Característica físico-química e sensorial de geleia elaborada com polpa e suco de acerola

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Grapevine root distribution in drip and microsprinkler irrigation

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Características físicas e acúmulo de nutrientes pelos cachos de 'niagara rosada' em vinhedos na região de Jundiaí

Este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar um levantamento em 40 vinhedos de 'Niagara Rosada' nos municípios de Jundiaí e Louveira-SP, sendo metade sobre o porta-enxerto 'Ripária do Traviú' e outra sobre o 'IAC 766'. Determinaram-se, em cada vinhedo, a produtividade, a duração do ciclo, o número de cachos e de ramos produtivos por planta, as características físicas dos cachos e bagas, e o acúmulo de nutrientes pelos cachos. Avaliaram-se nos cachos amostrados a massa da matéria fresca, o comprimento e a largura dos cachos e baga, e diâmetro do pedicelo. Os cachos de cada vinhedo amostrado foram secos em estufa e posteriormente submetidos à análise química para determinar os teores de macro e micronutrientes, visando a estimar o acúmulo de nutrientes por tonelada de uva. Constatou-se um comportamento semelhante entre os porta-enxertos para os dados de produtividade, duração do ciclo, número de cachos e ramos produtivos, sendo de, respectivamente, 11.100kg ha-1, 134 dias, 13 cachos e 9 ramos produtivos. Quanto às características físicas, os valores médios da massa da matéria fresca, comprimento e largura dos cachos foram de, respectivamente, 209g, 12 e 6,8cm; massa da matéria fresca, comprimento e largura das bagas, e diâmetro do pedicelo de, respectivamente, 4,3g; 19,9; 18,2 e 3,2mm. Quanto ao acúmulo de nutrientes, concluiu-se que a cultivar Niagara Rosada enxertada sobre 'Ripária do Traviú' apresentou maior acúmulo de P, Fe e Zn, enquanto sobre o porta-enxerto 'IAC 766' houve maior acúmulo de Mn. em ambos os porta-enxertos, a 'Niagara Rosada' apresentou a seguinte escala de acúmulo de nutrientes em ordem decrescente: K>N>P>Ca>S>Mg>B>Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn.

Estudo das interações polifenol-proteína e das reações de escurecimento não-enzimático para o processamento de cajuína

The cashew, a fruit from Brazilian Northeast is used to produce juice due to its flavor and vitamin C richness. However, its acceptance is limited due to its astringency. Cajuína is a derivate product appreciated by its characteristic flavor, freshness and lack of astringency, due to tannin removal. Cajuína is a light yellow beverage made from clarified cashew juice and sterilized after bottling. It differs from the integral and concentrated juice by the clarification and thermal treatment steps. Many problems such as haze and excessive browning could appear if these steps are not controlled. The objective of this work was divided into two stages with the aim to supply process information in order to obtain a good quality product with uniform characteristics (sensory and nutritional). Polyphenol-protein interaction was studied at the clarification step, which is an empirical process, to provide values on the amount of clarifying solution (gelatin) that must be added to achieve a complete juice clarification. Clarification essays were performed with juice dilutions of 1:2 and 1:10 and the effect of metabissulfite and tannic acid addition was evaluated. It was not possible to establish a clarification point. Metabissulfite did not influenced the clarification process however tannic acid addition displaced the clarification point, showing the difficulty visual monitoring of the process. Thermal treatment of clarified juice was studied at 88, 100, 111 e 121 °C. To evaluate the non-enzymatic browning, vitamin C, 5-hidroximetilfurfural (5-HMF) and sugar variation were correlated with color parameters (reflectance spectra, color difference and CIELAB). Kinetic models were obtained for reflectance spectra, ascorbic acid and 5-HMF. It was observed that 5-HMF introduction followed a first order kinetic rate at the beginning of the thermal treatment and a zero order kinetic at later process stages. An inverse correlation was observed between absorbance at 420 nm and ascorbic acid degradation, which indicates that ascorbic acid might be the principal factor on cajuína non-enzymatic browning. Constant sugar concentration showed that this parameter did not contribute directly to the nonenzymatic browning. Optimization techniques showed showed that to obtain a high vitamin C and a low 5-HMF content, the process must be done at 120 ºC. With the water-bath thermal treatment, the 90 °C temperature promoted a lower ascorbic acid degradation at the expense of a higher 5-HMF level

Comportamento germinativo de sementes de diferentes cores de pariparoba [Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq.]

A Pothomorphe umbellata (Piperaceae), é uma espécie medicinal nativa do Brasil, utilizada na indústria de cosméticos e protetores de pele contra raios UVA e UVB. Com o intuito de gerar informações aplicadas à propagação da espécie, o presente trabalho relacionou a coloração e a massa de sementes de P. umbellata a seu comportamento germinativo. A coloração e a massa de sementes de P. umbellata foram características adequadas para avaliar a homogeneidade fisiológica, o vigor, o potencial e o comportamento germinativo. Assim, conclui-se que, embora de germinação lenta, as sementes de coloração preta e mais densa devem ser as escolhidas quando de coleta ou de processo seletivo.

Correlação entre a produtividade e os resultados de análise foliar e de solo em vinhedos de Niagara Rosada

Realizou-se nos municípios de Jundiaí e Louveira-SP um levantamento do estado nutricional e de produtividade de 20 vinhedos de 'Niagara Rosada' enxertada sobre o porta-enxerto IAC 766 e outros 20 enxertadas sobre o 'Ripária do Traviú'. Coletaram-se amostras de solo a 0-20 e 20-40 cm de profundidade na linha e na entrelinha de plantio e amostras de folha completa, limbo e pecíolo nas épocas de pleno florescimento e no início da maturação das bagas, visando correlacionar com os dados de produtividade. Verificou-se para o porta-enxerto IAC 766 correlações significativas entre a produtividade com os resultados das análises de solo e de folhas. A baixa produtividade verificada esteve relacionada ao excesso de nutrientes no solo, especialmente cálcio e magnésio, em função da calagem e adubação serem realizadas sem levarem em consideração a análise do solo. A produtividade correlacionou-se positivamente com os teores de potássio no solo, a relação K/Mg nas folhas e os teores de potássio nas folhas; e negativamente com a relação (Ca+Mg)/K no solo e os teores de cálcio e magnésio nas folhas, exibindo o antagonismo entre o magnésio e o potássio.

Secagem de misturas de polpa de frutas tropicais em leito de jorro

Drying of fruit pulps in spouted beds of inert particles has been indicated as a viable technique to produce fruit powders. Most of the processes employed to produce dried fruit pulps and juices, such as Foam Mat, encapsulation by co-crystallization and spray drying utilize adjuvant and additives (such as thickeners, coating materials, emulsifiers, acidulants, flavors and dyes), which is not always desirable. The fruit pulp composition exerts an important effect on the fruit powder production using a spouted bed. In the study by Medeiros (2001) it was concluded that lipids, starch and pectin contents play an important role on the process performance, enhancing the powder production; however, the drying of fruit pulps containing high content of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) is practically unviable. This work has the objective of expanding the studies on drying of fruit pulps in spouted bed with aid of adjuvant (lipids, starch and pectin) aiming to enhance the dryer performance without jeopardizing the sensorial quality of the product. The optimum composition obtained by Medeiros (2001) was the basis for preparing the mixtures of pulps. The mixture formulations included pulps of mango (Mangifera indica), umbu (Spondias tuberosa) and red mombin (Spondia purpurea) with addition of cornstarch, pectin and lipids. Different products were used as lipids source: olive and Brazil nut oils, coconut milk, heavy milk, powder of palm fat and palm olein. First of all, experiments were conducted to define the best formulation of the fruit pulps mixture. This definition was based on the drying performance obtained for each mixture and on the sensorial characteristics of the dry powder. The mixture formulations were submitted to drying at fixed operating conditions of drying and atomizing air flow rate, load of inert particles, temperature and flow rate of the mixture. The best results were obtained with the compositions having powder of palm fat and palm olein in terms of the drying performance and sensorial analysis. Physical and physicochemical characteristics were determined for the dry powders obtained from the mixtures formulations. Solubility and reconstitution time as well as the properties of the product after reconstitution were also evaluated. According to these analyses, the powder from the mixtures formulations presented similar characteristics and compatible quality to those produced in other types of dryers. Considering that the palm olein is produced in Brazil and that it has been used in the food industry substituting the palm fat powder, further studies on drying performance were conducted with the composition that included the palm olein. A complete factorial design of experiments 23, with three repetitions at the central point was conducted to evaluate the effects of the air temperature, feeding flow rate and intermittence time on the responses related to the process performance (powder collection efficiency, material retained in the bed and angle of repose of the inert particles after the process) and to the product quality (mean moisture content, loss of vitamin C and solubility). Powder production was uniform for the majority of the experiments and the higher efficiency with lower retention in the bed (59.2% and 1.8g, respectively) were obtained for the air temperature of 80°C, mixture feed rate of 5ml/min in intervals of 10 min. The statistical analysis of the results showed that the process variables had individual or combined significant influences on the powder collection efficiency, material retention in the bed, powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C. At the experimental ranges of this work, the angle of repose and solubility were not influenced by the operating variables. From the results of the experimental design, statistical models were obtained for the powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C

Potencialidades de Veículos Microemulsionados para Fotoprotetores Físicos

The human solar exposition at UVA and UVB radiation is a subject strongly studied in the pharmaceutical and dermocosmetical field. The dermal protection became, therefore, a main subject of study because of its importance on the health of cutaneous tissue. This review deals with such problem. First, the theoretical aspects related with solar irradiation will be discussed. Then, the technological approach about the development of sunscreen products is mentioned. Finally, the viability of microemulsified systems as carriers for sunscreen agents is studied. After a discussion about the theoretical potentialities of such systems, its applicability as nano-carriers for dermocosmetic products is briefly pointed out. Concluding, an approach about the perspectives of such new products is made, revealing their potentialities in the market of sunscreen products.

Utilização de bagaço de caju desidratado e complexo enzimático na ração para codornas japonesas em postura

Given the significant share of food costs of poultry production, it is necessary to use strategies and techniques to maximize the utilization and biological value of the components of the diets, keeping constant or improving animal performance. In this context, seeking partial substitution of corn and the best use of the constituents of the diet, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of cashew pomace dehydrated (BCD) and enzyme complex (EC) in the diet on performance and quality eggs of Japanese quails. A total of 200 Japanese quail at 87 days of age, in 25 cages in a completely randomized design in a factorial 2 x 2 + 1 (two levels of cashew bagasse x two levels of enzymes) + control diet without cashew bagasse totaling five treatments with five replicates of eight birds each repetition. The experiment lasted 84 days, divided into four periods of 21 days. The treatments consisted of T1-Ration Control, T2-ration with 7.5% without EC BCD, T3-ration with 7.5% BCD with CE, T4-Ration with 15% BCD without EC and T5-Feed with 15% of BCD with EC. The enzyme complex (EC) is used fermentation product of Aspergillus niger, and cashew bagasse was obtained from the juice industry, passed through drying and crushing process for producing the bran. The performance and egg quality of quails, and performance variables: feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs (CAKDZ) and egg mass (CAMO), egg production (OP% bird / day), average egg weight (PMO) and egg mass (MO), and variables were egg quality, specific gravity (SG), Haugh unit (HU), yolk index, and the relationships between components eggs (%albumen,% yolk and %shell). Data were analyzed with the Statistical SAEG (2007). The 7.5 and 15% of cashew bagasse, independent of the enzyme complex decreased feed intake and improved the average egg weight. The two levels with the addition of EC showed significant differences for feed conversion by egg mass. The 7.5 with the addition of enzyme complex obtained the lowest average feed conversion per dozen eggs. The inclusion of up to 15% of cashew bagasse dehydrated with or without addition of enzyme complex in the diet of Japanese quails not interfere in the internal and external quality of eggs. The 7.5 and 15% BCD without added enzyme complex gave better means for specific gravity. Under conditions in which the experiment was conducted, it can be stated that the inclusion of up to 15% of cashew bagasse dehydrated with added enzyme complex feeding quail is economically viable, with the level of 7.5% with the addition of complex enzyme presented the best economic indices

Secagem de misturas de polpa de frutas tropicais em leito de jorro

Drying of fruit pulps in spouted beds of inert particles has been indicated as a viable technique to produce fruit powders. Most of the processes employed to produce dried fruit pulps and juices, such as Foam Mat, encapsulation by co-crystallization and spray drying utilize adjuvant and additives (such as thickeners, coating materials, emulsifiers, acidulants, flavors and dyes), which is not always desirable. The fruit pulp composition exerts an important effect on the fruit powder production using a spouted bed. In the study by Medeiros (2001) it was concluded that lipids, starch and pectin contents play an important role on the process performance, enhancing the powder production; however, the drying of fruit pulps containing high content of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) is practically unviable. This work has the objective of expanding the studies on drying of fruit pulps in spouted bed with aid of adjuvant (lipids, starch and pectin) aiming to enhance the dryer performance without jeopardizing the sensorial quality of the product. The optimum composition obtained by Medeiros (2001) was the basis for preparing the mixtures of pulps. The mixture formulations included pulps of mango (Mangifera indica), umbu (Spondias tuberosa) and red mombin (Spondia purpurea) with addition of cornstarch, pectin and lipids. Different products were used as lipids source: olive and Brazil nut oils, coconut milk, heavy milk, powder of palm fat and palm olein. First of all, experiments were conducted to define the best formulation of the fruit pulps mixture. This definition was based on the drying performance obtained for each mixture and on the sensorial characteristics of the dry powder. The mixture formulations were submitted to drying at fixed operating conditions of drying and atomizing air flow rate, load of inert particles, temperature and flow rate of the mixture. The best results were obtained with the compositions having powder of palm fat and palm olein in terms of the drying performance and sensorial analysis. Physical and physicochemical characteristics were determined for the dry powders obtained from the mixtures formulations. Solubility and reconstitution time as well as the properties of the product after reconstitution were also evaluated. According to these analyses, the powder from the mixtures formulations presented similar characteristics and compatible quality to those produced in other types of dryers. Considering that the palm olein is produced in Brazil and that it has been used in the food industry substituting the palm fat powder, further studies on drying performance were conducted with the composition that included the palm olein. A complete factorial design of experiments 23, with three repetitions at the central point was conducted to evaluate the effects of the air temperature, feeding flow rate and intermittence time on the responses related to the process performance (powder collection efficiency, material retained in the bed and angle of repose of the inert particles after the process) and to the product quality (mean moisture content, loss of vitamin C and solubility). Powder production was uniform for the majority of the experiments and the higher efficiency with lower retention in the bed (59.2% and 1.8g, respectively) were obtained for the air temperature of 80°C, mixture feed rate of 5ml/min in intervals of 10 min. The statistical analysis of the results showed that the process variables had individual or combined significant influences on the powder collection efficiency, material retention in the bed, powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C. At the experimental ranges of this work, the angle of repose and solubility were not influenced by the operating variables. From the results of the experimental design, statistical models were obtained for the powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C

EFEITO do ETHEPHON em VIDEIRA 'RUBI' (Vitis vinifera L.), CULTIVADA NA REGIÃO NOROESTE do ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO

O experimento foi conduzido em vinhedo comercial da cv. Rubi, localizado na região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Teve, como objetivo, verificar o efeito do ethephon, aplicado antes da poda de produção, na porcentagem de desfolhamento, tempo de realização da poda, brotação dos ramos, produção da videira, tentando reduzir os custos, melhorando a produtividade e a qualidade. Concluiu-se que a aplicação de 7500ppm de ethephon, 20 dias antes da poda, foi o tratamento que proporcionou maior porcentagem de desfolhamento, menor tempo de realização da poda, maior porcentagem de gemas brotadas e maior produção.

Caracterização social e tecnológica da produção de uvas para mesa em pequenas propriedades rurais da região de Jales-SP

A viticultura é uma atividade relevante para os produtores rurais do Estado de São Paulo, sobretudo aqueles detentores de pequenas áreas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os principais aspectos sociais e tecnológicos utilizados na produção de uvas para mesa na região de Jales (SP). Os dados foram levantados nos anos de 2009 e 2010, a partir da aplicação de questionários a 19 produtores de uva e do acompanhamento do ciclo de produção de 10 propriedades. Os produtores cultivam pelo menos três cultivares diferentes de uva, sendo as principais: 'Niagara Rosada', 'Itália' e 'Benitaka'. A área média das propriedades é de, aproximadamente, 21 ha, e a área média com parreiras de uva é de 2,4 ha. A maioria dos produtores não conta com assistência técnica regular, não segue recomendações de adubação e não emprega critérios técnicos para o manejo da irrigação. O controle de doenças é realizado de forma preventiva e intensa, chegando a superar 100 aplicações por ciclo, no caso das uvas finas para mesa. Os resultados devem subsidiar a realização de outras pesquisas, assim como programas de planejamento e transferência de tecnologia, proporcionando ao produtor um manejo mais adequado da cultura, bem como o desenvolvimento sustentável rural regional.

Biorreguladores na brotação da videira ‘superior seedless’

Aiming to study the affect of commercial biorregulators Stimulate (R) e X-Cyte (R) over sprouting uniformity of Superior Seedless grape cultivar, pruned in May 22, 2006, a field trial was carried out at at Koshiyama farm, in Juazeiro municipality (Bahia State / Northeastern Brazil). The trial was carried out in randomized blocks with four replications and three useful plants per plot, six stakes per plant were evaluated. Forty-eight hours after yield prun, the stakes were sprayed with T1: Dormex (R) (5%); T2: Dormex (R) (5%) + Nitro Plus 9 (R); T3: Stimulate (R) (0,5%); T4: Stimulate (R) (0,5%) + Nitro Plus 9 (R); T5: Stimulate (R) (1,0%); T6: Stimulate (R) (1,0%) + Nitro Plus 9 (R); T7: X-Cyte (R) (0,25%); T8: X-Cyte (R) (0,25%) + Nitro Plus 9 (R); T9: X-Cyte (R) (0,5%); T10: X-Cyte (R) (0,5%) + Nitro Plus 9 (R); T11: X-Cyte (R) (0,25%) + Stimulate (R) (0,5%); T12: X-Cyte (R) (0,25%) + Stimulate (R) (0,5%) + Nitro Plus 9 (R), Nitro Plus 9 (R) used at a rate of 100 L ha(-1) via ferti-irrigation. Results show that Stimulate (R) and X-Cyte (R), when compared to the commercial product Dormex (R) commercially, did not show significant effects on the sprouts number after sproutings and proportion of grown stems; products that as an alternative the Dormex (R) in yield the grape 'Superior Seedless', at the studied conditions.

Uso de bioestimulante na videira 'Niagara Rosada'

O experimento foi realizado no período de agosto a dezembro de 2004, em vinhedo de 'Niagara Rosada' localizado em Pratânea-SP. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de bioestimulante nas características morfológicas e físico-químicas dos cachos de uva 'Niagara Rosada'. Os tratamentos consistiram na pulverização dos cachos com o bioestimulante nas doses de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 mg L-1, 25 dias após o pleno florescimento. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições, e parcelas constituídas por 3 cachos. Analisou-se a massa fresca, comprimento e largura dos cachos e bagos, massa fresca do engaço, número de bagos por cacho, diâmetro do pedicelo, teor de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez titulável e o pH. Concluiu-se que o bioestimulante promoveu aumento linear no comprimento do cacho, aumento quadrático no diâmetro do pedicelo e um decréscimo linear no teor de sólidos solúveis totais.

Determinação da razão isotópica delta13C em bebidas comerciais a base de laranja

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)