Insight overview: natural selection 150 years on

The theory of evolution by natural selection has prospered in its first 150 years and provides a consistent account of species as highly adapted and rare survivors in the struggle for existence. It now faces the challenge of finding order in the evolution of complex systems, including human society.

A portable Compton spectrometer for clinical X-ray beams in the energy range 20-150 keV

Primary beam spectra were obtained for an X-ray industrial equipment (40-150 kV), and for a clinical mammography apparatus (25-35 kV) from beams scattered at angles close to 90 degrees, measured with a CdTe Compton spectrometer. Actual scattering angles were determined from the Compton energy shift of characteristic X-rays or spectra end-point energy. Evaluated contribution of coherent scattering amounts to more than 15% of fluence in mammographic beams. This technique can be used in clinical environments. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Posse e eleição do novo Congresso geram mais de 150 mil menções nas redes sociais

O início de um novo período parlamentar na Câmara dos Deputados e no Senado, neste fim de semana, em Brasília, mobilizou as redes sociais – sobretudo domingo, em virtude das polêmicas eleições para as presidências das duas casas legislativas. Favoritos, o deputado federal Eduardo Cunha (PMDB-RJ) e o senador Renan Calheiros (PMDB-AL) venceram as respectivas disputas, com ampla repercussão no Twitter ao longo dos últimos dois dias.

Vila Arraias: espaço de sobrevivência, morte e núcleo de organização na luta pela terra na PA - 150 (1970-1985)

Esta dissertação procura compreender a história da vila Arraias (sudeste paraense) como construção do migrante-posseiro na década de 70, buscando uma compreensão de como ocorreu o processo de formação da vila às margens da PA-150, identificando e caracterizando os motivos e sujeitos que tiveram direta e indiretamente envolvidos nesse processo e quais foram suas ações. A construção da rodovia estadual PA-150 no final da década de 70, o processo migratório que se direcionou para essa região nas décadas de 70 e 80, ou seja, o processo de ocupação das margens dessa estrada por migrante-posseiro bem como os conflitos travados pela posse de terras nessa região e a funcionalidade da vila Arraias como um núcleo, uma célula na luta pela terra na região da PA-150 é o que dá direção e estrutura a esta discussão.

Análise da viabilidade de simulações com feixes de prótons de 100, 150, 200 e 250 MeV em alvos heterogêneos

In the recent years, the use of proton beams in radiotherapy has been an outstanding progress (SMITH, 2006). Up to now, computed tomography (CT) is a prerequisite for treatment planning in this kind of therapy because it provides the electron density distribution required for calculation of dose and the interval of doses. However, the use of CT images for proton treatment planning ignores fundamental differences in physical interaction processes between photons and protons and is, therefore, potentially inaccurate (SADROZINSKI, 2004). Proton CT (pCT) can in principle directly measure the density distribution needed in a patient for the dose distribution (SCHULTE, et al, 2004). One important problem that should be solved is the implementation of image reconstruction algorithms. In this sense, it is necessary to know how the presence of materials with different density and composition interfere in the energy deposition by ionization and coulomb excitation, during its trajectory. The study was conducted in two stages, was used in both the program SRIM (The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter) to perform simulations of the interaction of proton beams with pencil beam type. In the first step we used the energies in the range of 100-250 MeV (ZIEGLER, 1999). The targets were set to 50 mm in length for the beam of 100 MeV, due to its interaction with the target, and short-range, and 70 mm for 150, 200 and 250 MeV The target was composed of liquid water and a layer of 6 mm cortical bone (ICRP). It were made 9 simulations varying the position of the heterogeneity of 5 mm. In the second step the energy of 250 MeV was taken out from the simulations, due to its greater energy and less interaction. The targets were diminished to 50 mm thick to standardize the simulations. The layer of bone was divided into two equal parts and both were put in the ends of the target... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)