736 resultados para dureza
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Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016
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Nacomposites of polymers and lamellar clayminerals, has generated high scientific and technological interest, for having mechanical properties and gas barriers differentiated of polymers and conventional composites. In this work, it was developed nanocomposites by single screw extruder and injection, utilizing commercial raw material, with the goal to investigate the quality of new developed materials. It was evaluated the influence of the content and the kind of clay in the structure and in the nanocomposites properties. It was used regular and elastomeric poly (methyl methacrylate) (Acrigel LEP 100 and Acrigel ECP800) and six montmorillonites (Cloisite 10A, 11B, 15A, 20A, 25A e 30B) at the concentration of 1% e 3% in weight. The nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), colorimetric, optical transparency, flexural and tensile tests, Rockwell hardness and esclerometry. It was founded that is possible to obtain intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites PMMA/MMT, and the top results was obtained in the materials with 1%in clay weight organophilizated with 2M2HT (Cloisite 15A and 20A) presented intercalate and hybrid morphology (exfoliated and flocullated). The ones that was produced with organophilizated clay with 2MHTL8 (Cloisite 30B) had excellent visual quality, but the majority presented hybrid morphology. In the materials processed with organophilizated clay with MT2ETOH (Cloisite 30B), there were color change and loss of transparency. It occurs improvement in a few mechanical properties, mainly in the materials produced with PMMA elastomeric (Acrigel ECP800), being more significant, the increase in the resistance to stripping in those nanocomposites
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Nowadays, in the plastic industry are used mills that accomplish the recycling of residues generated in the production of its components. These mills contain cut sheets that suffer accelerated wear, once they are submitted constantly to the tribologic efforts, decreasing its useful life. To reduce this problem, it s used noble steels or takes place superficial treatments. The ionic nitriding process presents some limitations related to the uniformity of the layer in pieces with complex geometry, committing its application in pieces as knives, head offices, engagements, etc. However, the new technique of nitriding in cathodic cage eliminates some problems, as the restrictions rings, inherent to the conventional ionic nitriding. In present work, was studied the use viabilization of steels less noble, as SAE 1020, SAE 4320 and SAE 4340, nitreded by two different techniques, to substitute the AISI 01 steels, usually used in the cut knifes fabrication, seeking to reduce the costs and at the sane time to increase the useful life of these knifes. The steel most viable was the SAE 4340, nitrided in cathodic cage, because it presented uniformity in thickness and in the hardness of the layer, besides of increased 58% in the average its useful life
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The heat transfer between plasma and a solid occurs mostly due the radiation and the collision of the particles on the material surface, heating the material from the surface to the bulk. The thermal gradient inside the sample depends of the rate of particles collisions and thermal conductivity of the solid. In order to study that effect, samples of AISI M35 steel, with 9,5 mm X 3,0 mm (diameter X thickness) were quenched in resistive furnace and tempereds in plasma using the plane configuration and hollow cathode, working with pressures of 4 and 10 mbar respectively. Analyzing the samples microstructure and measuring the hardness along the transversal profile, it was possible to associate the tempered temperature evaluating indirectly the thermal profile. This relation was obtained by microstructural analyzes and through the hardness curve x tempered sample temperature in resistive furnace, using temperatures of 500, 550, 600, 650 and 700°C. The microstructural characterization of the samples was obtained by the scanning electron microscopy, optic microscopy and X-ray diffraction. It was verified that all samples treated in plasma presented a superficial layer, denominated affected shelling zone, wich was not present in the samples treated in resistive furnace. Moreover, the samples that presented larger thermal gradient were treated in hollow cathode with pressure of 4 mbar
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Carbide reinforced metallic alloys potentially improve some important mechanical properties required for the overall use of important engineering materials such as steel and nickel. Nevertheless, improved performance is achieved not only by composition enhancement but also by adequate processing techniques, such as novel sintering methods in the case of powder metallurgy. The method minimizes energy losses in addition to providing uniform heating during sintering. Thus, the general objective of this study was to evaluate the density, hardness, flexural strength, dilatometric behavior and to analyze the microstructure of metal matrix composites based nickel with addition of carbides of tantalum and / or niobium when sintered in a conventional furnace and Plasma assisted debinding and sintering (PADS). Initially, were defineds best parameters of granulation, screening and mixing procedure. After, mixtures of carbonyl Ni and 5%, 10% and 15 wt.% NbC and TaC were prepared in a Y-type mixer under wet conditions during 60 minutes. The mixtures were then dried and granulated using 1.5 wt. % paraffin diluted in hexane. Granulates were cold pressed under 600 MPa. Paraffin was then removed from the pressed pellets during a pre-sintering process carried out in a tubular furnace at 500 °C during 30 min. The heating rate was 3 ºC/min. The pellets were then sintered using either a plasma assisted reactor or a conventional resistive tubular furnace. For both methods, the heating rate was set to 8 ºC/min up to 1150 °C. The holding time was 60 minutes. The microstructure of the sintered samples was evaluated by SEM. Brinell hardness tests were also carried out. The results revealed that higher density and higher hardness values were observed in the plasma-assisted sintered samples. Hardness increased with the concentration of carbides in the Ni-matrix. The flexural strength also increased by adding the carbides. The decline was larger for the sample with addition of 5% 5% TaC and NbC. In general, compositions containing added carbide 10% showed less porous and more uniform distribution of carbides in the nickel matrix microstructural appearance. Thus, both added carbide and plasma sintering improved density, hardness, flexural strength and microstructural appearance of the composites
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The main problem on the exploration activity on petroleum industry is the formation water resulted on the fields producing. The aggravating of this problem is correlated with the advancing technologies used on the petroleum extractions and on its secondary approach objecting the reobtainment of this oil. Among the main contaminants of the water formation are corrosives gases such as: O2, CO2 and H2S, some solids in suspension and dissolved salts. Concerning to those gases the CO2 is the one that produce significant damage for carbon steel on corrosion process of the petroleum and gas industries. Corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in formation water is one of the most used agents in control of those damages. In this context, the poor investigations of carbon steel corrosion proceeding from solids in suspension is an opened field for studies. On this work the inhibitor effect of the commercial CORRTREAT 703 was evaluated on some specific solids in suspension at saline medium containing 10.000 ppm of de-aerated chloride using CO2 until non oxygen atmosphere been present. For that, quartz, calcium carbonate, magnetite and iron sulphide were subjected to this investigation as the selected solids. The effect of this inhibitor on corrosion process correlated with those specific solids, was measured using electrochemical (resistance of linear polarization and galvanic pair) and gravimetrical techniques. During all the experimental work important parameters were monitored such as: pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, instantaneous corrosion rate and galvanic current. According to the obtained results it was proved that the suspension solids calcium carbonate and iron sulphide decrease the corrosion process in higher pH medium. Meanwhile the quartz and magnetite been hardness increase corrosion by broking of the passive layer for erosion. In the other hand, the tested inhibitor in concentration of 50 ppm, showed to be effective (91%) in this corrosion process
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Doped lanthanum chromite ( LaCrO3 ) has been the most common material used as interconnect in solid oxide fuel cells for high temperature ( SOFC-HT ) that enabling the stack of SOFCs. The reduction of the operating temperature, to around 800 º C, of solid oxide fuel cells enabled the use of metallic interconnects as an alternative to ceramic LaCrO3, From the practical point of view, to be a strong candidate for interconnect the material must have good physical and mechanical properties such as resistance to oxidizing and reducing environments, easy manufacture and appropriate thermo-mechanical properties. Thus, a study on the physic-mechanical interconnects La0,8Sr0,2Cr0,92Co0,08O3 ceramics for SOFC -AT obtained by the method of combustion , as well as thermo-mechanical properties of metallic interconnects (AISI 444) covered with La0,8Ca0,2CrO3 by deposition technique by spray-pyrolysis fuel cells for intermediate temperature (IT-SOFCs). The La0,8Sr0,2Cr0,92Co0,08O3 was characterized by X -ray diffraction(XRD) , density and porosity , Vickers hardness (HV) , the flexural strength at room temperature and 900 °C and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The X -ray diffraction confirmed the phase formation and LaCrO3 and CoCr2O4, in order 6 GPa hardness and mechanical strength at room temperature was 62 MPa ceramic Interconnector. The coated metal interconnects La0,8Ca0,2CrO3 passed the identification by XRD after deposition of the film after the oxidation test. The oxidative behavior showed increased resistance to oxidation of the metal substrate covered by La0,8Ca0,2CrO3 In flexural strength of the coated metal substrate, it was noticed only in the increased room temperature. The a SEM analysis proved the formation of Cr2O3 and (Cr,Mn)3O4 layers on metal substrate and confirmed the stability of the ceramic La0,8 Ca0,2CrO3 film after oxidative test
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En este trabajo de titulación se detallan los aspectos más relevantes relacionados a la investigación, formulación y elaboración de uno de los placeres más agradables en la vida cotidiana de cualquier persona como lo es el chocolate. Cada uno de los chocolates realizados tiene como particularidad el estar endulzado con edulcorantes no calóricos como: stevia, sucralosa y jarabe de yacón, disminuyendo así el contenido de calorías presentes en los mismos. Entre los tres chocolates elaborados, la mejor formulación fue seleccionada mediante una prueba de cata resultando ganador el chocolate endulzado con jarabe de yacón, debido a que posee las mejores características sensoriales resaltando principalmente el dulzor y el sabor. Para comprobar que la mejor formulación cumple con los estándares de calidad de las normas INEN de chocolates se realizó un análisis físico-químico y se corroboraron estos resultados con un laboratorio certificado por parte del Servicio de Acreditación Ecuatoriano (SAE). Los resultados obtenidos determinaron que el porcentaje de grasa es menor a los chocolates existentes en el mercado. Además se realizaron pruebas de dureza para analizar las propiedades de textura presentes en el chocolate. Destacando que el chocolate endulzado con jarabe de yacón puede ser consumido por personas diabéticas y no diabéticas, al no tener en su formulación sacarosa como endulzante principal.
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La presencia de coloración roja en las hojas jóvenes de algunas especies vegetales en los bosques tropicales podría servir como una señal para los herbívoros de la presencia de defensas químicas en las mismas, que tendría como consecuencia el escape al daño por los herbívoros. Los objetivos específicos de este trabajo fueron comparar entre hojas jóvenes verdes y rojas: a) los niveles de daño por herbívoros, b) la dureza y c) la aceptabilidad de tejido vegetal por herbívoros generalistas (saltamontes Vellea mexicana). Las hojas jóvenes rojas presentaron significativamente menor daño por herbívoros que las hojas jóvenes verdes; la dureza fue también significativamente menor en las hojas jóvenes rojas, mientras que la aceptabilidad de follaje por herbívoros no mostró diferencia significativa entre los dos tipos de hojas. Se sugiere que la coloración roja podría representar una estrategia efectiva de baja inversión de recursos que estaría permitiendo a las vulnerables hojas jóvenes escapar al daño causado por los herbívoros.
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130 p.
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As estruturas dentárias são revestidas pelo esmalte dentário. O esmalte é um tecido de alta dureza, avascular e predominantemente branco. No entanto, distingue-se dos outros tecidos mineralizados do corpo pela sua incapacidade de remodelação. Devido a esse facto qualquer alteração que ocorra, quer ao longo da vida, quer no seu desenvolvimento fica, permanentemente, registada (Seow, 1997). Procurou-se nesta monografia aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre os mais comuns defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte existentes, assim como o respetivo tratamento. Para a realização desta monografia foram utilizados os seguintes motores de busca B-on, PubMed, Science Direct e Sci-elo, para a realização da pesquisa de informação, aplicando-se um critério de seleção temporal dos últimos 10 anos. As palavras-chaves e combinações de palavras utilizadas nos motores de busca referidos para a realização da pesquisa foram “Enamel”, “Enamel Development”, “Enamel Defects”, “Amelogenisis Imperfecta”, “Hypoplasia”. Dos 300 artigos encontrados nesta pesquisa, foram selecionados 68. O desenvolvimento dos tecidos dentários é um processo complexo conhecido por odontogénese, podendo ser simplisticamente dividido em três fases Fase de Botão, Fase de Capuz e por último a Fase de Campânula (Thesleff et al.,2009) Existem inúmeros defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte registados na literatura, não sendo mesmo possível em muitos casos enquadrar indubitavelmente o referido defeito numa categoria, ou até atribuir-lhe uma designação (Seow, 1997). Optou-se pela sua relevância e epidemiologia abordar nesta monografia os seguintes defeitos: Defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte; Opacidades; Opacidade difusa; Hipoplasia; Amelogenese imperfeita e todas as suas categorias; Fluorose e manchas por tetraciclinas assim como os seus respectivos tratamentos. Os defeitos de desenvolvimento de esmalte apresentam diversas características próprias e outras semelhantes entre si, verificando-se assim diversas possibilidades de tratamentos a realizar, uns mais invasivos e outros menos, que vão desde microabrasões na superfície do esmalte, à colocação de cerâmicas, dependendo sempre da preferência do paciente e do seu poder socioeconómico (Azevedo DT et al., 2011). Conclui-se que apesar de todos os problemas que acarretam quer a nível estético quer a nível funcional para os indivíduos nos quais não existe uma grande gravidade das lesões esses casos podem ser resolvidos por um Médico Dentista generalista desde que este tenha o conhecimento adequado dos protocolos de atuação.
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Para atender a demanda, a transferência de água de rios por canal é uma prática comum no Nordeste brasileiro. O Canal do Sertão Alagoano capta água do rio São Francisco (no reservatório Apolônio Sales) para abastecer municípios do estado de Alagoas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a evolução de parâmetros físico-químicos da água (temperatura, pH, turbidez, condutividade, dureza, sulfatos, cloretos, nitrogênio total e fósforo total) ao longo dos 29 km iniciais. Foram realizadas duas coletas no período seco em 10 pontos. Por meio do teste não-paramétrico MannWhitney, evidenciou-se que temporalmente as duas coletas são significativamente diferentes para todos os parâmetros, mesmo sendo ambas realizadas no período seco. Longitudinalmente, nas duas coletas, temperatura, pH e condutividade, foram significativamente diferentes entre o início e o final dos 29 km, apresentando uma tendência crescente nos valores. Quanto à qualidade, conforme a Resolução 357/2005 do CONAMA, a água do Canal apresentou valores dentro da Classe 1, com exceção do fósforo total.
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Este trabalho foi realizado com o intuito de avaliar a qualidade da água em tanques para piscicultura, cujo efluente é destinado para irrigação de forrageiras. O monitoramento dos aspectos físico- químicos do ambiente aquático de quatro tanques povoados com tambaqui, tilápia e pirarucu foi realizado em uma propriedade localizada no Distrito de Bebedouro, Petrolina, PE. A avaliação foi realizada durante 2 meses, com leituras semanais das variáveis: oxigênio, temperatura, pH, condutividade elétrica, salinidade e transparência. Quinzenalmente, foram efetivadas as análises de nitrogênio total, nitrogênio amoniacal, nitrato, nitrito, dureza, alcalinidade, fósforo total, sódio e potássio. Todas as variáveis avaliadas estavam de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos para o cultivo das espécies de peixes existentes.
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IntroducciónLa historia salvadoreña ha sido, hasta el momento, poco explorada. ello, en gran medida, se debe a que en dicho pais no ha existido una ádmosfera adecuada para la produccion intelectual. Durante las últimas décadas la represión política que castigó con especial dureza a los intelectuales salvadoreños, inhibió el desarrollo de la investigación histórica...
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Resumo: A procura por carne de qualidade tem proporcionado ao setor de ovinocultura a adoção por técnicas de produção que possam contribuir para disponibilizar ao mercado produtos que atendam as necessidades dos consumidores, que se tornam cada vez mais exigentes quanto à aquisição de produtos que possam trazer benefícios a saúde. Assim, objetivou-se determinar a qualidade da carne de ovinos puros e cruzados criados no semiárido Nordestino. Utilizaram-se 30 cordeiros machos e fêmeas, oriundos dos cruzamentos Morada Nova x Morada Nova, Rabo Largo x Morada Nova e Santa Inês x Morada Nova, alojados em baias e alimentados com dieta a base de capim Canarana, milho farelo de soja e calcário. Os animais foram abatidos com peso médio de 24 kg de peso vivo e as carcaças mantidas em câmara frigorífica a 4?C, por 24 horas. Após esse período, foi seccionado o músculo Longissimus dorsi que foi embalado, identificado e armazenado a 20?C. Foram determinados os atributos físicos de capacidade de retenção de água, perda de peso por cocção e força de cisalhamento; os atributos químicos como umidade, proteína, cinza, lipídios e colesterol; avaliações subjetivas da carcaça como cor, marmoreio, textura da carne, distribuição da gordura, espessura da gordura e área de olho de lombo; os sensoriais de dureza, suculência, sabor, aroma e aceitação global e o perfil de ácidos graxos. O delineamento utilizado foi em esquema fatorial 3x2 (três grupos genéticos e dois sexos) e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan a 5%. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre os genótipos para a composição química da carne, exceto para a variável lipídio (p<0,05). Para as características subjetivas da carcaça o genótipo influenciou (p<0,05) nas variáveis cor, marmoreio e textura da carne. O genótipo promoveu efeito (p<0,05) para as características físicas de capacidade de retenção de água e perda de peso por cocção. Os atributos sensoriais não sofreram efeitos (p>0,05) dos genótipos avaliados. Os genótipos influenciaram (p<0,05) as concentrações dos ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados e poli-insaturados assim como, nas relações ?3:?6 e AGM:AGS. O fator sexo influenciou (p<0,05) nas variáveis umidade, força de cisalhamento, dureza, ácidos graxos desejáveis e relação ?3:?6. O cruzamento entre raças nativas mostrou-se com potencial para a produção de carne de qualidade, a raça Morada Nova melhorou os atributos físico-químicos da carne e em seu perfil lipídico e, o fator sexo melhorou o atributo maciez dando destaque a carne das fêmeas. Abstract: The demand for quality meat products has given the sheep industry sector productions techniques that can contribute providing the market with products that supply the needs of consumers require, who are becoming more demanding as the acquisition of differentiated and bring health benefits. The objective was to evaluate the quality of the pure sheep meat and cross bred in the semiarid Northeast of Brazil. It was used 30 male lambs and female, that came from crosses Morada Nova x Morada Nova, Rabo Largo x Morada Nova and Santa Ines x Morada Nova, housed in pens and fed a diet of grass Canarana, corn soybean meal and limestone. The animals were slaughtered at average weight of 24 kg, live weight, and carcasses kept in refrigeration chamber at 4 ° C for 24 hours. After this period the Longissimus dorsi muscle was selected, packaged, labeled and stored at 20˚C. The physical attributes were determined such as water holding capacity, cooking weight loss and shear force; the chemical attributes such as moisture, protein, ash, lipids and cholesterol; Subjective evaluations such as color, marbling, meat texture, fat distribution, fat thickness and loin eye area; the hardness sensory, juiciness, flavor, aroma and global acceptance and fatty acid profile. The design was a 3x2 factorial arrangement (three genetic groups and two genders) and the measures compared by Duncan test at 5%. There was no difference (p> 0.05) between genotypes for the chemical composition of meat, except for the lipid variable (p <0.05). To the subjective characteristics of the carcass, the genotype influenced (p <0.05) in the variables color, marbling and meat texture. The genotype promoted significant effect (p <0.05) for the physical characteristics, water retention capacity and weight loss on cooking. The sensory attributes did not suffer significant effects (p> 0.05) of the evaluated genotypes. The genotypes influenced (p <0.05) in the concentrations of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated as well as in the relations ω3: ω6 and AGM:AGS. The gender factor influenced (P <0.05) in the variables moisture, shear strength, hardness, desirable fatty acids and relation ω3: ω6. The cross between native breeds showed up with potential for quality meat production, the Morada Nova improved the physical and chemical attributes of the flesh and in their lipid profiles and sex factor improved softness attribute highlighting the meat of females.