Sources of omega-6 fatty acids do not alter the rumen degradation and transit of fibre from dairy cow diets

The objective of this study was to evaluate the behaviour of fibre in the digestive tract on the basis of the passage kinetics of forage and concentrate particles in cows fed different omega-6 fatty-acid sources. The scientific hypothesis of this study was that omega-6 fatty acids do not interfere with the digestion of fibre in the diets of dairy cows. Five primiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in the experiment. The experimental diets were: control (C), ground soyabean (GS), cottonseed (CS), soyabean oil (SO), calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA). The global mean estimates for the parameters of passage rate (gamma) were 0.038 and 0.055 h(-1) for forage and concentrate, respectively. The only significant effect with respect to the passage rate was a high negative correlation between the concentrate passage rate and dry matter intake. There was less undegradable neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in treatments without added lipid. Dietary supplementation with lipid sources does not alter the kinetic parameters of roughage and concentrate particle passage or in vitro NDF degradation. Sources of omega-6 fatty acids do not alter the rumen degradation and transit of fibre.

A diet enriched in linoleic acid compromises the cryotolerance of embryos from superovulated beef heifers

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Perfil lipídico sérico e ede ácidos graxos do tecido adiposo em cadelas com tumores mamários: caso-controle

Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Animal - FMVZ

Off-line TMAH-GC/MS and NMR characterization of humic substances extracted from river sediments of northwestern Sao Paulo under different soil uses

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Characterization of typical aquatic humic substances in areas of sugarcane cultivation in Brazil using tetramethylammonium hydroxide thermochemolysis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Continuous enzymatic interesterification of milkfat with soybean oil produces a highly spreadable product rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Green tea extract rich in epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents fatty liver by ampk activation via lkb1 in mice fed a high-fat diet

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudos experimentais e teórico-computacionais de novos complexos nanozeólitas-enzimas empregados na produção de biocombustíveis

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Microcystis aeruginosa lipids as feedstock for biodiesel synthesis by enzymatic route

The cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa strain NPCD-1, isolated from sewage treatment plant and characterized as a non-microcystin producer by mass spectrometry and molecular analysis, was found to be a source of lipid when cultivated in ASM-1 medium at 25 degrees C under constant white fluorescent illumination (109 mu mol photon m(-2) s(-1)). In these conditions, biomass productivity of 46.92 +/- 3.84 mg L-1 day(-1) and lipid content of 28.10 +/- 1.47% were obtained. Quantitative analysis of fatty acid methyl esters demonstrated high concentration of saturated fatty acids (50%), palmitic (24.34%) and lauric (13.21%) acids being the major components. The remaining 50% constituting unsaturated fatty acids showed higher concentrations of oleic (26.88%) and linoleic (12.53%) acids. The feasibility to produce biodiesel from this cyanobacterial lipid was demonstrated by running enzymatic transesterification reactions catalyzed by Novozym (R) 435 and using palm oil as feedstock control. Batch experiments were carried out using tert-butanol and iso-octane as solvent. Results showed similarity on the main ethyl esters formed for both feedstocks. The highest ethyl ester concentration was related to palmitate and oleate esters followed by laurate and linoleate esters. However, both reaction rates and ester yields were dependent on the solvent tested. Total ethyl ester concentrations varied in the range of 44.24-67.84 wt%, corresponding to ester yields from 80 to 100%. Iso-octane provided better solubility and miscibility, with ester yield of 98.10% obtained at 48 h for reaction using the cyanobacterium lipid, while full conversion was achieved in 12 h for reaction carried out with palm oil. These results demonstrated that cyanobacterial lipids from M. aeruginosa NPCD-1 have interesting properties for biofuel production. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Microwave-assisted enzymatic synthesis of beef tallow biodiesel

Optimal conditions for the microwave-assisted enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel have been developed by a full 2(2) factorial design leading to a set of seven runs with different combinations of molar ratio and temperature. The main goal was to reduce the reaction time preliminarily established by a process of conventional heating. Reactions yielding biodiesel, in which beef tallow and ethanol used as raw materials were catalyzed by lipase from Burkholderia cepacia immobilized on silica-PVA and microwave irradiations within the range of 8-15 W were performed to reach the reaction temperature. Under optimized conditions (1:6 molar ratio of beef tallow to ethanol molar ratio at 50A degrees C) almost total conversion of the fatty acid presented in the original beef tallow was converted into ethyl esters in a reaction that required 8 h, i.e., a productivity of about 92 mg ethyl esters g(-1) h(-1). This represents an increase of sixfold for the process carried out under conventional heating. In general, the process promises low energy demand and higher biodiesel productivity. The microwave assistance speeds up the enzyme catalyzed reactions, decreases the destructive effects on the enzyme of the operational conditions such as, higher temperature, stability, and specificity to its substrate, and allows the entire reaction medium to be heated uniformly.

Organic milk improves Bifidobacterium lactis counts and bioactive fatty acids contents in fermented milk

In functional dairy products, polyunsaturated fatty acids such as, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) have been highlighted for their benefits related to prevention of some chronic diseases. In order to study the effect of type of milk (conventional vs. organic, characterized by a specific fatty acid composition), Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BB12, B94, BL04 and HN019) counts, acidification activity and chemical composition (pH, lactose, lactic acid contents and fatty acids profile) were investigated before fermentation and after 24 h of products stored at 4 degrees C. Organic and conventional milk influenced acidification performance and bacteria counts, which was strain-dependent. Higher counts of BB12 were observed in organic milk, whereas superior counts of BL04 were found in conventional milk. Organic fermented milk showed lower levels in saturated fatty acids (FA) and higher in monounsaturated FA contents. Similarly, among bioactive FA, organic fermented milks have higher amounts of trans vaccenic acid (TVA-C18:1t), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and slightly higher contents of alpha-linoleic acid (ALA). (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fatty acids as a tool to compare cachara (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum) (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) and hybrid (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans x Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum) larvae during early development

In this study, we investigated the physiological alterations during ontogeny for cachara (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum) and their hybrid larvae (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans x P. reticulatum) using lipids and fatty acids as physiological tools to elucidate the basis for differences in these groups' productivity in an industrial setting. Eggs and larvae samples were collected during January and February of 2008 in the city of Bandeirantes, MS, and were divided into three primary phases: phase I (0-16 h after fertilization); phase II (24 h after fertilization to 6 days after fertilization); and phase III (7-25 days after fertilization). The larvae of both groups showed a high degree of similarity, suggesting that the hybrid larvae showed a high level of heritability from the cachara broodstock. Analysis of the total lipid content provided evidence that there is no alteration in lipid concentration during ontogeny for both groups (i.e., the cachara and hybrids). However, the fatty acid profile showed that during the endogenous feeding period (phase II), when the larvae must use the energy reserves from the mother, the cachara larvae used mainly monounsaturated fatty acids for development. This is typical for most fish species, though notably, the hybrids preferentially used saturated fatty acids. Furthermore, certain specific changes demonstrate unique patterns of energy utilization and structural substrates, which may aid in elucidating the empirical differences reported by fish farmers (i.e., that the hybrids perform better than cacharas in captivity).

Mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle insulin resistance induced by fatty acids: importance of the mitochondrial function

Insulin resistance condition is associated to the development of several syndromes, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Although the factors linking insulin resistance to these syndromes are not precisely defined yet, evidence suggests that the elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) level plays an important role in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Accordantly, in vivo and in vitro exposure of skeletal muscle and myocytes to physiological concentrations of saturated fatty acids is associated with insulin resistance condition. Several mechanisms have been postulated to account for fatty acids-induced muscle insulin resistance, including Randle cycle, oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we reviewed experimental evidence supporting the involvement of each of these propositions in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance induced by saturated fatty acids and propose an integrative model placing mitochondrial dysfunction as an important and common factor to the other mechanisms.

Palmitoleic acid (n-7) increases white adipocyte lipolysis and lipase content in a PPARα-dependent manner

We investigated whether palmitoleic acid, a fatty acid that enhances whole body glucose disposal and suppresses hepatic steatosis, modulates triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism in adipocytes. For this, both differentiated 3T3-L1 cells treated with either palmitoleic acid (16:1n7, 200 μM) or palmitic acid (16:0, 200 μM) for 24 h and primary adipocytes from wild-type or PPARα-deficient mice treated with 16:1n7 (300 mg•kg(-1)•day(-1)) or oleic acid (18:1n9, 300 mg•kg(-1)•day(-1)) by gavage for 10 days were evaluated for lipolysis, TAG, and glycerol 3-phosphate synthesis and gene and protein expression profile. Treatment of differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with 16:1n7, but not 16:0, increased basal and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis, mRNA levels of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and protein content of ATGL and pSer(660)-HSL. Such increase in lipolysis induced by 16:1n7, which can be prevented by pharmacological inhibition of PPARα, was associated with higher rates of PPARα binding to DNA. In contrast to lipolysis, both 16:1n7 and 16:0 increased fatty acid incorporation into TAG and glycerol 3-phosphate synthesis from glucose without affecting glyceroneogenesis and glycerokinase expression. Corroborating in vitro findings, treatment of wild-type but not PPARα-deficient mice with 16:1n7 increased primary adipocyte basal and stimulated lipolysis and ATGL and HSL mRNA levels. In contrast to lipolysis, however, 16:1n7 treatment increased fatty acid incorporation into TAG and glycerol 3-phosphate synthesis from glucose in both wild-type and PPARα-deficient mice. In conclusion, palmitoleic acid increases adipocyte lipolysis and lipases by a mechanism that requires a functional PPARα