INFLUENCE OF INCREASED EXTRACELLULAR LEUCINE ON THE PROTEIN METABOLIC RESPONSES DURING OSMOTIC STRESS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of increased extracellular leucine concentration on protein metabolism in skeletal muscle cells when exposed to 3 different osmotic stresses. L6 skeletal muscle cells were incubated in either a normal or supplemental leucine (1.5mM) medium set to hypo-osmotic (230 ± 10 Osm), iso-osmotic (330 ± 10 Osm) or hyper-osmotic (440 ± 10 Osm) conditions. 3H-tyrosine was used to quantify protein synthesis. Western blotting analysis was performed to determine the activation of mTOR, p70S6k, ubiquitin, actin, and μ-calpain. Hypo-osmotic stress resulted in the greatest increase in protein synthesis rate under the normal-leucine condition while iso-osmotic stress has the greatest increase under the elevated-leucine condition. Elevated-leucine condition had a decreased rate in protein degradation over the normal condition within the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (p<0.05). Leucine and hypo-osmotic stress therefore creates a favourable environment for anabolic events to occur.

Métodos de investigación de la historia regional

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Código de comercio de los Estados Unidos

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Portraits d'écrivains

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La muerta

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Todo menos el honor (La maitresse de mr. le ministre) por Charles Merouvel

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La dama elegante : manual práctico y completísimo del buen tono y del buen orden doméstico

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Jack Curzon a novel by Archibald Clavering Gunter

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D. D. Didacus Covarruvias a Leiva Toletanus. enucleatus et auctus practicis in quaestionibus.

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Massillon, eveque de clermont

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Historia y descripción del Ferrocarril Central Mexicano

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Ensayo político, literario, teológico dogmático

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International Business Cycles: What Are the Facts?

Modern business cycle theory involves developing models that explain stylized facts. For this strategy to be successful, these facts should be well established. In this paper, we focus on the stylized facts of international business cycles. We use the generalized method of moments and quarterly data from nineteen industrialized countries to estimate pairwise cross-country and within-country correlations of macroeconomic aggregates. We calculate standard errors of the statistics for our unique panel of data and test hypotheses about the relative sizes of these correlations. We find a lower cross-country correlation of all aggregates and especially of consumption than in previous studies. The cross-country correlations of consumption, output and Solow residuals are not significantly different from one another over the whole sample, but there are significant differences in the post-1973 subsample.

Autores sagrados y profanos de la más pura latinidad: coleccionados y anotados para uso de los seminarios, y enriquecidos con un vocabulario latino

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