987 resultados para 0.9-percent Saline


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La placenta ácreta es la implantación anómala de la placenta en la pared uterina. Se presenta en 0.9% de todos los embarazos; actualmente es una de las causas más importantes de morbimortalidad materna. Ecografía 2D y Doppler placentario son métodos diagnósticos de primera y segunda línea. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad diagnóstica de ecográfica 2D y Doppler color Placentario para diagnóstico de acretismo placentario en gestantes con factores de riesgo comparándolos con diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico; y determinar incidencia de acretismo placentario en población asistente a Clínica Universitaria Colombia. Metodología: Estudio de evaluación de tecnología diagnóstica. Entre Agosto a octubre 2011 se incluyeron 137 gestantes entre 24 y 40 semanas de gestación con factores de riesgo para acretismo placentario. El desempeño diagnóstico de las pruebas se determinará por sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivo y negativo. Las características demográficas de las pacientes y resultados neonatales se analizaron mediante proporción, media y rango. Resultados: En un grupo de 137 pacientes con factores de riesgo de acretismo placentario analizadas se obtuvo el dato de 119 en cuanto a la finalización del embarazo. Se observaron 4 casos con diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico de acretismo placentario, evidenciando una prevalencia del 2,9%. La ecografía 2D y Doppler en la detección de acretismo placentario con un nivel de confianza del 95%, presentaron sensibilidad del 100% (IC95% 87,5-100) y especificidad de 100% (IC95% 99,6-100). Conclusión: Con los datos analizados registramos una incidencia de acretismo placentario de 4 en 132 pacientes. Revisión de literatura sustenta la necesidad de realización diagnostica prenatal que impacte en la morbimortalidad materna y fetal, haciendo necesario la evaluación diagnostica valida de herramientas como el Eco 2D y Doppler color en población a riesgo.

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In the behavioral paradigm of discriminative avoidance task, both short and long-term memories have been extensively investigated with behavioral and pharmacological approaches. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, using the abovementioned model, the hippocampal expression of zif-268 - a calcium-dependent immediate early gene involved with synaptic plasticity process - throughout several steps of memory formation, such as acquisition, evocation and extiction. The behavioral apparatus consisted of a modified elevaated plus-maze, with their enclosed arms disposed in "L". A pre-exposure to the maze was made with the animal using all arms enclosed, for 30 minutes, followed by training and test, during 10 minutes each. The between sections interval was 24h. During training, aversive stimuli (bright light and loud noise) were actived whenever the animals entered one of the enclosed armas (aversive arm). Memory acquisiton, retention and extinction were evaluated by the percentage of the total time spent exploring the aversive arm. The parameters evaluated (time spent in the arms and total distance traveled) were estimated with an animal tracking software (Anymaze, Stoelting, USA). Learning during training was estimated by the decrease of the time spent exploring the aversive arm. One hour after the beginning of each section, animals were anaesthetized with sodium-thiopental (i.p.) and perfused with 0.9% heparinized saline solution followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were cryoprotected with 20% sucrose, separeted in three blocks and frozen. The middle block, containing the hippocampus, was sectioned at 20 micro meters in the coronal plane and the resutant sections were submitted to zif-268 immunohistochemistry. Our results show an increased expression of zif-268 in the dentate gyrus (DG) during the evocation and extinction stages. There is a distinct participation of the DG during the memory evocation, but not during its acquisition. Inaddition, all hippocampal regions (CA1, CA3 and DG) presented an increased zif-268 expression during the process of extinction.

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Immediate-early genes (IEGs) expression has been widely used as a valuable tool to investigate brain areas activated by specific stimuli. Studies of natural vocalizations, specially in songbirds, have largely benefited from this tool. Here we used IEGs expression to investigate brain areas activated by the hearing of conspecific common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) vocalizations and/or utterance of antiphonal vocalizations. Nine adult male common marmosets were housed in sound-attenuating cages. Six animals were stimulated with playbacks of freely recorded natural long distance vocalizations (phee calls and twitters; 45 min. total duration). Three of them vocalized in response (O/V group) and three did not (O/n group). The control group (C) was composed by the remaining animals, which neither heard the playbacks nor spontaneously vocalized. After one hour of the stimulation onset (or no stimulation, in the case of the C group), animals were perfused with 0,9% phosphate-saline buffer and 4% paraformaldehyde. The tissue was coronally sectioned at 20 micro meter in a cryostat and submitted to immunohistochemistry for the IEGs egr-1 and c-fos. Marked immunoreactivity was observed in the auditory cortex of O/V and O/n subjects and in the anterior cingulate cortex, the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex of O/V subjects. In this study, brain areas activated by vocalizations of common marmosets were investigated using IEGs expression for the first time. Our results with the egr-1 gene indicate that potential plastic phenomena occur in areas related to hearing and uttering conspecific vocalizations.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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OBJETIVOS: avaliar o grau de aderências pélvicas em função do tempo e da utilização de diferentes substâncias empregadas na sua profilaxia. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo com 120 ratas Wistar, albinas, virgens, 3 a 4 meses de idade, pesando aproximadamente 250 gramas, divididas aleatoriamente em 10 grupos de 12 animais cada: controle, sem lesão; lesões e sem tratamento; lesões + solução fisiológica 0,9%; lesões + Ringer-lactato; lesões + dextrano 70 a 32%; lesões + Ringer-lactato/heparina; lesões + Ringer-lactato/dexametasona; lesões + Ringer-lactato/hidrocortisona/dexametasona/ampicilina; lesões + Ringer-lactato/albumina e lesões + carboximetilcelulose 1%. Após anestesiados os animais, realizaram-se dois tipos de lesões nos cornos uterinos (escarificação e eletrocauterização), seguidos de tratamento profilático intraperitoneal com as soluções citadas. No 7º, 14º e 28º dia pós-operatório, momentos M1, M2 e M3, respectivamente, avaliaram-se quatro ratas de cada grupo quanto à presença de aderências. Os métodos empregados na quantificação das aderências encontradas basearam-se na classificação de Cohen, com escores variando de 0 a 4+ de acordo com a quantidade, características e localização das aderências. Foram usadas provas paramétricas para análise da variância e Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: os melhores tratamentos para prevenção de aderência pélvica em ratas foram: Ringer-lactato/dexametasona (predomínio do escore 1+), dextrano 70 a 32% (predomínio do escore 2+) e Ringer-lactato/hidrocortisona/dexametasona/ampicilina (predomínio do escore 2+). O período pós-operatório, representado pelo momento M3, e a técnica cirúrgica, predominantemente com escore 0, influíram na adesiólise e manutenção de aderências pélvicas em ratas. CONCLUSÕES: a prevenção de aderências pélvicas em ratas inicia-se no processo cirúrgico de baixo dano tecidual; o uso de substâncias profiláticas (soluções) tem eficácia variada, sendo que algumas mostraram-se mais eficazes que outras.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the reaction of rat subcutaneous connective tissue to 0.9% sterile saline, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 5.25% NaOCl and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution or gel. Six circles were demarcated on the dorsal skin of 24 male Wistar rats, leaving 2 cm between each circle. Using a syringe, 0.1 mL of each root canal irrigant was injected subcutaneously into 5 circles. In the 6th circle, the needle of an empty syringe was introduced into the skin, but no irrigant was injected (control group). Evaluations were undertaken at 2 h, 48 h, 14 days and 30 days post-procedure. Tissue samples were excised, embedded in paraffin blocks and 3-mu m-thick sections were obtained and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The areas of inflammatory reaction were evaluated and analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test. The control group showed few or no inflammatory reaction areas in the subcutaneous tissue. 0.9% saline solution, 2.0% chlorhexidine solution and 2.5% NaOCl showed a good biocompatibility, as very mild inflammatory reaction was detected at 14 days and tissue repair occurred at 30 days. 5.25% NaOCl was the most toxic irrigant, as the number of inflammatory cells remained elevated at 14 and 30 days. The group treated with 2.0% chlorhexidine gluconate gel presented a moderate inflammatory response at 14 days, which decreased at 30 days, being considered similar to that of the control group, 0.9% saline solution, 2.0% chlorhexidine solution and 2.5% NaOCl at this experimental period.

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Besides other physiological functions, adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is also a neurotransmitter that acts on purinergic receptors. In spite of the presence of purinergic receptors in forebrain areas involved with fluid-electrolyte balance, the effect of ATP on water intake has not been investigated. Therefore, we studied the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of ATP (100, 200 and 300 nmol/µL) alone or combined with DPCPX or PPADS (P1 and P2 purinergic antagonists, respectively, 25 nmol/µL) on water intake induced by water deprivation. In addition, the effect of icv ATP was also tested on water intake induced by intragastric load of 12% NaCl (2 mL/rat), acute treatment with the diuretic/natriuretic furosemide (20 mg/kg), icv angiotensin II (50 ng/µL) or icv carbachol (a cholinergic agonist, 4 nmol/µL), on sodium depletion-induced 1.8% NaCl intake, and on food intake induced by food deprivation. Male Holtzman rats (280-320 g, N = 7-11) had cannulas implanted into the lateral ventricle. Icv ATP (300 nmol/µL) reduced water intake induced by water deprivation (13.1 ± 1.9 vs saline: 19.0 ± 1.4 mL/2 h; P < 0.05), an effect blocked by pre-treatment with PPADS, but not DPCPX. Icv ATP also reduced water intake induced by NaCl intragastric load (5.6 ± 0.9 vs saline: 10.3 ± 1.4 mL/2 h; P < 0.05), acute furosemide treatment (0.5 ± 0.2 vs saline: 2.3 ± 0.6 mL/15 min; P < 0.05), and icv angiotensin II (2.2 ± 0.8 vs saline: 10.4 ± 2.0 mL/2 h; P < 0.05), without changing icv carbachol-induced water intake, sodium depletion-induced 1.8% NaCl intake and food deprivation-induced food intake. These data suggest that central ATP, acting on purinergic P2 receptors, reduces water intake induced by intracellular and extracellular dehydration.

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Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - FOAR

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Surgical site infections (SSI) are a prevalent health care-associated infection (HAl). Prior to the mid-19th century, surgical sites commonly developed postoperative wound complications. It was in the 1860's, after Joseph Lister introduced carbolic acid and the principles of antisepsis that postoperative wound infection significantly decreased. Today, patient preoperative skin preparation with an antiseptic agent prior to surgery is a standard of practice. Povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate are currently the most commonly used antimicrobial agents used to prep the patient's skin. In this current study, the epidemiology, diagnosis, surveillance and prevention of SSI with chlorhexidine were investigated. The antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine was assessed. In in-vitro and in-vivo studies the antimicrobial efficacy of 2% (w/v) chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) in 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and 10% povidoneiodine (PVP-I) in the presence of 0.9% normal saline or blood were examined. The 2% CHG in 70% IPA solutions antimicrobial activity was not diminished in the presence of 0.9% normal saline or blood. In comparison, the traditional patient preoperative skin preparation, 10% PVP-I antimicrobial activity was not diminished in the presence of 0.9% normal saline, but was diminished in the presence of blood. In an in-vivo human volunteer study the potential for reduction of the antimicrobial efficacy of aqueous patient preoperative skin preparations compromised by mechanical removal of wet product from the application site (blot) was assessed. In this evaluation, 2% CHG and 10% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) were blotted from the patient's skin after application to the test site. The blotting, or mechanical removal, of the wet antiseptic from the application site did not produce a significant difference in product efficacy. In a clinical trial to compare 2% CHG in 70% IPA and PVP-! scrub and paint patient preoperative skin preparation for the prevention of SSI, there were 849 patients randomly assigned to the study groups (409 in the chlorhexidine-alcohol and 440 in the povidone-iodine group) in the intention-to-treat analysis. The overall surgical site infection was significantly lower in the 2% CHG in 70% IPA group than in the PVP-I group (9.5% versus 16.1 %, p=0.004; relative risk, 0.59 with 95% confidence interval of 0.41 to 0.85). Preoperative cleansing of the patient's skin with chlorhexidine-alcohol is superior to povidone-iodine in preventing surgical site infection after clean-contaminated surgery.

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Though significant progress has been made through control efforts in recent years, malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, with 3.2 billion people at risk of developing the disease. Zanzibar is currently pursuing malaria elimination through the Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Program (ZAMEP), and is working toward a goal of no locally acquired malaria cases by 2018. A comprehensive and well functioning malaria surveillance program is central to achieving this goal. Under ZAMEP’s current surveillance strategy, District Malaria Surveillance Officers (DMSOs) respond to malaria case notifications through the reactive case detection (RACD) system. Three malaria screening and treatment strategies are undertaken in response to this system, including household-level (HSaT), focal-level (FSaT), and mass-level (MSaT). Each strategy is triggered by a different case threshold and tests different-sized populations. The aims of this study were to (1) assess the cost effectiveness of three malaria screening and treatment strategies; (2) assess the timeliness and completeness of ZAMEP’s RACD system; (3) and qualitatively explore the roles of DMSOs.

Screening disposition and budget information for 2014 screening and treatment strategies was analyzed to determine prevalence rates in screened populations and the cost effectiveness of each strategy. Prevalence rates within the screened population varied by strategy: 6.1 percent in HSaT, 1.2 percent in FSaT, and 0.9 percent in MSaT. Of the various costing scenarios considering cost per person screened, MSaT was the most cost-effective, with costs ranging from $9.57 to $12.57 per person screened. Of the various costing scenarios considering cost per case detected, HSaT was the most cost-effective, at $385.51 per case detected.

Case data from 2013 through mid-2015 was used to assess the timeliness and completeness of the RACD system. The average number of RACD activities occurring within 48 hours of notification improved slightly between 2013 and the first half of 2015, from 90.7 percent to 93.1 percent. The average percentage of household members screened during RACD also increased over the same time period, from 84 percent in 2013 to 89.9 percent in the first half of 2015.

Interviews with twenty DMSOs were conducted to gain insights into the challenges to malaria elimination both from the health system and the community perspectives. Major themes discussed in the interviews include the need for additional training, inadequate information capture at health facility, resistance to household testing, transportation difficulties, inadequate personnel during the high transmission season, and community misinformation.

Zanzibar is now considered a low transmission setting, making elimination feasible, but also posing new challenges to achieving this goal. The findings of this study provide insight into how surveillance activities can be improved to support the goal of malaria elimination in Zanzibar. Key changes include reevaluating the use of MSaT activities, improving information capture at health facilities, hiring additional DMSOs during the high transmission season, and improving community communication.

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Background. Diving liver ischemia, the decrease in mitochondrial energy causes cellular damage that is aggravated after reperfusion. This injury can trigger a systemic inflammatory syndrome, also producing remote organ damage. Several substances have been employed to decrease this inflammatory response during liver transplantation, liver resections, and hypovolemic shock. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hypertonic saline solution and the best timing of administration to prevent organ injury during experimental liver ischemia/reperfusion. Methods. Rats underwent 1 hr of warm liver ischemia followed by reperfusion. Eighty-four rats Were allocated into 6 groups: sham group, control of ischemia group) (C), pre-ischemia treated NaCl 0.9% (ISS) and NaCl 7.5% (HTS) groups, pre-repefusion ISS, and HTS groups. Blood and tissue samples were collected 4 hr after reperfusion. Results. HTS showed beneficial effects in prevention of live ischemia/reperfusion injury. HTS groups developed increases in AST and ALT levels that were significantly less than ISS groups; however, the HTS pre-reperfusion group showed levels significantly less than the HTS pre-ischemia group. No differences in IL-6 and IL-10 levels, were observed. A significant decrease in mitochondrial dysfunction as well as hepatic edema was observed in the HTS pre-reperfusion group. Pulmonary vascular permeability Was significantly less in the pre-reperfusion HTS group compared to the ISS group. No differences in myeloperoxidase activity were observed. The liver histologic score was significantly less in the pre-reperfusion HTS group compared to the pre-ischemia I-ITS group. Conclusion. HTS ameliorated local and systemic injuries in experimental liver ischemia/reperfusion. Infusion of HTS in the pre-reperfusion period may be an important adjunct to accomplish the best results. (Surgery 2010;147:415-23.)

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P>We recently demonstrated that hypertonic saline reduces inflammation and mortality in acute pancreatitis. The present study investigated the effects of hypertonic saline in metalloproteinase (MMP) regulation and pancreatitis-associated hepatic injury. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (i) control, not subjected to insult or treatment; (ii) no treatment (NT), induction of pancreatitis (retrograde infusion of 2.5% sodium taurocholate (1.0 mL/kg)), but no further treatment; (iii) normal saline (NS), induction of pancreatitis and treatment with normal saline (0.9% NaCl, 34 mL/kg, i.v. bolus, 1 h after the induction of pancreatitis); and (iv) hypertonic saline (HS), induction of pancreatitis and treatment with hypertonic saline (7.5% NaCl, 4 mL/kg administered over a period of 5 min, 1 h after the induction of pancreatitis). In all four groups, 4, 12 and 24 h after the induction of pancreatitis, liver tissue samples were assayed to determine levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, 47 kDa heat shock protein (HSP47) and collagen (Type I and III). Compared with the control group, MMP-9 expression and activity was increased twofold in the NS and NT groups 4 and 12 h after the induction of pancreatitis, but remained at basal levels in the HS group. In contrast, MMP-2 expression was increased twofold 12 h after the induction of pancreatitis only in the NS group, whereas the expression of HSP47 was increased 4 h after the induction of pancreatitis in the NS and NT groups. Greater extracellular matrix remodelling occurred in the NS and NT groups compared with the HS group, probably as a result of the hepatic wound-healing response to repeated injury. However, the collagen content in hepatic tissue remained at basal levels in the HS group. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that hypertonic saline is hepatoprotective and reduces hepatic remodelling, maintaining the integrity of the hepatic extracellular matrix during pancreatitis. Hypertonic saline-mediated regulation of MMP expression may have clinical relevance in pancreatitis-associated liver injury.

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Os ataques de pânico (AP) podem ser precipitados pela inalação de dióxido de carbono (CO2 5%) ou pela infusão de lactato de sódio 0,5 mol/L (LAC) em pacientes predispostos, mas não nos indivíduos sadios ou pacientes com outros transtornos psiquiátricos. Estas e outras observações sugeriram que os AP sejam "alarmes falsos de sufocamento". O TP também caracteriza-se pela alta comorbidade com ansiedade de separação da infância (ASI). De fato, a ASI tem sido considerada como um fator predisponente tanto do pânico como da resistência aos panicolíticos. Estudos pré-clínicos do nosso laboratório mostraram, por outro lado, que a fluoxetina (FLX) atenua o pânico experimental à estimulação elétrica da matéria cinzenta periaquedutal dorsal (MCPAd) e à injeção de cianeto de potássio (KCN) em doses e regimes similares aos empregados na clínica. Adicionalmente, estes estudos mostraram que o isolamento social neonatal (ISN), um modelo de ASI, abole os efeitos panicolíticos da fluoxetina (1-2 mg.kg-1.dia-1, 21 dias) no modelo de pânico por estimulação da MCPAd. Portanto, o presente trabalho avaliou os efeitos da administração de 4 mg/kg de FLX (Estudo-1) e da infusão de uma solução 0,5 mol/L de LAC (Estudo-2) sobre as respostas de pânico à estimulação da MCPAd ou à injeção de KCN, respectivamente, em ratos submetidos ao isolamento social neonatal tanto efetivo (ISN) quanto fictício (ISF). No Estudo-1, ratos Wistar machos adultos submetidos ao ISN (3 h diárias) ou ao ISF (somente manipulação), ao longo da lactação, foram implantados com eletrodos na MCPAd e tratados com salina (0,9%, SAL) ou FLX (4 mg.kg-1.dia-1) ao longo de 21 dias. Nos ratos tratados com SAL, enquanto os limiares das respostas de pânico mantiveram-se praticamente inalterados no grupo ISF, eles foram progressivamente aumentados no grupo ISN. Os ratos tratados com FLX4 apresentaram limiares mais elevados que aqueles dos ratos tratados com SAL. A comparação aos limiares basais mostrou que a FLX4 teve efeitos diferenciados nos grupos ISF e ISN, aumentando ou reduzindo seus limiares, respectivamente. Embora não tenhamos observado diferenças dos efeitos da FLX4 sobre os limiares de pânico dos grupos ISN e ISF, as variações percentuais em relação à sessão de triagem indicam que a FLX4 teve efeitos até mesmo facilitadores. Estes resultados estendem observações anteriores da ausência de efeitos de doses menores de FLX nos ratos submetidos ao ISN. Por sua vez, o Estudo-2 mostrou que a infusão endovenosa de uma concentração clinicamente eficaz de LAC (0,5 mol/L) não tem efeito algum sobre o pânico induzido pelo KCN em ratos tanto virgens quanto submetidos ao ISF ou ISN. Embora os últimos resultados sugiram que os AP ao KCN (em ratos) e LAC (em humanos) envolvam mecanismos distintos, a conclusão definitiva requer experimentos adicionais com concentrações maiores de LAC.

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In order to identify alternatives for the use of saline water in agricultural production, the effects of the use of brackish water in the preparation of the nutrient solution for the cultivation of sunflower (cv. EMBRAPA 122-V2000) were studied in hydroponic system on consumption and efficiency of water use for the production of achenes and biomass. A completely randomized design was used, analyzed in a 5x2 factorial scheme with three replications. The factors studied were five levels of salinity of nutrient solution (1.7 - control; 4.3; 6.0; 9.0; and 11.5dS m-1) and two plant densities - one or two plants per vessel. It was concluded that the water consumption of sunflower is a variable sensitive to the salinity of the nutrient solution, especially after the fourth week of crop, and that the efficiency of water use in the production of achenes and biomass of sunflower is greater when the plant density increases from one to two plants per vessel, even under saline stress.