Thermal instability and the feedback regulation of hot haloes in clusters, groups and galaxies

We present global multidimensional numerical simulations of the plasma that pervades the dark matter haloes of clusters, groups and massive galaxies (the intracluster medium; ICM). Observations of clusters and groups imply that such haloes are roughly in global thermal equilibrium, with heating balancing cooling when averaged over sufficiently long time- and length-scales; the ICM is, however, very likely to be locally thermally unstable. Using simple observationally motivated heating prescriptions, we show that local thermal instability (TI) can produce a multiphase medium with similar to 104 K cold filaments condensing out of the hot ICM only when the ratio of the TI time-scale in the hot plasma (tTI) to the free-fall time-scale (tff) satisfies tTI/tff? 10. This criterion quantitatively explains why cold gas and star formation are preferentially observed in low-entropy clusters and groups. In addition, the interplay among heating, cooling and TI reduces the net cooling rate and the mass accretion rate at small radii by factors of similar to 100 relative to cooling-flow models. This dramatic reduction is in line with observations. The feedback efficiency required to prevent a cooling flow is similar to 10-3 for clusters and decreases for lower mass haloes; supernova heating may be energetically sufficient to balance cooling in galactic haloes. We further argue that the ICM self-adjusts so that tTI/tff? 10 at all radii. When this criterion is not satisfied, cold filaments condense out of the hot phase and reduce the density of the ICM. These cold filaments can power the black hole and/or stellar feedback required for global thermal balance, which drives tTI/tff? 10. In comparison to clusters, groups have central cores with lower densities and larger radii. This can account for the deviations from self-similarity in the X-ray luminositytemperature () relation. The high-velocity clouds observed in the Galactic halo can be due to local TI producing multiphase gas close to the virial radius if the density of the hot plasma in the Galactic halo is >rsim 10-5 cm-3 at large radii.

Spin-Electron-Phonon Excitation in Re-based Half-Metallic Double Perovskites

A remarkable hardening (similar to 30 cm(-1)) of the normal mode of vibration associated with the symmetric stretching of the oxygen octahedra for the Ba2FeReO6 and Sr2CrReO6 double perovskites is observed below the corresponding magnetic ordering temperatures. The very large magnitude of this effect and its absence for the antisymmetric stretching mode provide evidence against a conventional spin-phonon coupling mechanism. Our observations are consistent with a collective excitation formed by the combination of the vibrational mode with oscillations of Fe or Cr 3d and Re 5d occupations and spin magnitudes.

Bending of metal-filled carbon nanotube under electron beam irradiation

Electron beam irradiation induced, bending of Iron filled, multiwalled carbon nanotubes is reported. Bending of both the carbon nanotube and the Iron contained within the core was achieved using two approaches with the aid of a high resolution electron microscope (HRTEM). In the first approach, bending of the nanotube structure results in response to the irradiation of a pristine kink defect site, while in the second approach, disordered sites induce bending by focusing the electron beam on the graphite walls. The HRTEM based in situ observations demonstrate the potential for using electron beam irradiation to investigate and manipulate the physical properties of confined nanoscale structures. Copyright 2012 Author(s). This article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. doi:10.1063/1.3688083]

Charge order suppression, emergence of ferromagnetism and absence of exchange bias effect in Bi0.25Ca0.75MnO3 nanoparticles: Electron paramagnetic resonance and magnetization studies

We report the results of magnetization and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies on nanoparticles (average diameter similar to 30 nm) of Bi0.25Ca0.75MnO3 (BCMO) and compare them with the results on bulk BCMO. The nanoparticles were prepared using the nonaqueous sol-gel technique and characterized by XRD and TEM analysis. Magnetization measurements were carried out with a commercial physical property measurement system (PPMS). While the bulk BCMO exhibits a charge ordering transition at similar to 230 K and an antiferromagnetic (AFM) transition at similar to 130 K, in the nanoparticles, the CO phase is seen to have disappeared and a transition to a ferromagnetic (FM) state is observed at T-c similar to 120 K. However, interestingly, the exchange bias effect observed in other nanomanganite ferromagnets is absent in BCMO nanoparticles. EPR measurements were carried out in the X-band between 8 and 300 K. Lineshape fitting to a Lorentzian with two terms (accounting for both the clockwise and anticlockwise rotations of the microwave field) was employed to obtain the relevant EPR parameters as functions of temperature. The results confirm the occurrence of ferromagnetism in the nanoparticles of BCMO. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4730612]

Strongly magnetized cold degenerate electron gas: Mass-radius relation of the magnetized white dwarf

We consider a relativistic, degenerate electron gas at zero temperature under the influence of a strong, uniform, static magnetic field, neglecting any form of interactions. Since the density of states for the electrons changes due to the presence of the magnetic field (which gives rise to Landau quantization), the corresponding equation of state also gets modified. In order to investigate the effect of very strong magnetic field, we focus only on systems in which a maximum of either one, two, or three Landau level(s) is/are occupied. This is important since, if a very large number of Landau levels are filled, it implies a very low magnetic field strength which yields back Chandrasekhar's celebrated nonmagnetic results. The maximum number of occupied Landau levels is fixed by the correct choice of two parameters, namely, the magnetic field strength and the maximum Fermi energy of the system. We study the equations of state of these one-level, two-level, and three-level systems and compare them by taking three different maximum Fermi energies. We also find the effect of the strong magnetic field on the mass-radius relation of the underlying star composed of the gas stated above. We obtain an exciting result that it is possible to have an electron-degenerate static star, namely, magnetized white dwarfs, with a mass significantly greater than the Chandrasekhar limit in the range 2.3-2.6M(circle dot), provided it has an appropriate magnetic field strength and central density. In fact, recent observations of peculiar type Ia supernovae-SN 2006gz, SN 2007if, SN 2009dc, SN 2003fg-seem to suggest super-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarfs with masses up to 2.4-2.8M(circle dot) as their most likely progenitors. Interestingly, our results seem to lie within these observational limits.

Sensitivity of polyvinylidene fluoride films to mechanical vibration modes and impact after optimizing stretching conditions

The β-phase of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is well known for its piezoelectric properties. PVDF films have been developed using solvent cast method. The films thus produced are in α-phase. The α-phase is transformed to piezoelectric β-phase when the film is hot-stretched with various different stretching factors at various different temperatures. The films are then characterized in terms of their mechanical properties and surface morphological changes during the transformation from α- to β-phases by using X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimeter, Raman spectra, Infrared spectra, tensile testing, and scanning electron microscopy. The films showed increased crystallinity with stretching at temperature up to 80°C. The optimum conditions to achieve β-phase have been discussed in detail. The fabricated PVDF sensors have been tested for free vibration and impact on plate structure, and its response is compared with conventional piezoelectric wafer type sensor. The resonant and antiresonant peaks in the frequency response of PVDF sensor match well with that of lead zirconate titanate wafer sensors. Effective piezoelectric properties and the variations in the frequency response spectra due to free vibration and impact loading conditions are reported. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers.

Bismuth catalyzed growth of silicon nanowires by electron beam evaporation

Silicon nanowires (NWs) have been grown in the vapor phase for the first time with bismuth (Bi) as a catalyst using the electron beam evaporation method at a low substrate temperature of 280 degrees C. The grown Si nanowires were randomly oriented on the substrate with an average length of 900 nm for a deposition time of 15 min. Bi faceted nanoparticles (crowned) at the end of the grown Si nanowires have been observed and attributed to the Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) growth mechanism. Transmission Electron Microscopy analysis on the nanowires revealed their single crystalline nature and interestingly bismuth particles were observed in Si nanowires. The obtained results have shown a new window for Si nanowires growth with bismuth as a catalyst. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Approaches to alpha-amino acids via rearrangement to electron-deficient nitrogen: Beckmann and Hofmann rearrangements of appropriate carboxyl-protected substrates

The titled approaches were effected with various 2-substituted benzoylacetic acid oximes 3 (Beckmann) and 2-substituted malonamic acids 9 (Hofmann), their carboxyl groups being masked as a 2,4,10-trioxaadamantane unit (an orthoacetate). The oxime mesylates have been rearranged with basic Al2O3 in refluxing CHCl3, and the malonamic acids with phenyliodoso acetate and KOH/MeOH. Both routes are characterized by excellent overall yields. Structure confirmation of final products was conducted with X-ray diffraction in selected cases. The final N-benzoyl and N-(methoxycarbonyl) products are alpha-amino acids with both carboxyl and amino protection; hence, they are of great interest in peptide synthesis.

Colossal nonsaturating linear magnetoresistance in two-dimensional electron systems at a GaAs/(Al,Ga)As heterointerface

Engineering devices with a large electrical response to magnetic field is of fundamental importance for a range of applications such as magnetic field sensing and magnetic read heads. We show that a colossal nonsaturating linear magnetoresistance (NLMR) arises in two-dimensional electron systems hosted in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure in the strongly insulating regime. When operated at high source-drain bias, the magnetoresistance of our devices increases almost linearly with magnetic field, reaching nearly 10 000% at 8 T, thus surpassing many known nonmagnetic materials that exhibit giant NLMR. The temperature dependence and mobility analysis indicate that the NLMR has a purely classical origin, driven by nanoscale inhomogeneities. A large NLMR combined with small device dimensions makes these systems an attractive candidate for on-chip magnetic field sensing.

A Raman study of the interaction of electron-donor and -acceptor molecules with chemically doped graphene

Effect of interaction of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and tetrathia fulvalene (TTF) with boron- and nitrogen-doped graphene has been investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The G- and 2D bands of boron- and nitrogen-doped graphenes in the Raman spectra show significantly different changes on interaction with electron-donor and -acceptor molecules. Thus, tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) have different effects on the Raman spectra of boron- and nitrogen-doped graphenes. The changes in the Raman spectra brought about by electron-donor and -acceptor molecules can be understood in general terms on the basis of molecular charge transfer. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Unconventional metallicity and giant thermopower in a strongly interacting two-dimensional electron system

We present thermal and electrical transport measurements of low-density (10(14) m(-2)), mesoscopic two-dimensional electron systems (2DESs) in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures at sub-Kelvin temperatures. We find that even in the supposedly strongly localized regime, where the electrical resistivity of the system is two orders of magnitude greater than the quantum of resistance h/e(2), the thermopower decreases linearly with temperature indicating metallicity. Remarkably, the magnitude of the thermopower exceeds the predicted value in noninteracting metallic 2DESs at similar carrier densities by over two orders of magnitude. Our results indicate a new quantum state and possibly a novel class of itinerant quasiparticles in dilute 2DESs at low temperatures where the Coulomb interaction plays a pivotal role.

Energy-dependent orbital modulation of X-rays and constraints on emission of the jet in Cyg X-3

We study the orbital modulation of X-rays from Cyg X-3, using data from Swift, INTEGRAL and RXTE. Using the wealth of data presently available and an improved averaging method, we obtain energy-dependent folded and averaged light curves with unprecedented accuracy. We find that above similar to 5?keV the modulation depth decreases with increasing energy, which is consistent with the modulation being caused by both boundfree absorption and Compton scattering in the stellar wind of the donor, with minima corresponding to the highest optical depth, which occurs around the superior conjunction. We find a decrease of the depth below similar to 3?keV, which appears to be due to re-emission of the absorbed continuum by the wind in soft X-ray lines. Based on the shape of the folded light curves, any X-ray contribution from the jet in Cyg X-3, which emits ?-rays detected at energies >0.1?GeV in the soft spectral states, is found to be minor up to similar to 100?keV. This implies the presence of a rather sharp low-energy break in the jet MeV-range spectrum. We also calculate phase-resolved RXTE X-ray spectra and show that the difference between the spectra corresponding to phases around superior and inferior conjunctions can indeed be accounted for by the combined effect of boundfree absorption in an ionized medium and Compton scattering.

Development of micro-shock wave assisted dry particle and fluid jet delivery system

Small quantity of energetic material coated on the inner wall of a polymer tube is proposed as a new method to generate micro-shock waves in the laboratory. These micro-shock waves have been harnessed to develop a novel method of delivering dry particle and liquid jet into the target. We have generated micro-shock waves with the help of reactive explosive compound high melting explosive (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) and traces of aluminium] coated polymer tube, utilising 9 J of energy. The detonation process is initiated electrically from one end of the tube, while the micro-shock wave followed by the products of detonation escape from the open end of the polymer tube. The energy available at the open end of the polymer tube is used to accelerate tungsten micro-particles coated on the other side of the diaphragm or force a liquid jet out of a small cavity filled with the liquid. The micro-particles deposited on a thin metal diaphragm (typically 100-mu m thick) were accelerated to high velocity using micro-shock waves to penetrate the target. Tungsten particles of 0.7 mu m diameter have been successfully delivered into agarose gel targets of various strengths (0.6-1.0 %). The device has been tested by delivering micro-particles into potato tuber and Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus (ground nut) stem tissue. Along similar lines, liquid jets of diameter 200-250 mu m (methylene blue, water and oils) have been successfully delivered into agarose gel targets of various strengths. Successful vaccination against murine salmonellosis was demonstrated as a biological application of this device. The penetration depths achieved in the experimental targets are very encouraging to develop a future device for biological and biomedical applications.

Topological electron density analysis and electrostatic properties of aspirin: an experimental and theoretical study

The topological and the electrostatic properties of the aspirin drug molecule were determined from high-resolution X-ray diffraction data at 90 K, and the corresponding results are compared with the theoretical calculations. The electron density at the bond critical point of all chemical bonds induding the intermolecular interactions of aspirin has been quantitatively described using Bader's quantum theory of ``Atoms in Molecules''. The electrostatic potential of the molecule emphasizes the preferable binding sites of the drug and the interaction features of the molecule, which are crucial for drug-receptor recognition. The topological analysis of hydrogen bonds reveals the strength of intermolecular interactions.

Strength of hot pressed ZrB2-SiC composite after exposure to high temperatures (1000-1700 degrees C)

Residual strength (room temperature strength after exposure in air at high temperatures) of hot pressed ZrB2-SiC composites was evaluated as function of SiC contents (10-30 vol%) as well as exposure temperatures for 5 h (1000-1700 degrees C). Multilayer oxide scale structures were found after exposures. The composition and thickness of these multilayered oxide scale structure was dependent on exposure temperature and SiC contents in composites. After exposure to 1000 degrees C for 5 h, the residual strength of ZrB2-SiC composites improved by nearly 60% compared to the as-hot pressed composites with 20 and 30 vol% SiC. On the other hand, the residual strength of these composites remained unchanged after 1500 degrees C for 5 h. A drastic degradation in residual strength was observed in composites with 20 and 30 vol% SiC after exposure to 1700 degrees C for 5 h in ZrB2-SiC. An attempt was made to correlate the microstructural changes and oxide scales with residual strength with respect to variation in SiC content and temperature of expsoure. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.