Optical crop sensor for variable-rate nitrogen fertilization in corn: II - indices of fertilizer efficiency and corn yield

Generally, in tropical and subtropical agroecosystems, the efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilization is low, inducing a temporal variability of crop yield, economic losses, and environmental impacts. Variable-rate N fertilization (VRF), based on optical spectrometry crop sensors, could increase the N use efficiency (NUE). The objective of this study was to evaluate the corn grain yield and N fertilization efficiency under VRF determined by an optical sensor in comparison to the traditional single-application N fertilization (TSF). With this purpose, three experiments with no-tillage corn were carried out in the 2008/09 and 2010/11 growing seasons on a Hapludox in South Brazil, in a completely randomized design, at three different sites that were analyzed separately. The following crop properties were evaluated: aboveground dry matter production and quantity of N uptake at corn flowering, grain yield, and vegetation index determined by an N-Sensor® ALS optical sensor. Across the sites, the corn N fertilizer had a positive effect on corn N uptake, resulting in increased corn dry matter and grain yield. However, N fertilization induced lower increases of corn grain yield at site 2, where there was a severe drought during the growing period. The VRF defined by the optical crop sensor increased the apparent N recovery (NRE) and agronomic efficiency of N (NAE) compared to the traditional fertilizer strategy. In the average of sites 1 and 3, which were not affected by drought, VRF promoted an increase of 28.0 and 41.3 % in NAE and NRE, respectively. Despite these results, no increases in corn grain yield were observed by the use of VRF compared to TSF.

A new and simple variable-angle accessory for infrared specular reflectance

A simple, low-cost accessory (patent pending) with only two flat mirrors and a new variable-angle mechanism has been developed for infrared specular reflectance measurements. The system allows the angles of incidence to be varied continuously from 15° (near normal incidence) to 85° (near grazing angle) without losing the alignment of the accessory. The reflectivity of boron nitride thin films deposited on metallic substrates has been measured at different angles of incidence to demonstrate the utility of this accessory.

Ion assisted deposition of thin films by substrate tuned radio frequency magnetron sputtering

The substrate tuning technique was applied to a radio frequency magnetron sputtering system to obtain a variable substrate bias without an additional source. The dependence of the substrate bias on the value of the external impedance was studied for different values of chamber pressure, gas composition and rf input power. A qualitative explanation of the results is given, based on a simple model, and the role of the stray capacitance is clearly disclosed. Langmuir probe measurements show that this system allows independent control of the ion flux and the ion energy bombarding the growing film. For an argon flow rate of 2.8 sccm and a radio frequency power of 300 W (intermediate values of the range studied) the ion flux incident on the substrate was 1.3 X 1020-m-2-s-1. The maximum ion energy available in these conditions can be varied in the range 30-150 eV. As a practical application of the technique, BN thin films were deposited under different ion bombardment conditions. An ion energy threshold of about 80 eV was found, below which only the hexagonal phase was present in the films, while for higher energies both hexagonal and cubic phase were present. A cubic content of about 60% was found for an ion energy of 120 V.

Influence of pressure and radio frequency power on deposition rate and structural properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films prepared by plasma deposition

The influence of radio frequency (rf) power and pressure on deposition rate and structural properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films, prepared by rf glow discharge decomposition of silane, have been studied by phase modulated ellipsometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It has been found two pressure regions separated by a threshold value around 20 Pa where the deposition rate increases suddenly. This behavior is more marked as rf power rises and reflects the transition between two rf discharges regimes. The best quality films have been obtained at low pressure and at low rf power but with deposition rates below 0.2 nm/s. In the high pressure region, the enhancement of deposition rate as rf power increases first gives rise to a reduction of film density and an increase of content of hydrogen bonded in polyhydride form because of plasma polymerization reactions. Further rise of rf power leads to a decrease of polyhydride bonding and the material density remains unchanged, thus allowing the growth of a-Si:H films at deposition rates above 1 nm/s without any important detriment of material quality. This overcoming of deposition rate limitation has been ascribed to the beneficial effects of ion bombardment on the a-Si:H growing surface by enhancing the surface mobility of adsorbed reactive species and by eliminating hydrogen bonded in polyhydride configurations.

Bacterial bioassay for rapid and accurate analysis of arsenic in highly variable groundwater samples.

In this study, we report the first ever large-scale environmental validation of a microbial reporter-based test to measure arsenic concentrations in natural water resources. A bioluminescence-producing arsenic-inducible bacterium based on Escherichia coli was used as the reporter organism. Specific protocols were developed with the goal to avoid the negative influence of iron in groundwater on arsenic availability to the bioreporter cells. A total of 194 groundwater samples were collected in the Red River and Mekong River Delta regions of Vietnam and were analyzed both by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and by the arsenic bioreporter protocol. The bacterial cells performed well at and above arsenic concentrations in groundwater of 7 microg/L, with an almost linearly proportional increase of the bioluminescence signal between 10 and 100 microg As/L (r2 = 0.997). Comparisons between AAS and arsenic bioreporter determinations gave an overall average of 8.0% false negative and 2.4% false positive identifications for the bioreporter prediction at the WHO recommended acceptable arsenic concentration of 10 microg/L, which is far betterthan the performance of chemical field test kits. Because of the ease of the measurement protocol and the low application cost, the microbiological arsenic test has a great potential in large screening campaigns in Asia and in other areas suffering from arsenic pollution in groundwater resources.

Quantification of permanent and variable charges in reference soils of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

The electrical charges in soil particles are divided into structural or permanent charges and variable charges. Permanent charges develop on the soil particle surface by isomorphic substitution. Variable charges arise from dissociation and association of protons (H+), protonation or deprotonation, and specific adsorption of cations and anions. The aim of this study was to quantify the permanent charges and variable charges of Reference Soils of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. To do so, 24 subsurface profiles from different regions (nine in the Zona da Mata, eight in the Agreste, and seven in the Sertão) were sampled, representing approximately 80 % of the total area of the state. Measurements were performed using cesium chloride solution. Determination was made of the permanent charges and the charges in regard to the hydroxyl functional groups through selective ion exchange of Cs+ by Li+ and Cs+ by NH4+, respectively. All the soils analyzed exhibited variable cation exchange capacity, with proportions from 0.16 to 0.60 and an average of 0.40 when related to total cation exchange capacity.

Pulmonary-artery pressure and exhaled nitric oxide in bolivian and caucasian high altitude dwellers

Rapport de synthèse : Plusieurs études suggèrent que les populations vivant en haute altitude sont mieux protégées contre l'hypertension pulmonaire hypoxique que celles originaires de la plaine. Cependant, les mécanismes sous jacents ne sont pas bien compris. Chez les Tibétains, la synthèse augmentée par le système respiratoire de monoxyde d'azote (NO) atténue l'hypertension pulmonaire hypoxique. Il a été spéculé que ce mécanisme pourrait représenter un mode généralisé d'adaptation à la haute altitude, mais il n'existe pas de preuve directe qui consume cette hypothèse. Nous avons donc mesuré la pression artérielle pulmonaire (par échocardiographie Doppler) ainsi que la concentration du NO dans l'air exhalé chez 34 Boliviens en bonne santé, nés et ayant toujours vécus en haute altitude (3600 m) et chez 34 Caucasiens apparentés pour l'âge et le sexe, nés en basse altitude mais vivant depuis de nombreuses années à cette même haute altitude (3600 mètres). La pression artérielle pulmonaire (24.3±5.9 vs. 24.7±4.9 mm Hg) et le NO exhalé (19.2±7.2 vs. 22.5±9.5 ppb) étaient similaires chez les Boliviens et les Caucasiens. Il n'y avait aucune corrélation entre la pression artérielle pulmonaire et le NO respiratoire dans les deux groupes. Ces résultats ne fournissent donc aucune évidence que les Boliviens nés en haute altitude sont mieux protégés contre l'hypertension pulmonaire hypoxique que les Caucasiens nés à basse altitude. Cela suggère que l'atténuation de l'hypertension pulmonaire par une synthèse accrue de NO respiratoire ne représente pas un mode universel d'adaptation des populations à la haute altitude. Abstract : There is evidence that high altitude populations may be better protected from hypoxic pulmonary hypertension than low altitude natives, but the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. In Tibetans, increased pulmonary respiratory NO synthesis attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. It has been speculated that this mechanism may represent a generalized high altitude adaptation pattern, but direct evidence for this speculation is lacking. We therefore measured systolic pulmonary-artery pressure (Doppler echocardiography) and exhaled nitric oxide (NO) in 34 healthy, middle-aged Bolivian high altitude natives and in 34 age- and sex-matched, well-acclimatized Caucasian low altitude natives living at high altitude (3600 m). The mean ± SD systolic right ventricular to right arterial pressure gradient (24.3 ± 5.9 vs. 24.7 ± 4.9 mmHg) and exhaled NO (19.2 ± 7.2 vs. 22.5 ± 9.5 ppb) were similar in Bolivians and Caucasians. There was no relationship between ,pulmonary-artery pressure and respiratory NO in the two groups. These findings provide no evidence that Bolivian high altitude natives are better protected from hypoxic pulmonary hypertension than Caucasian low altitude natives and suggest that attenuation of pulmonary hypertension by increased respiratory NO synthesis may not represent a universal adaptation pattern in highaltitude populations.

Polyimide/SU-8 catheter-tip MEMS gauge pressure sensor.

This paper describes the development of a polyimide/SU-8 catheter-tip MEMS gauge pressure sensor. Finite element analysis was used to investigate critical parameters, impacting on the device design and sensing characteristics. The sensing element of the device was fabricated by polyimide-based micromachining on a flexible membrane, using embedded thin-film metallic wires as piezoresistive elements. A chamber containing this flexible membrane was sealed using an adapted SU-8 bonding technique. The device was evaluated experimentally and its overall performance compared with a commercial silicon-based pressure sensor. Furthermore, the device use was demonstrated by measuring blood pressure and heart rate in vivo.

Ankle joint pressure in pes cavovarus after lateralizing calcaneal osteotomies

BACKGROUND: Tendon transfers and calcaneal osteotomies are commonly used to treat symptoms related to medial ankle arthrosis in fixed pes cavovarus. However, the relative effect of these osteotomies in terms of lateralizing the ground contact point of the hindfoot and redistributing ankle joint contact stresses are unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pes cavovarus with fixed hindfoot varus was simulated in eight cadaver specimens. The effect of three types of calcaneal osteotomies on the migration of the center of force and tibiotalar peak pressure at 300 N axial static load (half-body weight) were recorded using pressure sensors. RESULTS: A significant lateral shift of the center of force was observed: 4.9 mm for the laterally closing Z-shaped osteotomy with additional lateralization of the tuberosity, 3.4 mm for the lateral sliding osteotomy of the calcaneal tuberosity, and 2.7 mm for the laterally closing Z-shaped osteotomy (all p < 0.001). A significant peak pressure reduction was recorded: -0.53 MPa for the Z-shaped osteotomy with lateralization, -0.58 MPa for the lateral sliding osteotomy of the calcaneal tuberosity, and -0.41 MPa for the Z-shaped osteotomy (all p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This cadaver study supports the hypothesis that lateralizing calcaneal osteotomies substantially help to normalize ankle contact stresses in pes cavovarus.

Pulse wave analysis aortic pressure . distole should also be considered

La rigidité anormalement haute des artères à grande conductance est un marqueur de l'augmentation du risque cardiovasculaire et est typiquement retrouvée chez les patients diabétiques ou hypertendus. Ces vaisseaux deviennent plus rigides avec l'âge, expliquant la haute prévalence d'hypertension systolique chez les personnes âgées. Cette rigidification agit sur la pression sanguine de plusieurs façons. Notamment la fonction windkessel est gênée, menant à l'augmentation de la pression systolique et de la pression puisée, la diminution de la pression diastolique, et ainsi à l'augmentation de la postcharge ventriculaire gauche associée à une probable diminution de la perfusion coronarienne. De plus, la propagation des ondes de pression le long de l'arbre vasculaire est accélérée, de sorte que les ondes réfléchies générées au site de décalage d'impédance atteignent l'aorte ascendante plus tôt par rapport au début de l'éjection ventriculaire, aboutissant à une augmentation de la pression systolique centrale, ce qui n'arriverait pas en présence de vaisseaux moins rigides. Dans ce cas, au contraire, les ondes de pression antérogrades et réfléchies voyages plus lentement, de sorte que les ondes de réflexion tendent à atteindre l'aorte centrale une fois l'éjection terminée, augmentant la pression diastolique et contribuant à la perfusion coronarienne. La tonométrie d'applanation est une méthode non invasive permettant l'évaluation de la forme de l'onde de pression au niveau l'aorte ascendante, basée sur l'enregistrement du pouls périphérique, au niveau radial dans notre étude. Nous pouvons dériver à partir de cette méthode un index d'augmentation systolique (sAIX) qui révèle quel pourcentage de la pression centrale est du aux ondes réfléchies. Plusieurs études ont montré que cet index est corrélé à d'autres mesures de la rigidité artérielle comme la vitesse de l'onde de pouls, qu'il augmente avec l'âge et avec les facteurs de risques cardiovasculaires, et qu'il est capable de préciser le pronostic cardiovasculaire. En revanche, peu d'attention a été portée à l'augmentation de la pression centrale diastolique due aux ondes réfléchies (dAIX). Nous proposons donc de mesurer cet index par un procédé d'analyse développé dans notre laboratoire, et ce dans la même unité que l'index systolique. Etant donné que les modifications de la paroi artérielle modulent d'une part la vitesse de l'onde de pouls (PWV) et d'autre part le temps de voyage aller-retour des ondes de pression réfléchies aux sites de réflexion, toute augmentation de la quantité d'énergie réfléchie atteignant l'aorte pendant la systole devrait être associée à une diminution de l'énergie arrivant au même point pendant la diastole. Notre étude propose de mesurer ces deux index, ainsi que d'étudier la relation de l'index d'augmentation diastolique (dAIX) avec la vitesse de propagation de l'onde de pouls (PWV) et avec le rythme cardiaque (HR), ce dernier étant connu pour influencer l'index d'augmentation systolique (sAIX) . L'influence de la position couchée et assise est aussi étudiée. Les mesures de la PWV et des sAIX et dAIX est réalisée chez 48 hommes et 45 femmes âgées de 18 à 70 ans, classés en 3 groupes d'âges. Les résultats montrent qu'en fonction de l'âge, le genre et la position du corps, il y a une relation inverse entre sAIX et dAIX. Lorsque PWV et HR sont ajoutés comme covariables à un modèle de prédiction comprenant l'âge, le genre et la position du corps comme facteurs principaux, sAIX est directement lié à PWV (p<0.0001) et inversement lié à HR (p<0.0001). Avec la même analyse, dAIX est inversement lié à PWV (p<0.0001) et indépendant du rythme cardiaque (p=0.52). En conclusion, l'index d'augmentation diastolique est lié à la rigidité vasculaire au même degré que l'index d'augmentation systolique, alors qu'il est affranchi de l'effet confondant du rythme cardiaque. La quantification de l'augmentation de la pression aortique diastolique due aux ondes réfléchies pourrait être une partie utile de l'analyse de l'onde de pouls.

Blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol targets for prevention of recurrent strokes and cognitive decline in the hypertensive patient: design of the European Society of Hypertension-Chinese Hypertension League Stroke in Hypertension Optimal Treatment randomized trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The SBP values to be achieved by antihypertensive therapy in order to maximize reduction of cardiovascular outcomes are unknown; neither is it clear whether in patients with a previous cardiovascular event, the optimal values are lower than in the low-to-moderate risk hypertensive patients, or a more cautious blood pressure (BP) reduction should be obtained. Because of the uncertainty whether 'the lower the better' or the 'J-curve' hypothesis is correct, the European Society of Hypertension and the Chinese Hypertension League have promoted a randomized trial comparing antihypertensive treatment strategies aiming at three different SBP targets in hypertensive patients with a recent stroke or transient ischaemic attack. As the optimal level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level is also unknown in these patients, LDL-C-lowering has been included in the design. PROTOCOL DESIGN: The European Society of Hypertension-Chinese Hypertension League Stroke in Hypertension Optimal Treatment trial is a prospective multinational, randomized trial with a 3 × 2 factorial design comparing: three different SBP targets (1, <145-135; 2, <135-125; 3, <125 mmHg); two different LDL-C targets (target A, 2.8-1.8; target B, <1.8 mmol/l). The trial is to be conducted on 7500 patients aged at least 65 years (2500 in Europe, 5000 in China) with hypertension and a stroke or transient ischaemic attack 1-6 months before randomization. Antihypertensive and statin treatments will be initiated or modified using suitable registered agents chosen by the investigators, in order to maintain patients within the randomized SBP and LDL-C windows. All patients will be followed up every 3 months for BP and every 6 months for LDL-C. Ambulatory BP will be measured yearly. OUTCOMES: Primary outcome is time to stroke (fatal and non-fatal). Important secondary outcomes are: time to first major cardiovascular event; cognitive decline (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) and dementia. All major outcomes will be adjudicated by committees blind to randomized allocation. A Data and Safety Monitoring Board has open access to data and can recommend trial interruption for safety. SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION: It has been calculated that 925 patients would reach the primary outcome after a mean 4-year follow-up, and this should provide at least 80% power to detect a 25% stroke difference between SBP targets and a 20% difference between LDL-C targets.

Telegrapher's equation with variable propagation speeds

All derivations of the one-dimensional telegraphers equation, based on the persistent random walk model, assume a constant speed of signal propagation. We generalize here the model to allow for a variable propagation speed and study several limiting cases in detail. We also show the connections of this model with anomalous diffusion behavior and with inertial dichotomous processes.