杉的遗传多样性水平很低,其适应幅必然很窄,且由于严重的遗传漂变导致居群间的强烈分化,使基因流受阻,进而产生严重的近交,近交又使银杉的适应能力进一步下降,并使极为有限的遗传多样性进一步丧失,这种恶性循环会导致银杉濒危程度的加剧,甚至绝灭。 鉴于银杉独特的居群遗传结构,即有相当大一部分遗传变异存在于居群之间,取样保护时,不仅要在每个居群中取足够多的个体,而且要在尽可能多的居群中取样。就原地保护而言,由于每个居群和亚居群都有独特的基因型,因而都具有保护价值。另外,人工加强居群间的基因流(如人工授粉)对提高银杉各居群的适应能力肯定是有益的。
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EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): The latest in a series of unusual winters affected the western United States during 1991-92. This report is primarily concerned with the 6 to 8 coolest months, with some consideration of the adjacent summer months. ... Much of the winter was characterized by "split flow" west of North America. As it approached the West Coast, the jet stream frequently diverged into a northern branch toward Panhandle Alaska and a second southern branch that dived south along the California coast and then eastward along the US-Mexican border. Repeatedly, storms approaching the West Coast were stretched north-to-south, losing their organization in the process.
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本文对北京怀柔汤河口、北京云蒙山、西山以及河北省石家庄地区元氏县的荆条灌丛的群落学特征及其生物量进行了较为详细的研究,并着重研究了汤河口、云蒙山、西山三个亲地的荆条群落的地球化学特征和元素循环特征,对西山的荆条群落中荆条叶片枯落物的分解过程进行了详细的比较研究,最后,对汤河口和西山的两个荆条灌丛的相对稳定性进行了探讨,并和昭田真的演替度进行了比较,期望对荆条灌丛的现况有个较全面和深入的了解,为合理的改造利用广阔的华北落叶灌丛提供理论依据。 本研究设置了四个样地。样地1在北京市怀柔县汤河口乡,样地2在汤河口以南40公里的云蒙山林场,下设两个小样地2a和2b,分别经过8年和3年的封山保护。样地3在北京海淀区的西山上,样地4位于河北省元氏县。四个样地的地理位置,地形、立地条件及所受的人为干扰的程度各不相同。DCA分析对样地的排序图中从左到右样地的顺序为样地2b,2a,样地3,样地1,样地4。 6个样地的荆条滋丛中计有高等植物49种,分属24科47属。其中样地1 8科14种,样地2a 15科24种,样地2b 13科18种,样地3 9科14种,样地4a 11科18种,样地4b 7科11种。以禾本科植物最多(8种),菊科植物6种次之,蔷薇科植物4种,居第三。6个样地中常见植物种(存在度60%以上)有11个,较1965年调查时的常见种数(16种)显著减少。 生活型谱分析表明样地1和2a的生活型谱介于热带和温带类型之间。样地2b的生活型谱是较典型的温带类型,样地3则较偏向荒漠类型;样地4a和4b的生活型谱则较偏向热带和荒漠的类型。 植物区系分析表明,样地2b带有最明显的中生性,而样地4a因含有最多的热带和亚热带分布种而最为干燥。样地依干燥度增加的顺序为2b,2a3,1,4b,4a。这个顺序恰好和DCA对样地的排序结果完全吻合,同时,它还是温度升高的梯度。 荆条灌丛中荆条地上部生物量,以样地2a和2b为最高,分别为3571,9和3285.8公斤/公顷,其次为样地3,达2445.7公斤/公顷,余下的顺序为样地1,样地4a和4b。这个顺序和DCA与样地的排序结果一致,即荆条地上部生物量随着样地干燥程度的增加和温度的增加而减少。相关分析表明,热量(年日照时数)是控制荆条生长的最主要因素,且荆条的生长受土壤中砾石的很大的制约。 荆条灌丛中荆条之外的其它植物种类,作为一个组分,其地上部生物量除样地1外,和荆条地上部生物量的大小顺序一致,这些植物地上部生物量随人为干扰程度的增强而极显著的减少,且随海拔高度的增加而极显著的增加,说明这些植物较适于生长在海拔较高的地区,且它们随人为干扰的能力很弱。 荆条灌丛群落地上部总生物量,作为上述两个组分的综合,较多的受灌丛中其它植物地上部生物量的影响,而且与海拔高度呈现显著的相关性。群落地上部总生物量与年蒸发量、无霜期、人为干扰程度均表现极显著的负相关,与≥10'C的年积温也显著的负相关。这些特点,都表明荆条灌丛一个总趋势,即较低的温低更适合该群落的生长。 荆条地下部生物量在样地l达9641.8公斤,公顷顾(1986) 和l0996.6公斤/公顷(1987),其中各有51.1%和28.90%是根球的生物量,在样地3则1988年为2306.1公斤/公顷,l989年增至5442.2公斤/公顷,两个样地中,地下部生物量为枝条生物量的6.29和5.44倍(样地1),以及2.10和1.23倍《样地3),根枝比的分析表明样地1年龄大于样地3,且样地1比样地3.干燥,荆条的根枝比大于其它灌术种类的根枝比,这是荆条对砍伐的适应.就象灌丛栎(根枝比6.23)对火灾的适应一样。 样地1荆条灌丛的总生物量,1986年为13.44吨/公顷,87年为l6.4吨/公顷,增加了22.2%,群落年净第一性生产量为3.96吨/公顷•年。在群落总生物量中,荆条的生物量占绝大部分,分别达90.4%和86.3%,而在群落年净第一性生产量中,荆条的贡献达3.00吨/公顷•年,占75.8%。 样地3的总生物量88年为9.90砘/公顷.89年猛增至21.17砘/公顷,增加了113.9%,群落年净第一性生产量为12.62砘/公顷•年,是样地1的3.19倍。群落总生物量中,荆条所占的比例在1988年为48.0%,89年增大为58.5%,和样地1的变化趋势相反,表明两个样地的荆条灌丛处于不同的发育阶段。在群落的年净第一性生产量中,荆条的贡献和样地1相似,达71.1%。 和不同类型的灌丛地上部生物量比较的结果表明荆条灌丛小于同地区的落叶灌丛(绒毛绣线菊、荆条、蚂蚱腿子灌丛),更小于同地区的乔木树种的萌生灌丛如辽东栎萌生丛.以及其他地区的矮针叶树栎灌丛,群落总生物量的比较结果也表明荆条灌丛的生物量还有很大的发展潜力。 荆条灌丛地上部生产量已经超过一些成熟乔木种类的林地的生产量,且荆条灌丛中生长最快的群落(样地3)的地上部生产量已接近一些乔木种类的幼龄林地的生产量说明荆条灌丛有较高的生长速度。 生物量累积比作为植物或群落衰老程度的指标,说明荆条灌丛较之其它原生灌丛还是较”年轻”的,样地1的生物量累积比较大,是该群落遭受频繁砍伐的反映。 由荆条灌丛立地的潜在生产量的分析可知样地1的荆条灌丛离其”成熟类型”的生产量还差距很大,而样地3的生产量正接近其”成熟类型”。结合前面的分析,可以推测在人类活动频繁和强度的干扰下,样地l的荆条灌丛没有继续向其成熟类型发育,而在中途衰退了。 西山荆条灌丛中,在代谢活动较旺盛的部位,N和K的含量较高,Hg,P和Zn也表现相似的倾向,A1和Fe则表现了相反的趋势,即代谢活动较强的部位,含量较低。Mn,Ca和Ha则是介于中问的一种类型。比较各组分中元素的含量值,Mg是较均匀的类型,其余元素在不同组分间含量的差异都较悬殊。西山荆条灌丛中,Mn,Mn, Mg,Ca,AI五个元素都以土壤中的含量为最高,N的含量则以上壤为最低,而植物组分中 K的含量一直保持较高的水平。 多数元素在荆条根球中的含量最低,包括Fe,Hn,Zn,(Ca,P和AI。随着年龄的增大,各组分中K的含量有增加的趋势(其增加量大于其它元素的增加量),在西山荆条灌从中,植物组分以及及土壤里各元素除p外,其含量均与两个以上元素的含量呈显著相关性(图11).而P的含量只与N的含量具极显著相关性,,在植物组分中,灰分含量与Fe,Mn,Ca,P,AI的含量均具极显著的相关性。荆条内部各组分的元寨岔登之间全部晕缀显著相关,而绝大部分植物组分中元素含量与土壤中相应元素的含量值无相关性。 植物组分中,其它植物地上部,其它植物地下部和羽叶是元素积累量最大的三个组分。荆枝中的Ca和Ha,荆根球和荆根中的Zn和Mg以及荆根中的Al,它们的含量与其积累量之间具有较明显的补偿现象,即它们的积累量并不随生物量的增减而发生显著的变化。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条和其它植物对10种元素的吸收总量基本相等。在荆条的总吸收量中,K,N,Ca的吸收量占88.5%,其余7种元素的吸收量只占11.5%。在其它植物中,则以Ca,N和Al的吸收量占多数,达73.9%。在荆条和其它植物中,K和Al的吸收可能存在着拮抗关系。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条对K的吸收量最大,但对Mn的利用系数最大。10种元素中最大和最小吸收量之间在荆条中相差339倍(K和Zn之间),但荆条对各元素的利用系数却相差不多,平均为0.775±0.09。其它植物对10种元素的利用系数较荆条稍高,平均为0.826±0.07,整个西山荆条灌丛群落对元素的利用系数以Mn为最高,Na为最低。 若以土壤中元素的垒量的贮量计算,荆条对N的吸收系数最大,Al最小。若以土壤中元素的有效含量(可溶性或可代换性量)汁,则荆条的吸收系数以Al最大,Ca最小 (表21)。土壤元素(全量)的周转时间,Al最长,达2603.2年,多数元素在450-600年 之间,只有N,P,K三个元素的周转时间最短,分别只有35.4,151.9,和109.l年。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条以凋落物形式归还土壤的元素量在其吸收量中所占的比例(归 还率),Zn (26.5%),Mg (36.1%),Ca (36.1%),P(21.3%)和N(25.0%)属较高的类型, Al (13.5%),Na(14.6%)和K(13.1%)居中,Mn (8.5%)和Fe(8.0%)最低。灌丛群落中 元素的归还率除Mn最小(12.1%)外,其余在21.3%-37.9%之间。 西山荆条灌丛中,荆条和其它植物所吸收的元素量在群落总吸收量中所占的比例, 各元素之间显著不同,均匀的类型有N,Zn,Mg和Na,即荆条和其它植物的吸收量相当。 K是唯一以荆条的吸收量占优势的元素,荆条吸收的K占群落总吸收量的80.7%。其余 元素,Mn,P,Al,Fe和Ca均是其它植物的吸收量显著大于荆条的吸收量(表22,图45)。 荆条所吸收的无素量,在其内部各组分中的分配(存留)格局,普遍规律是将绝大 部分用于其叶片的生长(或存留于叶片)中.Mn是唯一例外的元素,荆条将其吸收量的 最大部分存留于其枝条中。其余9个元素.荆条对其叶片存留后剩下的那部分元素量的 分配方式可以区分出三种类型:将剩余部分中的多数存留于其枝条的元素有AI,Fe,Zn, Mg;将剩余部分中的多数存留于其地下部的元素有P,Na, 和Ca;而K和N则属于中间 的类型,即用于叶片后的剩余的K和N在荆枝和荆条地下部(根球和艉)中较均匀的分配 (表22,图46). 西山荆条灌丛中元素循环的强度和速度都显著大于汤河口荆条灌丛,两个样地的元 素循环特征的最显著差异是汤河口荆条灌丛中荆条将其吸收的元素量中的最大部分存留 于其地下部,和西山样地完全相反,这可能是两个样地荆条灌丛元素循环特征的最本质 的区别。其原因,可能是汤河口样地中荆条对其地上部遭受频繁砍伐的一种适应方式, 也可能是汤河口荆条滋丛衰老的反映。 西山灌丛中荆条落叶分解过程中其失重率曲线呈双S形,其失重率最大增长速度出现在第166-299天之间。经过539天的分解作用,荆条枯落叶损失了其于重的53.3%,其中分解期(千重损失50%所用时间)为514.1天。 与干重失重率相对应,荆条枯落叶的平均腐解率的最高值出现在299和364天,而区 间腐解率的最大值则出现在第66—227天和第227 - 299天之间,比平均腐解率的最高值 出现的早,这与其总失重率曲线是非常吻合的,因为第166 - 227天及第227 - 299天之间 的高腐解率导致了其后高失重率的出现。 平均腐解率与平均气温之间具显著相关性(P<0.0S),而与平均降水量只在90%置信区间内有相关性,区间腐解率也只在90%置信区内与平均气温有相关性。 以平均腐解率计算,荆条枯落叶干重的95%被分解所需的时间为6.37年,比同一地区的侧柏、元宝槭、黄栌、山杏、刺槐,油讼和栓皮栎短,说明荆条叶片枯落物的分解速率是较快的。 荆条枯落叶分解过程中的失重主要由于有机物被分解引起的,且有机C,可溶性糖 和粗纤维的分解决定了失重率变化的总趋势。 各有机物含量程分解过程中的变化各不相同。就浓度而言,以可溶性糖的浓度降低 速度最快,丹宁的浓度也显著的下降,粗脂肪和有机C浓度属于平缓下降的类型,而木 质素和粗纤维属另一极端的类型,其浓度持续升高。各有机物在枯落叶中的总量以不同 的速率减少。经过539天的分解作用,各有机物的损失率大小的顺序为可溶性糖(97.90%)>丹宁(95. 92%)>粗脂肪(70.83%)>有机C(61.59%)>粗纤维(37.36%)>木质素( 31,97%)。此外,不同的有机物的含量以不同的规律变化,其中可溶性糖和木质素在第105天内即被大量的分解而损失(分别损失63.66%和19.67%)。丹宁和有机C的损失率的变化是较际准的S形曲线,粗纤维的损失率变化曲线为右抛物线的上半部,而粗脂肪类似S形曲线,但最不规则. 荆条枯落叶分解过程中矿质元素浓度和含董的变化很不规则。灰分含量作为大部分矿质元素含量的总和,其浓度在分解过程中稳定升高,而其总量则持续下降,所研究的10种矿质元素的浓度和总量的变化很不一致,在浓度变化方面,K是星下降趋势的唯一元素,其余元素(包括N,Ca,Na,Mg,P,Fe,Zn,Mn和Al)的浓度均随分解过程呈升高的趋势。从元素的总量方面可以区别出两种类型:即N,Ca,Na,K,P5个元素属于减少的类型,而Fe,Mn,Zn,Mg和Al的总量则有所增加。 西山和汤河口两个样地的荆条灌丛都是渐近稳定的,且离其稳定态尚有一定距离,相对稳定性指数没有显示两个样地的稳定性具有显著的差异。 西山荆条灌丛的演替度大于汤河口灌丛,这和它们所受的人为干扰的强度的差异有紧密联系。
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Lake wamala was opened to commercial fishing in 1960. Interviews with the local fishermen during 1975/78 (Okaronon 1975, 1976, 1977, 1989) revealed that fishing for subsistence had been going on long before stocking was done. The subsistence fishing was conducted along rivers and at river mouths using basket traps (mainly made of papyrus stems), weirs and hooks and that the fish species caught were predominantly clarias (mudfish/male) and protopterus Lungfish/Mamba). These interviews did not, however, reveal the presence of tilapiine species in Lake wamala prior to stocking. These interviews did not however reveal the presence of tillapine species in lake wamala prior to stocking. Following the opening of the lake to commercial fishing in 1960, Lake Wamala provided a very profitable commercial fishery throughout the 1960s. However, during the early 1970s the fishermen started complaining of continued decline in catch rates from about 8 kg (15 fish) of O. niloticus per net per night if in 1966 to less than 1 kg per net per night by 1975.
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Geo-morphology, ecology and fish production of the 92 rivers of Rajshahi division have been presented in this paper. Fifteen rivers are dead and 11 rivers have severe erosion problem. Siltation has increased in 66 rivers and depth has decreased in 11 rivers. Sixty nine rivers are suffering from low flow conditions. Fish diversity has decreased in 20 rivers while fish production has declined in 75 rivers. A total of 31 fish species have extinct, 25 species are under threat of extinction and 43 species have low production. Siltation and pollution are the major causes of fish habitat loss. Recommendations are made to protect and conserve fish habitat and riverine fisheries of Rajshahi division.
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This research is focused on the contribution of area 7 to the short-term visual spatial memory. Three rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained in the direct delayed response task in which 5 delay intervals were used in each session. When each monkey reached the criterion of 90% correct responses in 5 successive sessions, two monkeys underwent a surgery while the other one received a sham operation as a control. In the first stage of the surgery, bilateral areas 7a, 7b and 7ip of the parietal cortex of two monkeys were precisely lesioned. After 7 days of recuperation, the monkeys were required to do the same task. The average percentage of correct responses in the lesioned animals decreased from 94.7% to 89.3% and 93.3% to 82.0% respectively (no significance, P > 0.05, n = 2). In addition, the monkeys' complex movements were mildly impaired. The lesioned monkeys were found to have difficulty picking up food from the wells. In the second stage, bilateral area 7m was lesioned. In the 5 postoperative sessions, the average percentage of correct responses in one monkey, with a relatively precise 7m lesion, decreased from 94.7% to 92.2% (no significance, P > 0.05), while the other monkey, with widely spread necrosis of lateral parietal cortex, showed an. obvious decline in performance, but still over the chance level. After 240 trials this monkey reattained the normal criterion. The results of this research suggest that the lesions of area 7 of the parietal cortex did not significantly affect the short-term visual spatial memory, which has been shown to be sensitive to lesions of the prefrontal cortex; they also support the notion of dissociation of spatial functions in the prefrontal and parietal cortices.
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Avalanche multiplication has been one of the major destructive failure mechanisms in IGBTs; in order to avoid operating an IGBT under abnormal conditions, it is desirable to develop peripheral protecting circuits monolithically integrated without compromising the operation and performance of the IGBT. In this paper, a monolithically integrated avalanche diode (D av) for 600V Trench IGBT over-voltage protection is proposed. The mix-mode transient simulation proves the clamping capability of the D av when the IGBT is experiencing over-voltage stress in unclamped inductive switching (UIS) test. The spread of avalanche energy, which prevents hot-spot formation, through the help of the avalanche diode feeding back a large fraction of the avalanche current to a gate resistance (R G) is also explained. © 2011 IEEE.