La lucha de la Unión Europea contra el crimen organizado transnacional. Estudio de caso: tráfico ilegal de armas pequeñas y ligeras provenientes de Albania y Kosovo (2001-2005)

En el contexto de la lucha de la Unión Europea contra el crimen organizado transnacional, el tráfico ilegal de armas pequeñas y ligeras proveniente de los grupos criminales albaneses y kosovares, es uno de los delitos a los que la Unión Europea ha tenido que hacer frente. Así pues, esta investigación logró analizar cómo la falta de coordinación de las políticas europeas implementadas para luchar contra el tráfico ilegal de armas pequeñas y ligeras y la corrupción estatal en Albania y Kosovo, fueron los dos factores de mayor influencia para evidenciar el impacto a la efectividad de dichas políticas implementadas. Para esto se debió comprender las dinámicas de los grupos criminales y la influencia de la corrupción en su actuar, y después examinar las políticas implementadas por la Unión Europea y los factores que no permitieron que existiera coordinación entre ellas.

Relación de las condiciones de salud y trabajo con la calidad de vida laboral, en trabajadores de dos instituciones hospitalarias de Boyacá, Colombia

Introducción: La Calidad de vida en el trabajo tiene componentes objetivos y subjetivos, es la manera como se vive la cotidianidad en el ambiente laboral. Involucra condiciones de trabajo, relaciones sociales, percepciones de satisfacción o insatisfacción derivadas de la conjunción de factores en el sentido de sentirse realizado con sus propias expectativas y proyectos (1). La calidad de vida laboral puede estar directamente relacionada con las condiciones de trabajo en las que se desempeñan los trabajadores. El personal de la salud representa entre el 6 al 7% de la población económicamente activa en la Región de las Américas (2), el abordaje de su problemática debe hacerse desde la protección social en salud,enfocando acciones conducentes al mejoramiento integral de las condiciones de vida de la sociedad en general, a través de la Gestión del Recurso Humano. Métodos: Estudio transversal en 102 trabajadores que cumplen con criterios de inclusión y exclusión, sobre percepción de calidad de vida laboral y condiciones de salud y trabajo, en dos instituciones prestadoras de Servicios de salud públicas de baja complejidad de los Municipios de Samacá y Ramiriquí en Boyacá en el 2014. Resultados: Del total de los trabajadores encuestados el 64,7 % son asistenciales, el 80,4 son mujeres, el 60 % tienen contrato indirecto. 71 % devenga un salario entre 1 y 2 SMMLV. El 74 % de los trabajadores administrativos laboran ocho (8) horas diarias mañana y tarde, 44 % de los asistenciales laboran ocho (8) horas diarias mañana y tarde y 41 % cumplen jornadas de doce (12) horas diarias inclusive en la noche, en relación a seguridad e higiene hay exposiciones al ruido y a secreciones y desechos de personas o animales. El principal factor de riesgo ergonómico son los movimientos repetidos en administrativos (74,3%) y Asistenciales (76,9 %). El 93,1 % de los trabajadores perciben su salud entre excelente y buena. En cuanto a la Calidad de Vida Laboral sólo el 15% de los trabajadores expresan insatisfacción por la forma de contratación, 56% están entre satisfechos y medianamente satisfechos con el salario recibido, la satisfacción con la oportunidad de aplicar la creatividad e iniciativa en el trabajo es del 90 %, el 33 % de los trabajadores están satisfechos con la capacitación brindada por la institución y sólo el 27 % expresan siempre el respeto a los derechos laborales; Un bajo porcentaje(28 %) de los trabajadores expresan que reciben siempre de parte de usuarios o clientes muestras de reconocimiento por las actividades que realizan; la tenencia de la vivienda se ha dado por el empleo, sin embargo el porcentaje de motivación laboral más alto se da en los asistenciales (81,8 %) que en los administrativos (75,8%). Se encontró escasa asociación estadística entre las variables de Calidad de Vida y las variables de Condiciones de Trabajo y salud Discusión: En esta población la percepción de los trabajadores no refleja una insatisfacción marcada, es entonces ¿el grado de satisfacción de las necesidades humanas un indicador de la mejor o peor calidad de vida laboral? o simplemente la calidad de vida laboral depende del cubrimiento de las expectativas individuales. Este estudio es coincidente con otros en que la proporción mayoritaria de quienes trabajan en salud son mujeres, se deben focalizar acciones desde la perspectiva de género en el sector salud que hagan parte de políticas públicas y de reformas a la salud apuntando a la reducción del impacto de la carga del trabajo en la salud.

Revolution in France : the era of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789-1815.

Texto adaptado al currículo nacional inglés en la materia de historia, estudia los acontecimientos ocurridos en Francia desde finales del siglo XVIII hasta la caída del imperio napoleónico a principios del siglo siguiente; así como la pervivencia, hasta nuestros días, del legado de la Revolución Francesa y de la época napoleónica.

The era of the second world war.

Explica las causas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, los orígenes del conflicto, la tensión, el miedo y los terribles sufrimientos provocados por el Holocausto, así como, los efectos de la guerra en las personas y en las naciones, en ese mismo momento, y en el período posterior de recosntrucción. Cumple con los requisitos del curriculo nacional inglés en cuanto a la utilización de una amplia gama de fuentes de información y de puntos de vista, que permite el desarrollo en los alumnos de capacidades para el análisis y para formar sus propios juicios históricos.

Belonging to a community: the mediation of belonging

This paper introduces the concept of belonging and discusses it in the context of online social networking experience and community experience considering social capital and user’s activities as nuclear concepts to understand collective actions and social relationships mediated by social media. The paper presents an empirical approach based on the study of two local communities and analyses whether interactive social technologies promote greater social involvement and higher production of social capital and participation, that results in a greater sense of belonging within communities. The results indicate a positive relationship between the use of social media and the increase of social capital and sense of belonging. Our work discusses the role and influence of social media in communitarian practices and the relevance social capital theory has as an outcome of media technologies use that result in a greater sense of belonging to a community.

Climate response to basin-scale warming and cooling of the North Atlantic Ocean

Using experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model, the climate impacts of a basin-scale warming or cooling of the North Atlantic Ocean are investigated. Multidecadal fluctuations with this pattern were observed during the twentieth century, and similar variations--but with larger amplitude--are believed to have occurred in the more distant past. It is found that in all seasons the response to warming the North Atlantic is strongest, in the sense of highest signal-to-noise ratio, in the Tropics. However there is a large seasonal cycle in the climate impacts. The strongest response is found in boreal summer and is associated with suppressed precipitation and elevated temperatures over the lower-latitude parts of North and South America. In August­-September-­October there is a significant reduction in the vertical shear in the main development region for Atlantic hurricanes. In winter and spring, temperature anomalies over land in the extratropics are governed by dynamical changes in circulation rather than simply reflecting a thermodynamic response to the warming or cooling of the ocean. The tropical climate response is primarily forced by the tropical SST anomalies, and the major features are in line with simple models of the tropical circulation response to diabatic heating anomalies. The extratropical climate response is influenced both by tropical and higher-latitude SST anomalies and exhibits nonlinear sensitivity to the sign of the SST forcing. Comparisons with multidecadal changes in sea level pressure observed in the twentieth century support the conclusion that the impact of North Atlantic SST change is most important in summer, but also suggest a significant influence in lower latitudes in autumn and winter. Significant climate impacts are not restricted to the Atlantic basin, implying that the Atlantic Ocean could be an important driver of global decadal variability. The strongest remote impacts are found to occur in the tropical Pacific region in June­-August and September­-November. Surface anomalies in this region have the potential to excite coupled ocean­atmosphere feedbacks, which are likely to play an important role in shaping the ultimate climate response.

Gaming and social interactions in the rehabilitation of brain injuries: a pilot study

Physical rehabilitation of brain injuries and strokes is a time consuming and costly process. Over the past decade several studies have emerged looking at the use of highly sophisticated technologies, such as robotics and virtual reality to tap into the needs of clinicians and patients. While such technologies can be a valuable tool to facilitate intensive movement practice in a motivating and engaging environment, success of therapy also depends on self-administered therapy beyond hospital stay. With the emergence of low-cost gaming consoles such as the Nintendo Wii, new opportunities arise for home-therapy paradigms centred on social interactions and values, which could reduce the sense of isolation and other depression related complications. In this paper we examine the potential, user acceptance and usability of an unmodified Nintendo Wii gaming console as a low-cost treatment alternative to complement current rehabilitation programmes.

The Structure and implications of children's attitudes to school

The paper reports a study of children's attitudes to school based on a questionnaire survey of 845 pupils in their first year of secondary school in England, together with interviews with a sample of the children. A clearly structured set of attitudes emerged from a factor analysis which showed a distinction between instrumental and affective aspects of attitudes but also dimensions within these, including a sense of teacher commitment and school as a difficult environment. Virtually all children had a strong sense of the importance of doing well at school. However, a substantial minority were not sure that they would stay on after 16. There were few differences between boys and girls or between children from different socio-economic backgrounds but children planning to leave at 16 enjoyed school less and were less sure that it had anything to offer them. There was an almost universal commitment to the value of education but, for a minority, an ambivalence about the experience and relevance of schooling for them.

A framework for revitalisation of rural education and training systems in sub-Saharan Africa: Strengthening the human resource base for food security and sustainable livelihoods

Recent studies of the current state of rural education and training (RET) systems in sub-Saharan Africa have assessed their ability to provide for the learning needs essential for more knowledgeable and productive small-scale rural households. These are most necessary if the endemic causes of rural poverty (poor nutrition, lack of sustainable livelihoods, etc.) are to be overcome. A brief historical background and analysis of the major current constraints to improvement in the sector are discussed. Paramount among those factors leading to its present 'malaise' is the lack of a whole-systems perspective and the absence of any coherent policy framework in most countries. There is evidence of some recent innovations, both in the public sector and through the work of non-governmental organisations (NGOs), civil society organisations (CSOs) and other private bodies. These provide hope of a new sense of direction that could lead towards meaningful 'revitalisation' of the sector. A suggested framework offers 10 key steps which, it is argued, could largely be achieved with modest internal resources and very little external support, provided that the necessary leadership and managerial capacities are in place. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Visual practices and the objects of design

Recent interest in material objects - the things of everyday interaction - has led to articulations of their role in the literature on organizational knowledge and learning. What is missing is a sense of how the use of these 'things' is patterned across both industrial settings and time. This research addresses this gap with a particular emphasis on visual materials. Practices are analysed in two contrasting design settings: a capital goods manufacturer and an architectural firm. Materials are observed to be treated both as frozen, and hence unavailable for change; and as fluid, open and dynamic. In each setting temporal patterns of unfreezing and refreezing are associated with the different types of materials used. The research suggests that these differing patterns or rhythms of visual practice are important in the evolution of knowledge and in structuring social relations for delivery. Hence, to improve their performance practitioners should not only consider the types of media they use, but also reflect on the pace and style of their interactions.

A theoretical adaptive model of thermal comfort – Adaptive Predicted Mean Vote (aPMV)

This paper presents in detail a theoretical adaptive model of thermal comfort based on the “Black Box” theory, taking into account factors such as culture, climate, social, psychological and behavioural adaptations, which have an impact on the senses used to detect thermal comfort. The model is called the Adaptive Predicted Mean Vote (aPMV) model. The aPMV model explains, by applying the cybernetics concept, the phenomena that the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) is greater than the Actual Mean Vote (AMV) in free-running buildings, which has been revealed by many researchers in field studies. An Adaptive coefficient (λ) representing the adaptive factors that affect the sense of thermal comfort has been proposed. The empirical coefficients in warm and cool conditions for the Chongqing area in China have been derived by applying the least square method to the monitored onsite environmental data and the thermal comfort survey results.

Teacher self-perceptions of effectiveness: a study in a district of Kenya

Background and purpose: The paper reports a study of the perceptions of teachers in secondary schools in the Gucha district of Kenya of their own effectiveness, the structure of their self-perceptions, variations in self-perceived effectiveness and the relationship between self-perceptions of effectiveness and the examination performance of their students. Design and methods: Data were based on questionnaires completed by 109 English and mathematics teachers from a random sample of 30 schools in the Gucha district of Kenya. Pupil examination results were also collected from the schools. Results: Three dimensions of self-perceived effectiveness emerged from a factor analysis. These were: pedagogic process, personal and affective aspects of teaching and effectiveness with regard to pupil performance. Teachers tended to rate themselves relatively highly with regard to the first two, process-oriented, dimensions but less highly on the third, outcome-oriented, dimension. Self-ratings for pupil outcomes correlated with pupil examination performance at school level. Conclusions: The results show that these teachers can have a sense of themselves as competent classroom performers and educational professionals without necessarily having a strong sense of efficacy with regard to pupil outcomes.

Posttraumatic stress symptoms in London school children following September 11, 2001: an exploratory investigation of peri-traumatic reactions and intrusive imagery

Threatening intrusive images are central to posttraumatic stress disorder. It has been suggested that intrusive imagery in the context of a sense of threat leads to the development and persistence of posttraumatic stress symptoms. This study investigates London school children's (N = 76; age 10-11 years) self-reported posttraumatic stress symptoms in response to viewing the attacks of September 11, 2001 on television. Assessments were made at two time points. A minority of participants reported moderate-severe symptoms with functional impairment at 2 months (14.5%) and 6 months (9.2%) after viewing the September 11events. After controlling for symptom stability, persistent symptoms were associated with peri-traumatic factors, notably perceiving that one's life was in danger. The combined effect of intrusive imagery and peri-traumatic life threat was associated with symptom persistence. Assessments of intrusive image content via checklist and free-report indicated that the images were directly related to September 11 and were fairly stable over time. Implications for treating children's intrusive images following stressful events are explored. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mothers' attributions following their child's diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder: exploring links with maternal levels of stress, depression and expectations about their child's future

Although the impact of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) on the family is well recognized, the way mothers attempt to make sense of the diagnosis is largely unexplored. However, in other disabilities, attributions have been shown to predict a variety of outcomes including maternal wellbeing and engagement in treatment. Using Weiner's (198S) three-dimensional model, 16 mothers were interviewed to examine the nature and impact of their beliefs about their child's ASD using semi-structured interviews and measures of depression, parenting stress and expectations for their child's future. The findings suggested that mothers made a diverse and complex range of attributions that were consistent with Weiner's dimensions of locus of cause, stability and controllability. The nature of their attributions reflected particular difficulties associated with ASDs, such as uncertainties regarding cause and prognosis. Taking account of mothers' search for meaning will better enable professionals to support families following diagnosis.