La desaparición forzada de personas: análisis crítico del derecho administrativo colombiano a través de los estándares del sistema interamericano de protección de derechos humanos. Estudio de caso de los mal llamados “falsos positivos”

La categorización jurídica de los mal llamados “falsos positivos” en Colombia es un tema controversial: en algunas ocasiones se habla de ejecuciones extrajudiciales, otras veces de homicidio en persona protegida y en otros casos de desapariciones forzadas, dependiendo de la institución que juzgue los casos. Ahora bien, al no existir unidad de criterios en la categorización jurídica de los “falsos positivos”, se hace imprescindible la integración de conceptos en torno a entender dichos hechos ilícitos inequívocamente como tales, toda vez que esto permitiría generar seguridad jurídica al interior del derecho administrativo colombiano. Precisamente, en lo a referente a la responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado. De igual manera, el concepto de reparación adoptado en los estamentos de Derecho Administrativo Colombiano, no siempre coincide con los estándares delineados por el Sistema interamericano de protección de Derechos Humanos, lo cual repercute de manera negativa en el tratamiento dado a las víctimas de los “falsos positivos” que encuadran en la categoría de desapariciones forzadas, lo que hace necesario el estudio detallado de las decisiones propias de cada sistema y compararlas, para buscar un mejoramiento de los estándares nacionales de reparación. Para dar un aporte teórico importante, esta investigación partirá del análisis sistemático de la Convención Interamericana sobre Desaparición Forzada de Personas, y la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, y después inspeccionará los elementos fácticos y la reparación de los “falsos positivos”, determinando el grado de aplicación que se ha dado del sistema interamericano en los fallos proferidos por el Consejo de Estado.

Parents??? conceptions of their homework involvement in elementary school

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Why Implementing History and Philosophy in School Science Education is a Challenge: An Analysis of Obstacles

Teaching and learning with history and philosophy of science (HPS) has been, and continues to be, supported by science educators. While science education standards documents in many countries also stress the importance of teaching and learning with HPS, the approach still suffers from ineffective implementation in school science teaching. In order to better understand this problem, an analysis of the obstacles of implementing HPS into classrooms was undertaken. The obstacles taken into account were structured in four groups: 1. culture of teaching physics, 2. teachers` skills, epistemological and didactical attitudes and beliefs, 3. institutional framework of science teaching, and 4. textbooks as fundamental didactical support. Implications for more effective implementation of HPS are presented, taking the social nature of educational systems into account.

Exchange students in Brazil: some factors behind its choice - empirical evidences from a Brazilian school

O Brasil sempre foi um lugar conveniente para se visitar em termos de cultura, diversão e entretenimento. No entanto, este estudo visa o lado educacional do país, particularmente, os estudantes estrangeiros que escolhem o Brasil para programas de intercâmbio. Fins e razões por trás das escolhas dos estudantes foram identificados através de pesquisas quantitativas e qualitativas, juntamente com a revisão da literatura já existente. A pesquisa primária foi feita por meio de entrevistas com estudantes de intercâmbio já no Brasil. Os dados coletados foram analisados e são apresentados de forma estatística, juntamente com a representação gráfica. O seguinte estudo apontou que os denominados “turistas” e, assim chamados, “money seekers”, serem os principais fatores por trás da escolha de estudantes. A pesquisa também mostra que os alunos mais satisfeitos foram os que escolheram o Brasil por causa da qualidade da universidade sede, assim como para explorar as perspectivas de emprego, juntamente com iniciar uma carreira no Brasil.

Backpacks and school children's obesity: challenges for public health and ergonomics

This descriptive study of cross sectional has focused on analyzing the school material weight transported by students associated with children and adolescents overweight in primary and secondary schools. Participants 339 students of both genders, aged 10-19 years. 243 students carrying and average load of 12.65% of his body weight. 53 students were overweight with a BMI of 20,00 to 35,6. 20 overweight students carrying backpacks more than 10% of his body weight. 21% of the students rated complained of back and shoulder pain. This data is very important in the preventive aspects for the individuals studied, as well as others with the same anthropometric characteristics and the same demand.

Anthropometric aspects of body seated in school

This study aimed to assess the student-furniture interface from anthropometric parameters of the sitting posture. The sample was composed of 887 students from two public schools in the State of Parana - Brazil, which attended children from 7 to 17 years of age. The data collection used anthropometric measures of the sitting position, a questionnaire containing a human body diagram for indication of discomfort areas and photographic records to verify postural and ergonomic inadequacies in classroom. The following anthropometric variables were measured: popliteal height, sacro-popliteal length, hip width, lumbar support height, and elbow and thigh height. Percentiles 5 and 95 of anthropometric variables showed differences statistically significant, with variation coefficient greater than 30%. In relation to body discomfort, the highest occurrences were recorded for ankle, knees and shoulder joints as well as for spine and buttocks. It was concluded that children use school furniture that does not meet their anthropometric standards, which favored the adoption of incorrect postures and contributed to the emergence of musculoskeletal problems that can interfere with their educational process.

Carbon-13 turnover in 'roxo de valinhos' fig trees

The aim of this study was to assess carbon-13 turnover in different organs of the fig tree, 'Roxo de Valinhos' cultivar. The experiment was carried out in an orchard at School of Agronomical Sciences, FCA/UNESP, Botucatu Campus, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The main photosynthetically active leaf was previously determined based on gas exchanges by means of an open portable photosynthesis system, IRGA. That leaf was placed in a chamber where the enriched gas injection occurred. The leaf enrichment time was 30 minutes. Treatments were constituted of seven fig trees removed from the soil after: 6; 24; 48; 72; 120; 168 and 360 hours of enrichment using (13)C, and their parts were sectioned into: apical bud, young leaves, adult leaves (photosynthetically active), lateral sprouts, fruits, and branch. The results allowed the establishment of the carbon-13 metabolism sequence in the studied parts: Young leaves > Fruits > Sprouts > Adult leaves > Apical bud > branch > Labeled leaf. 'Roxo de Valinhos' fig trees, had (13)C turnover of 24 hours and carbon-13 half-time shorter than 11 hours.

Escala de atitudes frente ao HIV/AIDS: análise de fatores

OBJETIVO: Este trabalho apresenta resultados acerca das propriedades psicométricas da Escala de atitudes frente ao HIV/AIDS. Os dados, provenientes de uma amostra de 549 alunos entre universitários, ensinos médio e ensino fundamental. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram tratados pelo método dos componentes principais da análise fatorial. A análise final, postulado um eigenvalue mínimo de 2, resultou cinco fatores. Foram eliminados itens que apresentaram carga fatorial menor que 0,30. Neste estudo, o menor alfa observado foi de 0,79. Portanto, é provável que todos os 47 itens do instrumento final elaborado meçam o mesmo construto: atitude frente ao HIV/AIDS. RESULTADOS: Escores inferiores a 96 foram considerados fraco grau de conhecimento sobre HIV/AIDS; entre 96 e 192 moderado grau de conhecimento e acima de 192 alto grau de conhecimento sobre HIV/AIDS. Foram estabelecidos os fatores: 1, 2 e 3, sendo fator geral de percepção da informação técnico-científica; fator de percepção da informação técnico-científica versus sexualidade e preconceito; fator de percepção da informação técnico-científica no uso de drogas, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: O alfa de Cronbach encontrado para a escala como um todo foi de 0,859, sugerindo fortemente a existência da fidedignidade do instrumento que se mostrou útil para avaliar o grau de conhecimento acerca do HIV/AIDS e o risco decorrente do desconhecimento, entre estudantes.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chlamydia trachomatis Cervicitis in Pregnant Women at the Genital Tract Infection in Obstetrics Unit Care at Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Brazil

Objective. To evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis cervicitis in pregnant women seen at the Genital Tract Infection in Obstetrics Unit Care in Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University - UNESP.Materials and Methods. Between June 2006 and February 2008, 101 pregnant women were included in this study. During the gynecologic examination, cervical secretions were collected using cytobrush Plus GT (CooperSurgical Inc) to assess C. trachomatis using polymerase chain reaction. Vaginal flora were examined by Gram stain, and socio-demographic data were extracted from medical records.Results. of the 101 patients, 26 (25.7%) were positive for C. trachomatis. The median age of the infected group was 24 years (range = 13-40 y), and 48.5% of them had abnormal vaginal flora. The presence of chlamydial infection was associated with smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 2.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-7.19), residing in a city with fewer than 100,000 inhabitants (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.03-7.94), presence of condyloma acuminatum (p = .03), and presence of discreet inflammation on Pap smear (p = .02).Conclusions. The prevalence of C. trachomatis is high in pregnant women seen at the Genital Infection Unit Care, UNESP, and is related to many risk factors. Therefore, its screening is extremely important in reducing obstetrical and neonatal complications.

O desenvolvimento do conhecimento pedagógico do conteúdo de sexualidade na vivência das professoras

Neste artigo, relatamos uma investigação sobre o desenvolvimento do conhecimento pedagógico do conteúdo de Sexualidade entre professoras que trabalham com essa temática. Através da utilização do método fenomenológico foram realizadas entrevistas individuais com três professoras do Ensino Fundamental, que trabalham na rede municipal de ensino de Uberlândia. A partir da análise dessas entrevistas, foi possível apontar algumas conclusões a respeito do desenvolvimento profissional de professores e sua relação com um ensino efetivo.

Renovação do carbono-13 em figueiras 'Roxo de Valinhos'

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a taxa de renovação do carbono-13 (turnover), dos diferentes órgãos da figueira 'Roxo de Valinhos'. O experimento foi conduzido no pomar da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, FCA/UNESP, Câmpus de Botucatu-SP. Determinou-se previamente, através das trocas gasosas com um medidor aberto portátil de fotossíntese, IRGA, a principal folha fotossinteticamente ativa. Essa folha foi colocada em uma câmara onde ocorreu a injeção do gás enriquecido. O tempo de enriquecimento da folha foi de 30 minutos. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por sete plantas de figueira, que foram retiradas do solo após: 6; 24; 48; 72; 120; 168 e 360 horas do enriquecimento com 13C, e suas partes seccionadas em: gema apical, folha jovem, folhas adultas (fotossinteticamente ativas), brotações laterais, frutos e ramo. Os resultados obtidos permitiram o estabelecimento da sequência de metabolização do carbono-13 nas partições estudadas: Folhas novas > Frutos > Brotações > Folhas Adultas > Gema Apical > Ramo > Folha marcada. Plantas de figueira 'Roxo de Valinhos' apresentam reciclagem do 13C de 24 horas e um tempo de meia-vida de duração do carbono-13 inferior a 11 horas.

Ergonomic research applied in the design of pre-school furniture: The Mobipresc 3.6

This research describes the application of a scientific and technological model of Ergonomics in the design of pre-school furniture. The constant presence of the desk in early education and its influence in the relationship between the user and his educational environment determined the necessity of this project. The pre-school desk was considered as a work station, where the joint aspects of education and child anthropometry substantiate the problem. The review of the Historical application of Ergonomics in the Design of children's products consolidated the importance of this report. The development of ergonomic research, characterised by investigations of the Brazilian child's Anthropometry Data and Biomechanical Features, resulted in dimensional parameters of the user and physical characteristics of the present furniture. These elements, together with a comprehension of activities and needs in the pre-school, were connected with aspects of bibliographical revision to result in a series of recomendations for design. Through the methods of Ergonomic Design, a new proposal for the pre-school desk was developed, denominated Mobipresc 3.6.

Using remote lab networks to provide support to public secondary school education level

The advantages of networking are widely known in many areas (from business to personal ones). One particular area where networks have also proved their benefits is education. Taking the secondary school education level into account, some successful cases can be found in literature. In this paper we describe a particular remote lab network supporting physical experiments accessible to students of institutions geographically separated. The network architecture and application examples of using some of the available remote experiments are illustrated in detail. ©2008 IEEE.