840 resultados para supervision
Resumo:
The regional population growth in West Africa, and especially its urban centers, will bring about new and critical challenges for urban development policy, especially in terms of ensuring food security and providing employment for the growing population. (Peri-) urban livestock and vegetable production systems, which can contribute significantly to these endeavours, are limited by various constraints, amongst them limited access to expensive production factors and their (in)efficient use. To achieve sustainable production systems with low consumer health risks, that can meet the urban increased demand, this doctoral thesis determined nutrient use efficiencies in representative (peri-) urban livestock production systems in three West African cities, and investigated potential health risks for consumers ensuing from there. The field study, which was conducted during July 2007 to December 2009, undertook a comparative analysis of (peri-) urban livestock production strategies across 210 livestock keeping households (HH) in the three West African cities of Kano/Nigeria (84 HH), Bobo Dioulasso/Burkina Faso (63 HH) and Sikasso/Mali (63 HH). These livestock enterprises were belonging to the following three farm types: commercial gardening plus field crops and livestock (cGCL; 88 HH), commercial livestock plus subsistence field cropping (cLsC; 109 HH) and commercial gardening plus semi-commercial livestock (cGscL; 13 HH) which had been classified in a preceding study; they represented the diversity of (peri-) urban livestock production systems in West Africa. In the study on the efficiency of ruminant livestock production, lactating cowsand sheep herd units were differentiated based on whether feed supplements were offered to the animals at the homestead (Go: grazing only; Gsf: mainly grazing plus some supplement feeding). Inflows and outflows of nutrients were quantified in these herds during 18 months, and the effects of seasonal variations in nutrient availability on animals productivity and reproductive performance was determined in Sikasso. To assess the safety of animal products and vegetables, contamination sources of irrigated lettuce and milk with microbiological contaminants, and of tomato and cabbage with pesticide residues in (peri-) urban agriculture systems of Bobo Dioulasso and Sikasso were characterized at three occasions in 2009. Samples of irrigation water, organic fertilizer and ix lettuce were collected in 6 gardens, and samples of cabbage and tomato in 12 gardens; raw and curdled milk were sampled in 6 dairy herds. Information on health risks for consumers of such foodstuffs was obtained from 11 health centers in Sikasso. In (peri-) urban livestock production systems, sheep and goats dominated (P<0.001) in Kano compared to Bobo Dioulasso and Sikasso, while cattle and poultry were more frequent (P<0.001) in Bobo Dioulasso and Sikasso than in Kano. Across cities, ruminant feeding relied on grazing and homestead supplementation with fresh grasses, crop residues, cereal brans and cotton seed cake; cereal grains and brans were the major ingredients of poultry feeds. There was little association of gardens and livestock; likewise field cropping and livestock were rarely integrated. No relation existed between the education of the HH head and the adoption of improved management practices (P>0.05), but the proportion of HH heads with a long-term experience in (peri-) urban agriculture was higher in Kano and in Bobo Dioulasso than in Sikasso (P<0.001). Cattle and sheep fetched highest market prices in Kano; unit prices for goats and chicken were highest in Sikasso. Animal inflow, outflow and dairy herd growth rates were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the Gsf than in the Go cattle herds. Maize bran and cottonseed expeller were the main feeds offered to Gsf cows as dry-season supplement, while Gsf sheep received maize bran, fresh grasses and cowpea pods. The short periodic transhumance of Go dairy cows help them maintaining their live weight, whereas Gsf cows lost weight during the dry season despite supplement feeding at a rate of 1506 g dry matter per cow and day, resulting in low productivity and reproductive performance. The daily live weight gains of calves and lambs, respectively, were low and not significantly different between the Go and the Gsf system. However, the average live weight gains of lambs were significantly higher in the dry season (P<0.05) than in the rainy season because of the high pressure of gastrointestinal parasites and of Trypanosoma sp. In consequence, 47% of the sheep leaving the Go and Gsf herds died due to diseases during the study period. Thermo-tolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli contamination levels of irrigation water significantly exceeded WHO recommendations for the unrestricted irrigation of vegetables consumed raw. Microbial contamination levels of lettuce at the farm gate and the market place in Bobo Dioulasso and at the farm gate in Sikasso were higher than at the market place in Sikasso (P<0.05). Pesticide residues were detected in only one cabbage and one tomato sample and were below the maximum residue limit for consumption. Counts of thermo-tolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli were higher in curdled than in raw milk (P<0.05). From 2006 to x 2009, cases of diarrhea/vomiting and typhoid fever had increased by 11% and 48%, respectively, in Sikasso. For ensuring economically successful and ecologically viable (peri-) urban livestock husbandry and food safety of (peri-) urban foodstuffs of animal and plant origin, the dissemination and adoption of improved feeding practices, livestock healthcare and dung management are key. In addition, measures fostering the safety of animal products and vegetables including the appropriate use of wastewater in (peri-) urban agriculture, restriction to approve vegetable pesticides and the respect of their latency periods, and passing and enforcement of safety laws is required. Finally, the incorporation of environmentally sound (peri-) urban agriculture in urban planning by policy makers, public and private extension agencies and the urban farmers themselves is of utmost importance. To enable an efficient (peri-) urban livestock production in the future, research should concentrate on cost-effective feeding systems that allow meeting the animals requirement for production and reproduction. Thereby focus should be laid on the use of crop-residues and leguminous forages. The improvement of the milk production potential through crossbreeding of local cattle breeds with exotic breeds known for their high milk yield might be an accompanying option, but it needs careful supervision to prevent the loss of the local trypanotolerant purebreds.
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This study was aim to describe the indigenous knowledge of farmers at Nagari Padang laweh Malalo (NPLM) and their adaptability to climate change. Not only the water scarcity is feared, but climate change is also affecting their food security. Local food security can be achieved if biodiversity in their surrounding area is suitable to the local needs. The study was conducted by using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) such as observation and discussion. The combination of in depth interview, life history, semi structure questionnaire, pictures, mapping and expert interviews was implemented. Data was analyzed by using MAXQDA 10 and F4 audio analysis software. The result shows awareness of the people and scarcity of water conditions has allowed the people of NPLM to face this challenge with wisdom. Aia adat (water resources controlled and regulate by custom) is one of their strategies to distribute the water. The general rule is that irrigation will flow from 6 pm 6 am regularly to all farm land under supervision of kapalo banda. When rains occur, water resources can be used during the day without special supervision. They were used traditional knowledge to manage water resources for their land and daily usage. This study may be helpful for researcher and other farmers in different region to learn encounter water scarcity.
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Lobjectiu daquesta recerca s realitzar un estudi exploratori amb la finalitat davaluar lansietat percebuda pels estudiants immediatament abans de comenar el Prcticum en centres externs, la contribuci de les creences disfuncionals a la percepci destrs i ansietat, les expectatives d'autoeficcia per afrontar els estressors percebuts, les pors i preocupacions principals dels estudiants, aix com les seves necessitats de formaci especfica per afrontar el Prcticum. Els resultats mostren nivells moderats dansietat. Les situacions anticipades com a ms estressants sn l'intent de sucidi dun client, latac fsic, la confidncia sobre la comissi dun delicte, les afirmacions sucides per part dun client i la manifestaci dira cap a lestudiant. Les dades tamb suggereixen que un 44% de la varincia de lansietat-Estat s pot explicar a partir de lefecte conjunt de lansietat disposicional i les creences disfuncionals, aix com lexistncia duna relaci negativa entre lestrs percebut i les expectatives d'autoeficcia per afrontar-lo. Als estudiants els preocupa no estar a lalada de les expectatives, no rebre suficient atenci i orientaci dels seus tutors i no saber donar resposta a les demandes del centre o dels usuaris
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Presentamos una experiencia exitosa de aprendizaje que parti de Criptogamia (asignatura optativa de segundo ciclo de Biologa), que dio lugar a un proyecto de investigacin gestionado por los propios alumnos. La iniciativa se consolid estableciendo una Asociacin de Estudiantes centrada en investigacin y divulgacin. En poco tiempo, los participantes han presentado comunicaciones cientficas, y organizado actividades dirigidas a diversos pblicos, dentro y fuera de la comunidad universitaria. Actualmente se plantea una colaboracin multidisciplinar con otros organismos de investigacin y la extensin de su mbito de estudio. Abordamos su incidencia en el aprendizaje en varios aspectos: cientfico (tcnicas especficas, rigor, bsqueda de informacin e interpretacin de resultados), comunicativo (estructuracin y presentacin de la informacin obtenida, para diversos pblicos), y organizativo, incluyendo el trabajo en equipo. Aunque de carcter espontneo, esta experiencia muestra rasgos evaluables en cuanto a sus posibilidades para otras asignaturas. Analizamos las caractersticas y planteamiento de esta optativa, el perfil de sus alumnos, y el contexto universitario que la acoge. Detectamos como factores principales los aspectos participativos de la asignatura, la cohesin del grupo, el carcter voluntario de la implicacin, los beneficios percibidos por los estudiantes, y la disponibilidad de recursos humanos (supervisin) y materiales (equipamiento y subvenciones)
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In this article we compare regression models obtained to predict PhD students academic performance in the universities of Girona (Spain) and Slovenia. Explanatory variables are characteristics of PhD students research group understood as an egocentered social network, background and attitudinal characteristics of the PhD students and some characteristics of the supervisors. Academic performance was measured by the weighted number of publications. Two web questionnaires were designed, one for PhD students and one for their supervisors and other research group members. Most of the variables were easily comparable across universities due to the careful translation procedure and pre-tests. When direct comparison was not possible we created comparable indicators. We used a regression model in which the country was introduced as a dummy coded variable including all possible interaction effects. The optimal transformations of the main and interaction variables are discussed. Some differences between Slovenian and Girona universities emerge. Some variables like supervisors performance and motivation for autonomy prior to starting the PhD have the same positive effect on the PhD students performance in both countries. On the other hand, variables like too close supervision by the supervisor and having children have a negative influence in both countries. However, we find differences between countries when we observe the motivation for research prior to starting the PhD which increases performance in Slovenia but not in Girona. As regards network variables, frequency of supervisor advice increases performance in Slovenia and decreases it in Girona. The negative effect in Girona could be explained by the fact that additional contacts of the PhD student with his/her supervisor might indicate a higher workload in addition to or instead of a better advice about the dissertation. The number of external students advice relationships and social support mean contact intensity are not significant in Girona, but they have a negative effect in Slovenia. We might explain the negative effect of external advice relationships in Slovenia by saying that a lot of external advice may actually result from a lack of the more relevant internal advice
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El modelo de franquicia ha evolucionado desde su inicio en Estados Unidos, en 1862, por Singer Sewing Machine Company debido a la necesidad de superar los problemas de distribucin y cobertura de sus productos. Diversas empresas decidieron seguir con este modelo ya que sus ventajas eran mayores para penetrar mercados nuevos. Un claro exponente de la optimizacin de este modelo es McDonald"s que tiene ms de 25.4651 franquicias en 126 pases, pero para que se diera esta expansin contaron con criterios propios del modelo de franquicia que garantizan el xito, los cuales son: estandarizacin de procesos y procedimientos (consignados en manuales), un "Know How" diferenciador, una marca consolidada, un plan de expansin estratgico y un modelo de negocio caracterstico; tales variables son insustituibles para el desarrollo satisfactorio del modelo de franquicia. A nivel Colombia el primer acercamiento de franquicia lo dio la multinacional Burger King en 1980, pero luego las empresas colombianas decidieron seguir este modelo siendo Kokoriko la pionera seguida de Presto y Frisby. Una de las empresas que utiliza el modelo de franquicias en Colombia es Pan Pa" Ya!, pero es una franquicia diferente, se llama Franquicia financiera, ya que el franquiciado solo es un inversionista que aporta el capital, pero la administracin esta a cargo del franquiciador. La empresa empez utilizando el modelo tradicional de franquicia, pero este no fue exitoso debido a que los procesos no estaban totalmente estandarizados, no exista la tecnologa del pan congelado y el proceso de supervisin de los locales franquiciados era muy difcil. Hoy, la situacin ha cambiado y la empresa est estudiando si continuar con el modelo de franquicia financiera o volver al modelo tradicional de franquicia.
Resumo:
OBJETIVO: Cuantificar Bacterias gram positivas, Bacterias gram negativas y Hongos mediante monitoreo microbiolgico de aire, superficies y manos del personal asistencial en cinco entidades de salud del departamento del Meta en el ao 2007. MTODOS: Estudio ejecutado en cinco entidades, donde se realiz el diagnostico microbiolgico del entorno hospitalario, tomando muestras en cada rea asistencial de: superficies horizontales antes y despus de aplicar el protocolo de limpieza y desinfeccin de cada institucin, manos de personal asistencial antes y despus del lavado rutinario de manos y del aire de reas crticas y no crticas. RESULTADOS: La IPS 3 present el Aire de Zona crtica con mayor contaminacin bacteriana y la IPS 4 mayor contaminacin fngica. Hospitalizacin, Urgencias y Apoyo diagnostico evidenciaron las mayores concentraciones microbianas. Se encontraron diferencias estadsticamente significativas entre la carga microbiana antes respecto a despus del lavado de manos (p<0,05) y antes y despus de la aplicacin del protocolo de limpieza y desinfeccin de superficies. CONCLUSIONES: Con el presente estudio fue posible demostrar que la capacitacin, supervisin y monitorizacin de los procesos de lavado de manos y limpieza y desinfeccin de superficies pueden llegar a garantizar la reduccin de la biomasa bacteriana y fngica presente en las entidades de la salud.
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El documento contiene un anlisis sobre la manera de controlar los contratos estatales antes y despus de la expedicin del Estatuto Anticorrupcin (Ley 1474 de 2011)
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El documento expone el anlisis de la supervisin de los contratos estatales celebrados por las entidades autnomas del orden nacional a partir del marco legislativo vigente.
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Conciliar el trabajo y la familia es una lucha cotidiana que cada persona realiza para satisfacer las exigencias de ambas dimensiones de su vida. El no tener consciencia del problema que surge en el empleado para lograr esta conciliacin y la ausencia de soluciones eficaces a ste, no slo afecta a la organizacin a travs de la baja productividad, el absentismo, el aumento del estrs, entre otros efectos; sino tambin a la vida familiar, social, fsica y psicolgica del trabajador. Es por ello, que este proyecto de grado busca a partir de la revisin de la literatura mostrar cmo la percepcin que tienen los trabajadores de su equilibrio trabajo-familia, se ve influenciada por un factor organizativo, como lo son los turnos laborales; adems evidenciar las soluciones que se han implementado en las diferentes empresas de manera exitsa, para finalmente plantear estrategias que se puedan aplicar en las organizaciones facilitando el equilibrio trabajo-familia de los trabajadores.
Resumo:
Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de las diferentes alteraciones respiratorias durante el sueo (ARS) e hipertensin pulmonar (HTP) y establecer la saturacin de oxgeno (SpO2) en vigilia, sueo y durante los eventos en nios con Sndrome Down (SD) a la altura de Bogot (2640m) de acuerdo a grupos de edad e IMC. Mtodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, se incluyeron todos los nios con SD con sospecha de ARS remitidos a polisonograma (PSG) de octubre de 2011 a enero de 2013 a la Fundacin Neumolgica Colombina (FNC). Se dividieron en 3 grupos: apnea obstructiva, apnea obstructiva y central, sin apneas. Resultados: 74 nios, el 36,5% mujeres, edad media 4 aos. 47,3% presento apnea obstructiva, ms frecuente en >2 aos, 35,1% apnea obstructiva y central, ms frecuente en < 2 aos y 17,6 % sin apnea. SpO2 promedio en apnea obstructiva 84,63%, apnea obstructiva y central: 81,8% y sin apnea: 86,85% (p 0,058). 23% presento obesidad, 16% con apnea obstructiva. 53 pacientes tenan ecocardiograma: 28% HTP, 53,3% tuvo apnea obstructiva y 26,7 apnea obstructiva y central, no diferencias significativas. SpO2 promedio en HTP 88,3% vigilia, 86,2% sueo REM, 85,7 % sueo no REM, no diferencia significativa comparada con pacientes sin HTP. Conclusiones: Las ARS son frecuentes en los nios con SD, La desaturacin est presente en los nios con SD independiente del tipo de apnea. A todos los nios SD se les debe practicar un PSG en el primer ao de vida.
Resumo:
ante la existencia de un marco legal y reglamentario precario, se han identificado algunos problemas en el desarrollo de la funcin de supervisin e interventora desde la ptica meramente contractual aplicada en los organismos que hacen parte de las ramas legislativa y judicial. en tal sentido resulta pertinente realizar un anlisis comparativo de los instrumentos adoptados al interior de cada entidad, en consecuencia el problema de la presente investigacin se plantea a partir del siguiente cuestionamiento: las formas de autorregulacin implementadas por los rganos de las ramas legislativa y judicial para el control de la actividad de contratacin en defecto de una regulacin legal y reglamentaria al respecto les permiten disponer de un marco jurdico apropiado para el ejercicio adecuado de la supervisin?.
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El objetivo fue identificar los plaguicidas empleados por agricultores del Putumayo, evaluando el cumplimiento de las disposiciones legales sobre manejo de stos y las medidas de proteccin personal. Metodologa: estudio observacional descriptivo de campo, en zonas de cultivos ilcitos. Resultados: se evaluaron 490 sujetos, de los cuales se identificaron como expuestos a plaguicidas el 25,9%. La distribucin por edad de los expuestos a plaguicidas fue: 1-10 aos (19,7%), 10-18 (18,1%), 18-35 (33,9%), 35-55 (23,6%) y ms de 55 aos (4,7%). La mayora de productos reportados son categora toxicolgica I. De las 109 personas que realizan labores de formulacin, el 95,4% utilizan un mtodo manual sin guantes. De los 115 sujetos que hacen aplicacin, 76,5% utilizan bomba de espalda y 23,5% bomba estacionaria. El 97,6% de expuestos no emplea elementos de proteccin personal. Los envases vacos son dispuestos de manera inadecuada. En los ltimos seis meses se han presentado 198 contactos accidentales en 72 individuos. Conclusiones: es preocupante encontrar el uso inadecuado de insecticidas y herbicidas txicos y el desconocimiento de la normatividad vigente. Es recomendable que entidades acadmicas, entes gubernamentales e industria de agroqumicos emprendan esfuerzos para cumplir a cabalidad su funcin de educacin, control y vigilancia sobre el uso de plaguicidas, sin importar si el producto cultivado es lcito o ilcito.
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Es la construccin de un modelo de franquicia de restaurantes con la temtica GastroPub que es una nueva tendencia originaria de europa. Es un restaurante que sirve comida colombiana gourmet, tpica pero no comn, en un ambiente de pub.
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Occupational therapists are equipped to promote wellbeing through occupation and to enable participation and meaningful engagement of people in their social and physical environments (WFOT, 2012). As such, the role of the occupational therapists is profoundly linked to the social, cultural and environmental characteristics of the contexts in which occupations take place. The central role that context plays in occupational performance creates an interesting dichotomy for the occupational therapist: on one hand, a profound understanding of cultural and social factors is required from the Occupational Therapy (OT) in order to develop a meaningful and successful collaboration with the person; on the other hand, the ability of the occupational therapists to recognize and explore the contextual factor of an occupation-person dyad transcends cultural and spatial barriers. As a result, occupational therapists are equipped to engage in international collaboration and practice, and as such face unique and enriching challenges. International fieldwork experiences have become a tool through which occupational therapists in training can develop the critical skills for understanding the impact of cultural and social factors on occupation. An OT student in an international fieldwork experience faces numerous challenges in leading a process that is both relevant and respectful to the characteristics of the local context: language, cultural perceptions of occupation and personhood, religious backgrounds, health care access, etc. These challenges stand out as ethical considerations that must be considered when navigating an international fieldwork experience (AOTA, 2009). For more than five years now, the Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine (FRM) of the University of Alberta (UoFA) and the School of Medicine and Health Sciences at the Universidad del Rosario (UR), Bogota, Colombia, have sustained a productive and meaningful international collaboration. This collaboration includes a visit by Dr. Albert Cook, professor of the FRM and former dean, to the UR as the main guest speaker in the International Congress of Technologies for Disability Support (IBERDISCAP) in 2008. Furthermore, Dr. Cook was a speaker in the research seminar of the Assistive Technology Research Group of the Universidad del Rosario. Following Dr. Cooks visit, Professors Liliana lvarez and Adriana Ros travelled to Edmonton and initiated collaboration with the FRM, resulting in the signing of an agreement between the FRM and the UR in 2009, agreement that has been maintained to this day. The main goal of this agreement is to increase academic and cultural cooperation between the UR and the UofA. Other activities have included the cooperation between Dr. Kim Adams (who has largely maintained interest and effort in supporting the capacity building of the UR rehabilitation programs in coordinating the provision of research placement opportunities for UR students at the UofA), an Assistive Technology course for clinicians and students led by Dr. Adams, and a research project that researched the use of basic cell phones to provide social interaction and health information access for people with disabilities in a low-income community in Colombia (led by Tim Barlott, OT, MSc, under the supervision of Dr. Adams). Since the beginning, the occupational therapy programs of the Universidad del Rosario and the University of Alberta have promoted this collaboration and have strived to engage in interactions that provide further development opportunities for students and staff. As part of this process, the international placement experience of UofA OT students was born under the leadership of: Claudia Rozo, OT program director at UR, placement and academic leadership of Elvis Castro and Anglica Monsalve, professors of the occupational therapy program at UR; and Dr. Lili Liu, OT department director at UofA, Cori Schmitz, Academic coordinator of clinical education at the UofA; and Tim Barlott and Liliana lvarez leading the international and cross-cultural aspect of this collaboration.This publication summarizes and illustrates the process of international placement in community settings in Colombia, undertaken by occupational therapy students of the University of Alberta. It is our hope that this document can provide and document the ethical considerations of international fieldwork experience, the special characteristics of communities and the ways in which cultural and social competences are developed and help international students navigate the international setting. We also hope that this document will stimulate discussion among professional and academic communities about the importance and richness of international placement experiences and encourage staff and students to articulate their daily efforts with the global occupational therapy agenda.
