Cryogenian magmatism and crustal reworking in the Southern Granulite Terrane, India

Understanding Neoproterozoic crustal evolution is fundamental to reconstructing the Gondwana supercontinent, which was assembled at this time. Here we report evidence of Cryogenian crustal reworking in the Madurai Block of the Southern Granulite Terrane of India. The study focuses on a garnet-bearing granite-charnockite suite, where the granite shows in situ dehydration into patches and veins of incipient charnockite along the contact with charnockite. The granite also carries dismembered layers of Mg-Al-rich granulite. Micro-textural evidence for dehydration of granite in the presence of CO2-rich fluids includes the formation of orthopyroxene by the breakdown of biotite, neoblastic zircon growth in the dehydration zone, at around 870 degrees C and 8kbar. The zircon U-Pb ages suggest formation of the granite, charnockite, and incipient charnockite at 836 +/- 73, 831 +/- 31, and 772 +/- 49Ma, respectively. Negative zircon epsilon Hf (t) (-5 to -20) values suggest that these rocks were derived from a reworked Palaeoproterozoic crustal source. Zircon grains in the Mg-Al-rich granulite record a spectrum of ages from ca. 2300 to ca. 500Ma, suggesting multiple provenances ranging from Palaeoproterozoic to mid-Neoproterozoic, with neoblastic zircon growth during high-temperature metamorphism in the Cambrian. We propose that the garnet-bearing granite and charnockite reflect the crustal reworking of aluminous crustal material indicated by the presence of biotite+quartz+aluminosilicate inclusions in the garnet within the granite. This crustal source can be the Mg-Al-rich layers carried by the granite itself, which later experienced high-temperature regional metamorphism at ca. 550Ma. Our model also envisages that the CO2 which dehydrated the garnet-bearing granite generating incipient charnockite was sourced from the proximal massive charnockite through advection. These Cryogenian crustal reworking events are related to prolonged tectonic activities prior to the final assembly of the Gondwana supercontinent.

电站锅炉受热面除灰新技术开发与应用

中国科学院力学研究所开发成功的燃气脉冲除灰技术,采用一种高能量、脉冲式、干法除灰的新思路,从根本上克服了蒸汽和压缩空气吹灰的弱点.通过对可燃气体非稳态燃烧机制的研究,分析管道结构对火焰速度和冲击波压力的影响.本技术在深圳妈湾发电总厂的运行结果表明,与蒸汽吹灰相比,可使锅炉排烟温度下降10℃－15℃,空气预热器烟气阻力下降700Pa-800Pa,引风机电流平均降低20A,提高了机组运行热效率、安全性和运行稳定性.

Estudio epidemiológico sobre la prevalencia de brucelosis bovina categoría novillos 2000-2006 en municipios del departamento de León

La Brucelosis Bovina es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa que afecta al hombre, animales domésticos y salvajes la cual es producida por una Bacteria del genero Brucella. Es una zoonosis por excelencia ya que se trasmite en forma natural de los animales vertebrados al nombre ocasionando pérdidas directas reduciendo la producción. Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia en el departamento de León se desarrolló un "ESTUDIO EPIDEMIOLOGICO SOBRE LA PREVALENCIA DE BRUCELOSIS BOVINA 2000-2006 EN MUNICIPIOS DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE LEON" Por lo que se realizó un sangrado (Sangre sin anticoagulante) a una población total de 161,522 Bovinos distribuidos en las 3 fincas de referencia del Departamento de León, para este estudio diagnóstico se utilizó el método de Rosa de Bengala y un método confirmativo Rivanol. Los resultados del diagnóstico serológico presentaron una prevalencia global de 0.16%, presentando la finca de referencia "La Base" una prevalencia de 0.18%, La Garrapata 0.22% y Sán José del Fortín 0.02% y una prevalencia de 0% para los municipios El Jicaral, Nagarote y Quesalguaque, 0.18% para la Paz Centro , 0.02% para León, 0.10% para el Sauce, 0.41% para Telica y el municipio con mayor nivel de prevalencia fue Malpaisillo con 0.49% de una población total de 2,831 animales, por lo que se concluye en este trabajo de tesis que se obtuvo resultados con prevalencia de 0.16 %, lo cual es muy baja en novillos analizados por lo que se recomienda un estricto control y vigilancia para mantener el nivel bajo de prevalencia del Departamento de León y resto del país.

柱状地幔上涌流动的力学结构和热结构

本文从流体力学基本方程组出发给出了粘度随温度和压力变化的牛顿流体的柱状上涌流的细致的力学结构和热结构,并对二组流变参数算出了各种深度上的上涌速度、温度和粘度的径向剖面以及上涌流动的半径。

Os atos interna corporis e as minorias parlamentares : análise sobre a legitimidade do controle judicial em defesa dos direitos de atuação das minorias parlamentares

A partir de um estudo doutrinário e jurisprudencial, justifica a necessidade de controlar judicialmente os chamados atos interna corporis, quando se objetiva proteger os direitos de atuação das minorias parlamentares. A relevância do tema está no fato de abordar o papel das minorias parlamentares no Estado Democrático de Direito, assunto ainda não muito aprofundado pela doutrina brasileira. Para isso, utiliza como marco teórico o modelo de democracia procedimental proposto por Habermas, que ressalta a importância de se assegurar os pressupostos comunicativos e procedimentais que viabilizam a formação democrática da norma legítima. Estuda também o princípio democrático e, dele decorrente, a relação existente entre os princípios majoritário e minoritário, além de analisar o valor jurídico dos regimentos internos, grande fonte das regras do processo legislativo e dos direitos de oposição política dentro do parlamento. Trata também do conceito de oposição política, as de suas principais funções e estratégias. Em relação aos atos interna corporis, apresenta o contexto histórico em que surgiram e a forma com que a doutrina brasileira analisa essa questão, tendo como parâmetro a proteção ao princípio da separação dos poderes. Além disso, como a questão dos atos interna corporis e direitos das minorias parlamentares baseia-se essencialmente na aplicação dos princípios da separação dos poderes e democrático, explica-se a forma com que se dá uma interpretação principiológica. Recorre-se aos discursos de legitimação e aplicação de Habermas para apresentar os limites que o Poder Judiciário deve obedecer para controlar atos do Poder Legislativo sem invadir sua competência. Nesse mesmo sentido, utiliza-se da teoria sistêmica para distinguir o sistema político e o sistema jurídico, em virtude de suas funções e códigos. Por fim, outro objetivo foi mostrar como o Supremo Tribunal Federal enfrente a questão tema deste trabalho, e a mudança de posicionamento da Suprema Corte com a decisão proferida no Mandado de Segurança nº 22. 831, que garantiu às minorias parlamentares no Senado Federal a instalação da comissão parlamentar de inquérito conhecida como "CPI dos Bingos" e reconheceu o "estatuto constitucional das minorias parlamentares".

U.S. Caribbean fish trap fishery costs and earnings study

Executive Summary: This study describes the socio-economic characteristics of the U.S. Caribbean trap fishery that encompasses the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and Territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands. In-person interviews were administered to one hundred randomly selected trap fishermen, constituting nearly 25% of the estimated population. The sample was stratified by geographic area and trap tier. The number of traps owned or fished to qualify for a given tier varied by island. In Puerto Rico, tier I consisted of fishermen who had between 1-40 fish traps, tier II was made up of fishermen who possessed between 41 and 100 fish traps, and tier III consisted of fishermen who held in excess of 100 fish traps. In St. Thomas and St. John, tier I was composed of fishermen who held between 1 and 50 fish traps, tier II consisted of fishermen who had between 51-150 fish traps and tier III was made up of fishermen who had in excess of 150 fish traps. Lastly, in St. Croix, tier I was made up of fishermen who had less than 20 fish traps and tier II consisted of fishermen who had 20 or more fish traps. The survey elicited information on household demographics, annual catch and revenue, trap usage, capital investment on vessels and equipment, fixed and variable costs, behavioral response to a hypothetical trap reduction program and the spatial distribution of traps. The study found that 79% of the sampled population was 40 years or older. The typical Crucian trap fisherman was older than their Puerto Rican and St. Thomian and St. Johnian counterparts. Crucian fishermen’s average age was 57 years whereas Puerto Rican fishermen’s average age was 51 years, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen’s average age was 48 years. As a group, St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen had 25 years of fishing experience, and Puerto Rican and Crucian fishermen had 30, and 29 years, respectively. Overall, 90% of the households had at least one dependent. The average number of dependents across islands was even, ranging between 2.8 in the district of St. Thomas and St. John and 3.4 in the district of St. Croix. The percentage utilization of catch for personal or family use was relatively low. Regionally, percentage use of catch for personal or family uses ranged from 2.5% in St. Croix to 3.8% in the St. Thomas and St. John. About 47% of the respondents had a high school degree. The majority of the respondents were highly dependent on commercial fishing for their household income. In St. Croix, commercial fishing made up 83% of the fishermen’s total household income, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John and Puerto Rico it contributed 74% and 68%, respectively. The contribution of fish traps to commercial fishing income ranged from 51% in the lowest trap tier in St. Thomas and St. John to 99% in the highest trap tier in St. Croix. On an island basis, the contribution of fish traps to fishing income was 75% in St. Croix, 61% in St. Thomas and St. John, and 59% in Puerto Rico. The value of fully rigged vessels ranged from $400 to $250,000. Over half of the fleet was worth $10,000 or less. The St. Thomas and St. John fleet reported the highest mean value, averaging $58,518. The Crucian and Puerto Rican fleets were considerably less valuable, averaging $19,831 and $8,652, respectively. The length of the vessels ranged from 14 to 40 feet. Fifty-nine percent of the sampled vessels were at least 23 feet in length. The average length of the St. Thomas and St. John fleet was 28 feet, whereas the fleets based in St. Croix and Puerto Rico averaged 21 feet. The engine’s propulsion ranged from 8 to 400 horsepower (hp). The mean engine power was 208 hp in St. Thomas and St. John, 108 hp in St. Croix, and 77 hp in Puerto Rico. Mechanical trap haulers and depth recorders were the most commonly used on-board equipment. About 55% of the sampled population reported owning mechanical trap haulers. In St. Thomas and St. John, 100% of the respondents had trap haulers compared to 52% in Puerto Rico and 20% in St. Croix. Forty-seven percent of the fishermen surveyed stated having depth recorders. Depth recorders were most common in the St. Thomas and St. John fleet (80%) and least common in the Puerto Rican fleet (37%). The limited presence of emergency position indication radio beacons (EPIRBS) and radar was the norm among the fish trap fleet. Only 8% of the respondents had EPIRBS and only 1% had radar. Interviewees stated that they fished between 1 and 350 fish traps. Puerto Rican respondents fished on average 39 fish traps, in contrast to St. Thomian and St. Johnian and Crucian respondents, who fished 94 and 27 fish traps, respectively. On average, Puerto Rican respondents fished 11 lobster traps, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian respondents fished 46 lobster traps. None of the Crucian respondents fished lobster traps. The number of fish traps built or purchased ranged between 0 and 175, and the number of lobster traps built or bought ranged between 0 and 200. Puerto Rican fishermen on average built or purchased 30 fish traps and 14 lobster traps, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen built or bought 30 fish traps and 11 lobster traps. Crucian fishermen built or bought 25 fish traps and no lobster traps. As a group, fish trap average life ranged between 1.3 and 5 years, and lobster traps lasted slightly longer, between 1.5 and 6 years. The study found that the chevron or arrowhead style was the most common trap design. Puerto Rican fishermen owned an average of 20 arrowhead traps. St. Thomian and St. Johnian and Crucian fishermen owned an average of 44 and 15 arrowhead fish traps, respectively. The second most popular trap design was the square trap style. Puerto Rican fishermen had an average of 9 square traps, whereas St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen had 33 traps and Crucian fishermen had 2 traps. Antillean Z (or S) -traps, rectangular and star traps were also used. Although Z (or S) -traps are considered the most productive trap design, fishermen prefer the smaller-sized arrowhead and square traps because they are easier and less expensive to build, and larger numbers of them can be safely deployed. The cost of a fish trap, complete with rope and buoys, varied significantly due to the wide range of construction materials utilized. On average, arrowhead traps commanded $94 in Puerto Rico, $251 in St. Thomas and St. John, and $119 in St. Croix. The number of trips per week ranged between 1 and 6. However, 72% of the respondents mentioned that they took two trips per week. On average, Puerto Rican fishermen took 2.1 trips per week, St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen took 1.4 trips per week, and Crucian fishermen took 2.5 trips per week. Most fishing trips started at dawn and finished early in the afternoon. Over 82% of the trips lasted 8 hours or less. On average, Puerto Rican fishermen hauled 27 fish traps per trip whereas St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen and Crucian fishermen hauled 68 and 26 fish traps per trip, respectively. The number of traps per string and soak time varied considerably across islands. In St. Croix, 84% of the respondents had a single trap per line, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John only 10% of the respondents had a single trap per line. Approximately, 43% of Puerto Rican fishermen used a single trap line. St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen soaked their traps for 6.9 days while Puerto Rican and Crucian fishermen soaked their traps for 5.7 and 3.6 days, respectively. The heterogeneity of the industry was also evidenced by the various economic surpluses generated. The survey illustrated that higher gross revenues did not necessarily translate into higher net revenues. Our analysis also showed that, on average, vessels in the trap fishery were able to cover their cash outlays, resulting in positive vessel income (i.e., financial profits). In Puerto Rico, annual financial profits ranged from $4,760 in the lowest trap tier to $32,467 in the highest tier, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John annual financial profits ranged from $3,744 in the lowest tier to $13,652 in the highest tier. In St. Croix, annual financial profits ranged between $9,229 and $15,781. The survey also showed that economic profits varied significantly across tiers. Economic profits measure residual income after deducting the remuneration required to keep the various factors of production in their existing employment. In Puerto Rico, annual economic profits ranged from ($9,339) in the lowest trap tier to $ 8,711 in the highest trap tier. In St. Thomas and St. John, annual economic profits ranged from ($7,920) in the highest tier to ($18,486) in the second highest tier. In St. Croix, annual economic profits ranged between ($7,453) to $10,674. The presence of positive financial profits and negative economic profits suggests that higher economic returns could be earned from a societal perspective by redirecting some of these scarce capital and human resources elsewhere in the economy. Furthermore, the presence of negative economic earnings is evidence that the fishery is overcapitalized and that steps need to be taken to ensure the long-run economic viability of the industry. The presence of positive financial returns provides managers with a window of opportunity to adopt policies that will strengthen the biological and economic performance of the fishery while minimizing any adverse impacts on local fishing communities. Finally, the document concludes by detailing how the costs and earnings information could be used to develop economic models that evaluate management proposals. (PDF contains 147 pages)

Feed conversion, protein efficiency, digestibility and growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus fed Delonix regia seed meal

Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings (mean weight 5.27~c0.29g) were fed raw and boiled Delonix regia seed meals following standard procedures. The weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU) were determined as growth indices. Diet formulated with seed boiled for 80 minutes showed significantly (P<0.05) high values for the growth indices. Carcass nutrients composition were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in the control (raw) diet. Delonix regia seed meal when boiled has high potential of being utilized efficiently by O.niloticus. The implications of the respective index in fish metabolism are discussed

Subwavelength imaging by a dielectric-tube photonic crystal

In contrast to previous two-dimensional coated photonic crystals, in this paper we propose a left-handed one that is made of dielectric tubes arranged in a close-packed hexagonal lattice. Without metallic cores, this structure is low-loss and convenient to fabricate. Negative refraction and its resulting focusing are investigated by dispersion characteristic analysis and numerical simulation of the field pattern. With proper modification at the interface, the image is improved. With better isotropy than that with noncircular rods, planoconcave lenses made by dielectric tubes focus a Gaussian beam exactly at R//n - 1/.

掺铒碲钨酸盐玻璃及其平面波导

研制了一种用于宽带波导放大器的掺铒碲钨酸盐激光玻璃材料，对玻璃热稳定性、光谱性质进行了表征，并在其上采用离子交换法制作了平面光波导．掺铒碲钨酸盐玻璃的转变温度Tg和析品开始温度Tx分别为377．1和488．5℃；荧光半高宽为52nm；应用McCumber理论，计算得出Er^3+离子4I13／2→^4I15／2跃迁在峰值波长1532nm的受激发射截面为0．91×10^-20cm^2．不同条件下制作了在632．8nm处多模的平面光波导，通过拟合得到Ag^+离子在300℃的有效扩散系数De为2．82×10^-1

Intense blue up-conversion luminescence in Tm3+/Yb3+ codoped oxyfluoride glass-ceramics containing beta-PbF2 nanocrystals

Up-conversion luminescence properties of a Tm3+/Yb3+ codoped oxyfluoride glass-ceramics under 980nm excitation are investigated. Intense blue emission centered at 476nm, corresponding to (1)G(4) -> H-3(6) transitions of Tm3+ was simultaneously observed in the transparent oxyfluoride glass ceramics at room temperature. The intensity of the blue up-conversion luminescence in a 1 mol% YbF3-containing glass-ceramic was found to be about 40 times stronger than that in the precursor oxyfluoride glass. The reason for the intense TM3+ up- conversion luminescence in the oxyfluoride glass-ceramics is discussed. The dependence of up-conversion intensities on excitation power and possible up-conversion mechanism are also evaluated. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

沉积温度对电子束蒸发HfO2薄膜残余应力的影响

采用电子束蒸发沉积方法在BK7玻璃基底和熔融石英基底上沉积了HfO2薄膜，研究了不同沉积温度下的应力变化规律。利用ZYGO干涉仪测量了基片镀膜前后曲率半径的变化，计算了薄膜应力。结果发现在所考察的实验条件下HfO2薄膜的残余应力均为张应力，应力值随沉积温度的升高先增大后减小。两种基底上薄膜的残余应力的主要产生机制不同。对于BK7玻璃基底HfO2薄膜的残余应力起决定作用的是内应力，熔融石英基底上HfO2薄膜的残余应力在较低沉积温度下制备的薄膜起决定作用的是热应力，在沉积温度进一步升高后内应力开始起决定作用。

Enquadrando a esfera pública: a controvèrsia das cotas raciais na imprensa

As investigações em torno da atuação política da imprensa costumam partir de duas posturas teóricas opostas. De um lado, alguns analistas enfatizam a importância da imprensa para a constituição de uma esfera pública nas democracias modernas. Desse prisma, ela seria encarregada de viabilizar o debate público e submeter ao escrutínio da sociedade as decisões estatais. Do outro lado, uma perspectiva mais cética defende que a imprensa não pode ser tomada como um pilar da esfera pública. Suas rotinas e estruturas a tornariam uma instância de manipulação retórica incompatível com o ideal moderno de um público deliberativo. Contudo, para além dessas oposições é importante notar que o ideal de uma deliberação pública mediada pela imprensa tem funcionado historicamente como um discurso de legitimação para a própria imprensa. Partindo da premissa de que a ideia de esfera pública é uma categoria política, esta pesquisa pretende entender de que modo alguns jornais se servem de uma dada concepção de esfera pública para se autolegitimarem enquanto pilares do debate público democrático. Através do estudo da maneira como a grande imprensa brasileira lidou com o tema das ações afirmativas raciais no ensino superior, este trabalho mostra como determinados enquadramentos midiáticos serviram para que a imprensa reivindicasse para si o status de esfera pública de debate do tema. A pesquisa se baseou numa análise de todos os textos sobre as ações afirmativas raciais no ensino superior publicados entre 2001 e 2009 nos dois principais jornais brasileiros: O Globo e Folha de S. Paulo. No total, 1.831 textos de diferentes tipos (reportagens, artigos, colunas, editoriais, cartas de leitores etc.) foram compilados e analisados a partir de Programas Computacionais de Codificação Assistida de Dados Qualitativos (CAQDAS, na sigla anglófona). A análise indica que ambos os jornais promoveram uma dramatização pública da controvérsia ao organizarem as discussões em torno das ações afirmativas raciais de acordo com determinados modelos de esfera pública. Tal dramatização não somente possibilitou que a imprensa influenciasse os destinos das ações afirmativas raciais no país, apresentando-as como medidas essencialmente polêmicas, mas também limitou a cobertura a estruturas narrativas padronizadas