无粪便生活污水SMBR快速处理技术

针对传统生活污水水质相对复杂,处理与回用较为困难的问题,提出在收集时排除粪便水,选择厨房、洗漱、洗澡、洗涤的污水,利用浸没式膜生物反应器(SMBR)技术实现无粪便污水的快速处理,再生水回用于冲厕。结果表明:此种污水COD、NH4+-N和TP含量低,具有良好的可生化性,可大大降低处理周期与处理成本。本技术优化的主要工艺条件为:污泥浓度范围7000～9100mg.L-1,污泥龄(SRT)40～55d,水力停留时间(HRT)为80min,气水比为12～15,处理效果好,微滤膜对稳定出水水质起到重要作用。在此条件下,COD、NH4+-N和TP去除率分别为85.5%、53.1%和44.9%。出水COD在20～30mg.L-1,BOD5为1～5mg.L-1,NH4+-N为2～3.08mg.L-1,TP为0.59～0.9mg.L-1,LAS为0.41～0.67mg.L-1,去除效果较好,再生水水质可达到《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T18920-2002)标准。

The direct synthesis of wholly aromatic poly(p-phenylene)s bearing sulfobenzoyl side groups as proton exchange membranes

Sulfonated poly(p-phenylene)s (SPPs) containing sulfonic acid groups in their side chains had been directly synthesized by Ni(0) catalytic coupling of sodium 3-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)benzenesulfonate and 2,5-dichlorobenzophenone. The synthesized copolymers possessed high molecular weights revealed by their high viscosity, and the formation of tough and flexible membranes by casting from DMAc solution. The copolymers exhibited excellent oxidative stability and mechanical properties due to their fully aromatic structure extending through the backbone and pendent groups. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis revealed that these side-chain type SPP membranes have a microphase-separated structure composed of hydrophilic side-chain domains and hydrophobic polyphenylene main chain domains. The proton conductivities of copolymer membranes increased with the increase of IEC and temperature, reaching values above 3.4 x 10(-1) S/cm at 120 degrees C, which are almost 2-3 times higher than that of Nafion 117 at the same measurement conditions. Consequently, these materials proved to be promising as proton exchange membranes.

Study of semicrystalline-amorphous diblock copolymers .1. Microphase separation, glass transition and crystallization of tetrahydrofuran methyl methacrylate diblock copolymers

The microphase separation, glass transition and crystallization of two series of tetrahydrofuran-methyl methacrylate diblock copolymers (PTHF-b-PMMA), one with a given PTHF block of M(n) = 5100 and the other with a given PTHF block of (M) over bar(n) = 7000, were studied in this present work. In the case of solution-cast materials, the microphase separation of the copolymer takes place first, with crystallization then gradually starting in the formed PTHF microphase. The T-g of the PMMA microphase shows a strong dependence on the molecular weight of the PMMA block, while the T-g of the PTHF microphase shows a strong dependence on the copolymer composition. The non-isothermal crystallization temperature (T-c) of the diblock copolymer decreases rapidly and continuously with the increase in the amorphous PMMA weight fraction; the lowest T-c of the copolymer is ca. 35 K lower than the T-c of the PTHF homopolymer. There also exists a T-c dependence on the molecular weight of the PTHF block. In addition, when the major component of the copolymer is PMMA, a strong dependence of the crystallizability of the copolymer on the molecular weight of the PTHF block is observed; the higher the molecular weight, then the stronger its crystallizability. The melting temperature of the block copolymer is dependent on the copolymer composition and the molecular weight of its crystallizable block. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Flux and fate of Yangtze river sediment delivered to the East China Sea

Numerous cores and dating show the Yangtze River has accumulated about 1.16 x 10(12) t sediment in its delta plain and proximal subaqueous delta during Holocene. High-resolution seismic profiling and coring in the southern East China Sea during 2003 and 2004 cruises has revealed an elongated (similar to 800 km) distal subaqueous mud wedge extending from the Yangtze River mouth southward off the Zhejiang and Fujian coasts into the Taiwan Strait. Overlying what appears to be a transgressive sand layer, this distal clinoform thins offshore, from similar to 40 in thickness between the 20 and 30 m water depth to < 1-2 in between 60 and 90 m water depth, corresponding to an across shelf distance of less than 100 km. Total volume of this distal mud wedge is about 4.5 x 10(11) m(3), equivalent to similar to 5.4 x 10(11) t of sediment. Most of the sediment in this mud wedge comes from the Yangtze River, with some input presumably coming from local smaller rivers. Thus, the total Yangtze-derived sediments accumulated in its deltaic system and East China Sea inner shelf have amounted to about 1.7 x 10(12) t. Preliminary analyses suggest this longshore and across-shelf transported clinoform mainly formed in the past 7000 yrs after postglacial sea level reached its mid-Holocene highstand, and after re-intensification of the Chinese longshore current system. Sedimentation accumulation apparently increased around 2000 yrs BP, reflecting the evolution of the Yangtze estuary and increased land erosion due to human activities, such as fanning and deforestation. The southward-flowing China Coastal Current, the northward-flowing Taiwan Warm Current, and the Kuroshio Current appear to have played critical roles in transporting and trapping most of Yangtze-derived materials in the inner shelf, and hence preventing the sediment escape into the deep ocean. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

卫星高度计资料在海洋潮汐研究中的应用

本文依据收集到的392个地面验潮站8个主要分潮（M2、S2、K1、O1、N2、K2、P1及Q1）的调和常数，对现有7个全球大洋潮汐模式的准确度进行了检验，结果显示各模式在深海区域均达到了比较高的准确度，相互之间差别也不大。经验模式GOT00和CSR4.0、同化模式NAO99、反演同化模式TPXO7.0、数值同化模式FES2002和FES2004的M2分潮均方根偏差在3 cm左右，其它分潮（S2、K1、O1、N2、K2、P1及Q1）大约在1～2 cm。本文还依据中国近海18个岛屿的调和常数对其中的5个大洋潮汐模式的准确度进行了检验，结果表明，M2分潮均方根偏差在6～14 cm，明显高于大洋部分的偏差，其中日本国家天文台的潮汐模式NAO99在中国近海的结果相对较准确。 我们利用1992年8月至2008年8月的TOPEX/POSEIDON和JASON-1(T/P-J)卫星高度计资料，对沿卫星轨道的302816个站点进行了14个分潮的潮汐调和分析，得到了全球大洋潮汐的8个主要分潮以及2个气象分潮Sa、Ssa的经验同潮图。主要结果有：（1）各分潮在卫星上升轨道与下降轨道的交叉点(约7000个)相关性分析表明：M2分潮的振幅和迟角的相关系数很高（分别为0.9965和0.9961）；S2，K1，O1和Sa分潮也有较好的相关性（相关系数为0.94～0.99）；（2）该结果与392地面个验潮站吻合较好，其中M2分潮的振幅、迟角和向量的均方根偏差分别为：1.73 cm，2.340和2.93 cm；S2，K1和O1分潮的振幅、迟角和向量的均方根偏差为1 cm左右，5.250～7.270和1.5～2.1 cm，该精度与最近几年国际上的主要大洋潮汐模式的准确度相近；（3）首次通过卫星资料获得了Sa、Ssa分潮的同潮图。周期为1年的Sa分潮与大洋105个地面站相比，振幅、迟角和向量的均方根偏差分别为1.50 cm、18.360和2.16 cm。在此基础上，进一步分析了构成Sa、Ssa气象分潮的两个主要因素（海水密度以及海面气压）在全球的分布。 在T/P-J等卫星资料无法覆盖到南大洋和北冰洋，本文利用Princeton Ocean Model（POM）进行了数值模拟，模拟结果与162个地面实测站（其中南大洋30个，北冰洋132个）的观测比较一致。基于卫星资料分析的结果和数值模拟结果合并得到了全球大洋的8个主要分潮同潮图。在此基础上通过全球潮汐能量耗散的计算得到潮能通量的分布，并得到全球M2、S2、K1和O1分潮的潮汐能量耗散率为2.431TW、0.401TW、0.336TW和0.176TW。 本文还利用卫星资料对南海潮汐进行了研究，在中国南海，获得了主要的半日潮、全日潮、四分日分潮和长周期分潮（M2，S2，N2，K2，K1，O1，P1，Q1，M4, MS4，Sa, Ssa）的经验同潮图。与南海沿岸94个地面验潮站的数据符合得比较好，M2，S2，K1及O1等4个主要分潮的平均振幅差为2～4 cm，均方根偏差分别是9～11 cm.其它4个主要分潮N2，K2，P1，Q1的平均振幅差为1～2 cm，均方根偏差为2～4 cm。此外，本文还利用卫星高度计资料潮汐分析结果沿卫星轨道进行高通滤波，分离得出中国近海的M2，S2，K1及O1分潮的内潮信息。

Effects of hypoxia on contents of essential elements in pika and rat heart

The effects of hypoxia on the levels of essential macroelements and trace elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn) in the heart muscles of Wistar rats and plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) were studied by atomic absorption spectrometry. Unlike the rat, the plateau pika is tolerant to hypoxia. The levels of K, Na, and the trace element Mn were not significantly changed in rat or pika hearts after exposure to hypoxia for 1, 10, or 25 d at simulated altitudes of 5000 and 7000 m. Other minerals (Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Fe) were significantly affected by hypoxia and the levels followed different time-courses under different hypoxic regimes in these two animals. There were marked differences between the rat and pika in myocardial accumulation of essential elements such as Ca, which was increased to high levels in the rat but not affected in the pika. The results suggest that hypoxia affects animal physiological mechanisms by regulating the levels of essential elements.

水下机器人多功能仿真平台及其鲁棒控制研究

为了辅助水下机器人控制系统的研究和开发，论文第一部分研究和建立水下机器人多功能仿真平台。基于现代仿真技术，先后研制成“7000米载人潜水器”多功能仿真平台HOV7000，“CR-02”6000米自主水下机器人多功能仿真平台CR6000和远程自主水下机器人多功能仿真平台LAUV。该种平台具有缩短研制水下机器人周期、减少试验成本、提高系统安全性和可靠性等特点。该平台的创新点在于水下机器人控制系统的硬件和软件与真实系统的硬件和软件完全一致，在多功能仿真平台上调试后的程序直接作为真实系统的控制程序运行。 论文第二部分针对7000米载人潜水器工作环境的复杂性，水下机器人本身参数摄动、外界扰动、传感器、执行机构、控制器不同程度存在不确定性、非线性和延迟，常规的控制方法一定程度上难以克服上述不确定性的影响等问题，研究了可以克服上述多环节不确定性、适合7000米载人潜水器水下作业场合的强鲁棒控制方法。其创新点为将运算量较大的多输入多输出鲁棒控制算法通过选择适当的加权函数应用于实际的水下机器人控制系统。本论文研究内容如下： 1、利用现代仿真技术研究水下机器人多功能仿真平台的实现方法。深入研究了水下机器人动力学模型、推进系统、海洋环境中海流、海底地形和水下机器人传感器等模型。利用机理仿真法，研究了水下机器人分立件推进系统模型和动力学模型；基于电子海图数据采用曲线/曲面拟合法建立了海流数据库模型，并提出了DTTCGSFD的海底地形生成方法；基于随机仿真法研究了水下机器人传感器的模拟方法；采用相似仿真法研究了基于势流理论、水面进行波、CFD的海流模拟方法和视觉传感器模拟方法；采用综合仿真法建立了一体化推进系统的模型。 2、研制成的水下机器人仿真平台具有下述9个方面的功能：基本原理、设计思想和方法的验证；控制系统软件和硬件的静态和动态调试；系统性能的测试与评价；下水前使命可实现性的全程实时验证；水下使命执行过程的伪在线监视；实时运行过程的离线重现；示教与训练；故障可能原因的仿真分析；演示与汇报。现场试验结果表明，多功能平台上的控制效果与现场湖试和海试的试验结果基本吻合。水下机器人多功能仿真平台的研制成功对于水下机器人的研究开发工作具有很大的实际意义，它使我们的研究工作从基于实际环境研究开发向基于虚拟环境研究开发转变，大大缩短了研究工作的周期，节省了大量的人力、物力和经费。 3、研究了基于MLQG的7000米载人潜水器控制方法。将7000米载人潜水器看作慢时变线性系统，采用带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘辨识算法及平方根算法辨识出水下机器人系统的时变参数，利用LQG控制具有克服零均值白噪声的特点设计2种MLQG鲁棒控制器。仿真试验结果表明MLQG控制算法对水下机器人系统存在海流扰动和参数时变两种不确定性均具有较好的鲁棒性。 4、研究基于混合灵敏度的H∞水下机器人鲁棒控制方法。由于水下机器人系统的模型摄动加权函数、输入加权函数、性能指标加权函数等加权函数的选择是水下机器人系统鲁棒稳定性和鲁棒性能的核心。深入研究并设计出适合于7000米载人潜水器的各加权函数后，将混合灵敏度问题转化为标准H∞问题，采用代数Riccati方程或LMI方法设计了可克服水下机器人多环节同时存在不确定性的鲁棒控制器。通过对频域和时域分析表明H∞鲁棒控制对于提高7000米载人潜水器系统快速性、减小系统稳态误差和克服系统不确定性具有更好的效果。在HOV7000多功能仿真平台上进行的控制系统试验——阶跃响应试验、动力定位试验以及H∞鲁棒控制和PID控制的比较试验验证了上述控制效果。 5、为了克服基于H∞鲁棒控制理论设计的控制器具有保守性的缺点，研究了基于结构奇异值µ的水下机器人鲁棒控制方法。在对结构奇异值µ理论深入研究后，讨论基于结构奇异值µ鲁棒控制和基于混合灵敏度的H∞鲁棒控制在系统模型摄动加权函数、输入加权函数、性能指标加权函数等加权函数的选择方面的区别与联系。设计出各相应加权函数后，采用D-K迭代方法设计了可克服水下机器人多环节同时存在不确定性的控制器参数。频域和时域内的理论分析结果，和HOV7000多功能仿真平台上的试验——系统阶跃响应试验、动力定位试验以及基于结构奇异值µ鲁棒控制与PID控制比较试验结果，表明采用基于结构奇异值µ的水下机器人鲁棒控制方法比基于H∞混合灵敏度的鲁棒控制方法具有更好的鲁棒稳定性和鲁棒性能。

基于视觉的水下机器人悬停定位方法与应用研究

为解决受外力扰动而影响定点作业的问题，水下机器人需要具有悬停定位(Station keeping)的功能。悬停定位是指在存在外界扰动的情况下，机器人相对于作业目标仍然能够保持期望的位置和姿态。它具有两个特点：首先，是一种动力定位，即在状态感知系统的引导下，依靠自身动力抵抗外界扰动而保持期望位姿；其二，是一种局部定位，机器人相对作业目标的空间运动范围一般不会很大。因此，对悬停定位的研究需要重点解决两个问题，一个是状态感知问题；另一个是控制问题。 传统的声学定位难以满足精度和实时性的要求，视觉是一种实现水下机器人悬停定位的重要方法。本文以国家“十五”863计划重大专项“7000米载人潜水器”的悬停定位为应用背景，从摄像机标定、特定水下目标识别、视觉伺服和演示实验四个方面进行基于视觉的水下机器人悬停定位方法与应用研究。所开发的系统采用特定观察目标作为合作目标，应用基于模型的单目位姿估计方法获取摄像机与观察目标之间的相对位姿信息，实现了悬停定位中的状态感知；然后以视觉系统提供的位姿信息为反馈,构建视觉伺服控制器，实现了水下机器人的闭环控制。 摄像机标定与水下特定目标识别是实现单目位姿估计的前提，其精度直接影响位姿估计的精度，进而影响整个悬停定位系统的性能。通常摄像机标定是一个先建立成像模型，然后求解模型参数的过程。常用的简化成像模型无法精确描述3维成像空间与2维图像平面之间的关系，并且常规标定方法存在非线性方程优化求解困难的问题。因此，本文提出一种基于虚拟摄像机的无模型标定方法。该方法把摄像机的成像过程作为一个黑盒，通过光电测量方式直接建立3维成像空间与对应2维图像平面之间的映射关系。然后根据该映射关系定义一台虚拟理想摄像机，其透视模型参数可以根据需要任意设定，而不影响最终标定结果。虚拟摄像机的引入使得本方法的应用与常规方法同样方便。实验结果表明，该标定方法可以提高位姿估计精度，特别适用于无法用数学模型精确描述成像过程的系统。 针对系统中应用的特定观察目标，设计了水下图像处理和目标识别算法。对水下图像增强处理以后，应用基于自动阈值和区域生长相结合的方法进行图像分割；然后提取观察目标的图像特征，应用基于模型的目标识别方法实现了水下目标的识别和定位。 以单目位姿估计获得的位姿信息为反馈，构建水下机器人的闭环控制器，以实现悬停定位。这是一个典型的基于位置的视觉伺服问题。针对悬停定位的特点，设计了注视优先原则，在机器人运动过程中合理规划各自由度的控制，应用专家PID控制方法实现了水下机器人视觉伺服。 应用上述研究成果，以水下机器人实验平台为载体，在室内水池搭建了演示实验系统，在国内首次完成了基于视觉的水下机器人悬停定位演示实验。实验结果表明：在悬停定位起始阶段，以观察目标在摄像机视场内为前提，机器人能够在视觉伺服控制下跟踪观察目标，并且使观察目标始终保持在摄像机视场之中；能够运动到指定位置并且保持一个特定姿态，实现了机器人的定位定姿；在受到外界扰动（外力或水流）的情况下，仍然能够恢复到原来的位姿；即使在持续水流的冲击下，也能稳定地保持期望位姿。水下机器人悬停定位演示实验为今后基于视觉的悬停定位技术应用于实际作业打下了良好基础。

深海微型ROV耐压控制系统研究与实现

微型ROV能够搭载在7000米载人潜水器上，与载人潜水器组成子母式系统，配合载人潜水器完成较为复杂的任务。它自带能源，运动灵活，携带摄像机及多种传感器，可以在载人潜水器不能或不便进入的狭小复杂区域开展工作，有效扩展了载人潜水器的工作范围；紧急情况下，微型ROV还能够触发载人潜水器应急抛载装置，帮助潜水器脱离险境，最大限度保证水下人员安全。 传统技术上，为防止海水的腐蚀和压力的破坏作用，构成水下机器人控制系统的电子设备均被安装在高强度的耐压壳体中。然而，随着水下机器人工作深度的加大，耐压壳体的体积和重量都将大幅增加，壳体的加工、装配和密封难度也会显著上升，严重影响了整个系统的稳定性和可靠性。为避免上述弊端，微型ROV将采用耐压电子技术来搭建控制系统，并将整个系统置于油液补偿的薄壁电子舱中。电子舱内外几乎没有压差，外界压力完全由舱内电子设备来承担。 为实现上述耐压控制系统，唯一的方法就是进行大量的相关试验，筛选出能够耐压的元件、模块和系统；对于不能耐压而又无可替代的个别元件，设计一套方案，对其单独进行耐压处理。 本文在充分研究微型ROV控制系统特性的前提下，提出了一套从重要元件、功能模块到试验系统，循序渐进的试验方案，其可行性在实践中得到了验证。以该方案为指导，一系列压力试验陆续展开。试验对象包括电阻、电容、电感和二极管等重要元件，锂离子电池和电压调节电路等功能模块，以及C8051F040单片机最小系统和载体控制系统核心板等试验系统。 试验结果表明：绝大多数常用元件、模块和系统在压力环境下工作正常，参数变化量没有超出允许的范围；只有晶振等少数薄壁空腔结构的元件不能耐压，需要经过特殊处理才能使用。对于这样的元件，本文设计了行之有效的处理方案，排除了若干技术障碍，取得了良好的实际效果。 压力试验和耐压处理有效解决了微型ROV电子设备的耐压问题，为耐压控制系统的设计和实现奠定了基础，具有一定的借鉴意义和较高的实用价值。

北天山新生代构造演化与古环境演变

The Tianshan Mountains is located about 1000-2000 km north of the India-Asia suture and is the most outstanding topography in central Asia, with transmeridional length of nearly 2500 km, north-southern wideness of ~ 300-500 km, peaks exceeding 7000 m above sea level (asl.), and average altitude of over 4000 m asl. Much of the modern relief of the Tianshan Range is a result of contraction driven by the collision of the India subcontinent with the southern margin of Asia, which began in early Tertiary and continues today. Understanding where, when and how the deformation of the Tianshan Mountains occurred is essential to decipher the mechanism of intracontinental tectonics, the process of foreland basin evolution and mountain building, and the history of climate change in central Asia. In order to better constrain the Cenozoic building history of the Tianshan Mountains and the climate change in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin, we carried out multiple studies of magnetostratigraphy, sedimentology, and stable isotopes of paleosol carbonate at the Jingou River section, which is located at the Huoerguosi anticline, the westernest one of the second folds and thrust faults zone in the northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains. The Jingou River section with a thickness of about 4160 m is continuous in deposits according to the observed gradual change in sedimentary environments and can be divided into five formations: Anjihaihe, Shawan, Taxihe, Dushanzi and Xiyu in upward sequence. Characteristic remamences were isolated by progressive thermal demagnetization, generally between 300 and 680℃. A total of 1133 out of 1607 samples yielded well-defined ChRMs and were used to establish the magnetostratigraphic column of a 3270-m-thick section from the exposed base of the Anjihaihe Formation to the middle of the Xiyu Formation. Two vertebrate fossil sites and a good correlation with the CK95 geomagnetic polarity time scale suggest that the section was deposited from ~30.5 to ~4.6 Ma and the age of the top of the Xiyu formation is ~2.6 Ma based on an extrapolation of the sedimentation rates. A plot of magnetostratigraphic age vs. height at the Jingou River section shows that significant increases in sedimentation rates as well as notable changes in depositional environments occurred at ~26-22.5 Ma, ~13-11 Ma and ~7 Ma, which represent the initial uplift of the Tianshan Mountains and two subsequent rapid uplift events. In addition, changes in sedimentation rates display characteristic alternations between increases and decreases, which probably indicate that the uplift of the Tianshan Mountains was episodic. We discussed the history of C4 biomass and climatic conditions in the southern margin of the Junggur Basin using the stable carbon and oxygen isotope composition of paleosol carbonates from the Jingou River section during ~17.5-6.5 Ma. The δ13C values indicate that the proportion of C4 biomass was uniform and moderate (15-20 %) during the interval of ~17.5-6.5 Ma. We proposed three hypotheses for this pattern of C4 biomass: (1) counteraction of two opposed factors (global cooling since ~15 Ma and thereafter increased dry and seasonality in central Asia) controlling the growth of C4 grasses, (2) variability in abundance of C3 grasses relative to C3 trees and shrubs if vegetation had ever changed in ecosystems, and (3) the higher latitude of the studied region. The δ18O values show a stepwise negative trend since ~13 Ma which may be attributed to three factors: (1) the temperature decreasing gradually after the middle Miocene (~15 Ma), (2) the increasing contribution of the moistures carried by the polar air masses from the Arctic Ocean to precipitation, and (3) the gradual retreat westward and disappearance of the Paratethys Ocean. Among them, which one played a more important role will need further study of the paleoclimate in central Asia.

力马河镍矿Re-Os同位素研究

四川力马河镍矿是峨眉山大火成岩省一个重要的岩浆硫化物矿床。本文通过对其主要岩、矿石类型Re、0s及其同位素组成的分析，综合探讨了成矿岩体原始岩浆性质、矿石硫化物成因、成矿机制及Re-Os同位素等时线年龄。结果表明，力马河镍不同类型岩矿石样品初始0s同位素组成是不均一的，富硫化物的网脉状矿石 及其选纯硫化物Os同位素组成初始值差异较小，其等时线年龄为265士35 Ma，与岩体错石SHRIMP年龄263士3Ma基本相当}硫化物含量较低的岩、矿石样品间初始Os同位素组成差异较大，其表观等时线年龄大于成矿年龄。分析认为。岩矿样品初始Os同位素组成的不均一是由含较高放射成因187Os丰度的硫化物熔体和含较低放射成因187Os丰度的硅酸盐熔体不同比例混合造成的。混合模型分析表明，硫化物含量超过3O％ 的矿石样品初始187 Os／188Os基本接近，硫化物含量低于3O ％的岩矿石样品初始 187Os／188Os随硫化物含量上的不同，差异很大，为岩浆硫化物矿床Re-Os等时线年龄出现多组年龄解的现象提供了一种可能的解释。成矿岩体中含放射成因187Os丰度最低的岩石样品 (t一260Ma)在5左右、Cu／Pd比值在7000左右，表明是基本没有受到地壳混染及硫化物熔离影响的原始岩浆结晶分异产物，估计原始岩浆Os含量在1×10 左右，为苦橄质岩浆。矿石硫化物Re／Os比值显著高于任何赋矿橄榄岩，7o,(￡一260Ma)高达110左右，综合分析揭示了力马河镍矿硫化物为二次熔离成因，模式分析认为，矿石硫化物是由原始岩浆经历R一2000左右的硫化物熔离后，其亏损岩浆再经R一200左右的硫化物熔离形成，与二次熔离相对应，成矿岩浆也经历了两次混染作用，分别为上、下地壳7％左右的混染。

工作幸福感的结构、测量及作用机制

With the emergence and development of positive psychology, happiness has been the focus of academia and business. However, there is no uniform measure of happiness, because of many different theories of happiness, which are not compatible with others. It bounds the further development of happiness theory. It is also the same with the research of work well-being, which refers to the emotional experience and quality of psychological functioning of employee in the workplace. Subjective well-being (SWB) and psychological well-being (PWB) are two major theories of happiness. Prior research has demonstrated the integration of these two theories theoretically, but still needs more empirical support. Besides, in line with the development of positive psychology, a body of knowledge about positive leadership is advocated. Transformational leadership is treated as one kind of positive leadership, since it emphasizes the leader’s motivational and elevating effect on followers. But the extent to which the transformational leadership can enhance work well-being, and what the mechanism is, these are the questions need to be explored. Based on the integration of SWB and PWB, this research tried to investigate the structure, measurement and mechanism of work well-being, and combining with the theory of transformational leadership, this study also tried to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership and work well-being. The structure and measurement of work well-being, the relationships between work well-being and job characteristics (including job resources and job demands), the relationships among transformational leadership, job resources, work well-being and corresponding outcomes, the relationships among transformational leadership, job demands, work well-being and corresponding outcomes, and the relationships among transformational leadership, group job characteristics, group work well-being and corresponding group outcomes were explored by using content analysis, Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) discussion, and structural questionnaire surveys. More than 7000 subjects were surveyed, and Explore Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirm Factor Analysis (CFA), Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) and other statistics methods were used. The following is the major conclusions. Firstly, work well-being is a two high-order factors structure, which includes affective well-being (AWB) and cognitive well-being (CWB). AWB is similar to SWB, and CWB is similar to PWB. Besides, the construct of AWB includes sub-dimensions of positive emotional experience and negative emotional experience. And the construct of CWB consists of work autonomy, personal growth, work competent, and work significance. Secondly, the relationships between job characteristics and AWB and CWB are different. On one hand job demands are directly related to AWB, and are indirectly related to CWB through the full mediation of AWB, on the other job resources are directly related to CWB, and are indirectly related to AWB through the full mediation of CWB, which means AWB and CWB reciprocally influences each other in the model of job demands-resources. These results were concluded as the process model of work well-being. Thirdly, AWB and CWB are positively related to many workplace outcomes, including job satisfaction, group satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, job performance, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and general psychological health and general physiological health. Fourthly, transformational leadership is indirectly related to CWB through the full mediation of job resources, and is related to AWB through the partial mediation of job demands. Meanwhile, transformational leadership is related to many workplace outcomes through the mediation of job characteristics and work well-being. These results implied that transformational leadership is indeed one kind of positive leadership. Fifthly, in the group level, transformational leadership is indirectly related to group CWB through the full mediation of group job resources, and is related to group AWB through the full mediation of group job demands. Group AWB has positive influence on group CWB, but not vice versa. Group job characteristics and group work well-being fully mediate the relationships between transformational leadership and intragroup cooperation and group performance.

Fitness of hybrids between rapeseed (Brassica napus) and wild Brassica rapa in natural habitats

J. Allainguillaume, M. Alexander, J. M. Bullock, M. Saunders, C. J. Allender, G. King, C. S. Ford, M. J. Wilkinson. (2006). Fitness of hybrids between rapeseed Brassica napus and wild Brassica rapa in natural habitats. Molecular Ecology, 15 (4) 1175-1184. RAE2008

Expression of a beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 inhibitor prevents the development of myocardial failure in gene-targeted mice.

Heart failure is accompanied by severely impaired beta-adrenergic receptor (betaAR) function, which includes loss of betaAR density and functional uncoupling of remaining receptors. An important mechanism for the rapid desensitization of betaAR function is agonist-stimulated receptor phosphorylation by the betaAR kinase (betaARK1), an enzyme known to be elevated in failing human heart tissue. To investigate whether alterations in betaAR function contribute to the development of myocardial failure, transgenic mice with cardiac-restricted overexpression of either a peptide inhibitor of betaARK1 or the beta2AR were mated into a genetic model of murine heart failure (MLP-/-). In vivo cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Both MLP-/- and MLP-/-/beta2AR mice had enlarged left ventricular (LV) chambers with significantly reduced fractional shortening and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening. In contrast, MLP-/-/betaARKct mice had normal LV chamber size and function. Basal LV contractility in the MLP-/-/betaARKct mice, as measured by LV dP/dtmax, was increased significantly compared with the MLP-/- mice but less than controls. Importantly, heightened betaAR desensitization in the MLP-/- mice, measured in vivo (responsiveness to isoproterenol) and in vitro (isoproterenol-stimulated membrane adenylyl cyclase activity), was completely reversed with overexpression of the betaARK1 inhibitor. We report here the striking finding that overexpression of this inhibitor prevents the development of cardiomyopathy in this murine model of heart failure. These findings implicate abnormal betaAR-G protein coupling in the pathogenesis of the failing heart and point the way toward development of agents to inhibit betaARK1 as a novel mode of therapy.

Relationships between biodiversity and the stability of marine ecosystems: comparisons at a European scale using meta-analysis.

The relationship between biodiversity and stability of marine benthic assemblages was investigated using existing data sets (n = 28) covering various spatial (m-km) and temporal (1973-2006) scales in different benthic habitats (emergent rock, rock pools and sedimentary habitats) through meta-analyses. Assemblage stability was estimated by measuring temporal variances of species richness, total abundance (density or % cover) and community species composition and abundance structure (using multivariate analyses). Positive relationships between temporal variability in species number and richness were generally observed at both quadrat (<1 m2) and site (100 m2) scales, while no relationships were observed by multivariate analyses. Positive relationships were also observed at the scale of site between temporal variability in species number and variability in community structure with evenness estimates. This implies that the relationship between species richness or evenness and species richness variability is slightly positive and depends on the scale of observation, suggesting that biodiversity per se is important for the stability of ecosystems. Changes within community assemblages in terms of structure are, however, generally independent of biodiversity, suggesting no effect of diversity, but the potential impact of individual species, and/or environmental factors. Except for sedimentary and rock pool habitats, no relationship was observed between temporal variation of the aggregated variable of total abundances and diversity at either scale. Overall our results emphasise that relationships depend on scale of measurements, type of habitats and the marine systems (North Atlantic and Mediterranean) considered.