Post-breakup tectonics in southeast Brazil from thermochronological data and combined inverse-forward thermal history modeling

The continental margin of southeast Brazil is elevated. Onshore Tertiary basins and Late Cretaceous/Paleogene intrusions are good evidence for post breakup tectono-magmatic activity. To constrain the impact of post-rift reactivation on the geological history of the area, we carried out a new thermochronological study. Apatite fission track ages range from 60.7 +/- 1.9 Ma to 129.3 +/- 4.3 Ma, mean track lengths from 11.41 +/- 0.23 mu m to 14.31 +/- 0.24 mu m and a subset of the (U-Th)/He ages range from 45.1 +/- 1.5 to 122.4 +/- 2.5 Ma. Results of inverse thermal history modeling generally support the conclusions from an earlier study for a Late Cretaceous phase of cooling. Around the onshore Taubate Basin, for a limited number of samples, the first detectable period of cooling occurred during the Early Tertiary. The inferred thermal histories for many samples also imply subsequent reheating followed by Neogene cooling. Given the uncertainty of the inversion results, we did deterministic forward modeling to assess the range of possibilities of this Tertiary part of the thermal history. The evidence for reheating seems to be robust around the Taubate Basin, but elsewhere the data cannot discriminate between this and a less complex thermal history. However, forward modeling results and geological information support the conclusion that the whole area underwent cooling during the Neogene. The synchronicity of the cooling phases with Andean tectonics and those in NE Brazil leads us to assume a plate-wide compressional stress that reactivated inherited structures. The present-day topographic relief of the margin reflects a contribution from post-breakup reactivation and uplift.

Source of slow lithium atoms from Ne or H-2 matrix isolation sublimation

We have studied, via laser absorption spectroscopy, the velocity distribution of Li-7 atoms released from cryogenic matrices of solid neon or molecular hydrogen. The Li atoms are implanted into the Ne or H-2 matrices - grown onto a sapphire substrate - by laser ablation of a solid Li or LiH precursor. A heat pulse is then applied to the sapphire substrate sublimating the matrix together with the isolated atoms. With a NiCr film resistor deposited directly onto the sapphire substrate we are able to transfer high instantaneous power to the matrix, thus reaching a fast sublimation regime. In this regime the Li atoms can get entrained in the released matrix gas, and we were also able to achieve matrix sublimation times down to 10 mu s for both H-2 or Ne matrix, enabling us to proceed with the trapping of the species of our interest such as atomic hydrogen, lithium, and molecules. The sublimation of the H-2 matrix, with its large center-of-mass velocity, provides evidence for a new regime of one-dimensional thermalization. The laser ablated Li seems to penetrate the H-2 matrix deeper than it does in Ne. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4704125]

Stellar Models in General Relativity

Neutron stars are some of the most fascinating objects in Nature. Essentially all aspects of physics seems to be represented inside them. Their cores are likely to contain deconfined quarks, hyperons and other exotic phases of matter in which the strong interaction is the dominant force. The inner region of their solid crust is penetrated by superfluid neutrons and their magnetic fields may reach well over 1012 Gauss. Moreover, their extreme mean densities, well above the densities of nuclei, and their rapid rotation rates makes them truly relativistic both in the special as well as in the general sense. This thesis deals with a small subset of these phenomena. In particular the exciting possibility of trapping of gravita-tional waves is examined from a theoretical point of view. It is shown that the standard condition R < 3M is not essential to the trapping mechanism. This point is illustrated using the elegant tool provided by the optical geometry. It is also shown that a realistic equation of state proposed in the literature allows stable neutron star models with closed circular null orbits, something which is closely related to trapped gravitational waves. Furthermore, the general relativistic theory of elasticity is reviewed and applied to stellar models. Both static equilibrium as well as radially oscillating configurations with elasticsources are examined. Finally, Killing tensors are considered and their applicability to modeling of stars is discussed

Autoionizing states and their relevance in electron-ion recombination

Atomic physics plays an important role in determining the evolution stages in a wide range of laboratory and cosmic plasmas. Therefore, the main contribution to our ability to model, infer and control plasma sources is the knowledge of underlying atomic processes. Of particular importance are reliable low temperature dielectronic recombination (DR) rate coefficients. This thesis provides systematically calculated DR rate coefficients of lithium-like beryllium and sodium ions via ∆n = 0 doubly excited resonant states. The calculations are based on complex-scaled relativistic many-body perturbation theory in an all-order formulation within the single- and double-excitation coupled-cluster scheme, including radiative corrections. Comparison of DR resonance parameters (energy levels, autoionization widths, radiative transition probabilities and strengths) between our theoretical predictions and the heavy-ion storage rings experiments (CRYRING-Stockholm and TSRHeidelberg) shows good agreement. The intruder state problem is a principal obstacle for general application of the coupled-cluster formalism on doubly excited states. Thus, we have developed a technique designed to avoid the intruder state problem. It is based on a convenient partitioning of the Hilbert space and reformulation of the conventional set of pairequations. The general aspects of this development are discussed, and the effectiveness of its numerical implementation (within the non-relativistic framework) is selectively illustrated on autoionizing doubly excited states of helium.

A spectroscopic and photometric study of MSP companions in Galactic Globular Clusters

This Thesis is devoted to the study of the optical companions of Millisecond Pulsars in Galactic Globular Clusters (GCs) as a part of a large project started at the Department of Astronomy of the Bologna University, in collaboration with other institutions (Astronomical Observatory of Cagliari and Bologna, University of Virginia), specifically dedicated to the study of the environmental effects on passive stellar evolution in galactic GCs. Globular Clusters are very efficient “Kilns” for generating exotic object, such as Millisecond Pulsars (MSP), low mass X-ray binaries(LMXB) or Blue Straggler Stars (BSS). In particular MSPs are formed in binary systems containing a Neutron Star which is spun up through mass accretion from the evolving companion (e.g. Bhattacharia & van den Heuvel 1991). The final stage of this recycling process is either the core of a peeled star (generally an Helium white dwarf) or a very light almos exhausted star, orbiting a very fast rotating Neutron Star (a MSP). Despite the large difference in total mass between the disk of the Galaxy and the Galactic GC system (up a factor 103), the percentage of fast rotating pulsar in binary systems found in the latter is very higher. MSPs in GCs show spin periods in the range 1.3 ÷ 30ms, slowdown rates ˙P 1019 s/s and a lower magnetic field, respect to ”normal” radio pulsars, B 108 gauss . The high probability of disruption of a binary systems after a supernova explosion, explain why we expect only a low percentage of recycled millisecond pulsars respect to the whole pulsar population. In fact only the 10% of the known 1800 radio pulsars are radio MSPs. Is not surprising, that MSP are overabundant in GCs respect to Galactic field, since in the Galactic Disk, MSPs can only form through the evolution of primordial binaries, and only if the binary survives to the supernova explosion which lead to the neutron star formation. On the other hand, the extremely high stellar density in the core of GCs, relative to most of the rest of the Galaxy, favors the formation of several different binary systems, suitable for the recycling of NSs (Davies at al. 1998). In this thesis we will present the properties two millisecond pulsars companions discovered in two globular clusters, the Helium white dwarf orbiting the MSP PSR 1911-5958A in NGC 6752 and the second case of a tidally deformed star orbiting an eclipsing millisecond pulsar, PSR J1701-3006B in NGC6266

Physical and mineralogical changes of Hungarian monumental stones exposed to different conditions: stone-testing in-situ and under laboratory conditions

The Székesfehérvár Ruin Garden is a unique assemblage of monuments belonging to the cultural heritage of Hungary due to its important role in the Middle Ages as the coronation and burial church of the Kings of the Hungarian Christian Kingdom. It has been nominated for “National Monument” and as a consequence, its protection in the present and future is required. Moreover, it was reconstructed and expanded several times throughout Hungarian history. By a quick overview of the current state of the monument, the presence of several lithotypes can be found among the remained building and decorative stones. Therefore, the research related to the materials is crucial not only for the conservation of that specific monument but also for other historic structures in Central Europe. The current research is divided in three main parts: i) description of lithologies and their provenance, ii) physical properties testing of historic material and iii) durability tests of analogous stones obtained from active quarries. The survey of the National Monument of Székesfehérvár, focuses on the historical importance and the architecture of the monument, the different construction periods, the identification of the different building stones and their distribution in the remaining parts of the monument and it also included provenance analyses. The second one was the in situ and laboratory testing of physical properties of historic material. As a final phase samples were taken from local quarries with similar physical and mineralogical characteristics to the ones used in the monument. The three studied lithologies are: fine oolitic limestone, a coarse oolitic limestone and a red compact limestone. These stones were used for rock mechanical and durability tests under laboratory conditions. The following techniques were used: a) in-situ: Schmidt Hammer Values, moisture content measurements, DRMS, mapping (construction ages, lithotypes, weathering forms) b) laboratory: petrographic analysis, XRD, determination of real density by means of helium pycnometer and bulk density by means of mercury pycnometer, pore size distribution by mercury intrusion porosimetry and by nitrogen adsorption, water absorption, determination of open porosity, DRMS, frost resistance, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, uniaxial compressive strength test and dynamic modulus of elasticity. The results show that initial uniaxial compressive strength is not necessarily a clear indicator of the stone durability. Bedding and other lithological heterogeneities can influence the strength and durability of individual specimens. In addition, long-term behaviour is influenced by exposure conditions, fabric and, especially, the pore size distribution of each sample. Therefore, a statistic evaluation of the results is highly recommended and they should be evaluated in combination with other investigations on internal structure and micro-scale heterogeneities of the material, such as petrographic observation, ultrasound pulse velocity and porosimetry. Laboratory tests used to estimate the durability of natural stone may give a good guidance to its short-term performance but they should not be taken as an ultimate indication of the long-term behaviour of the stone. The interdisciplinary study of the results confirms that stones in the monument show deterioration in terms of mineralogy, fabric and physical properties in comparison with quarried stones. Moreover stone-testing proves compatibility between quarried and historical stones. Good correlation is observed between the non-destructive-techniques and laboratory tests results which allow us to minimize sampling and assessing the condition of the materials. Concluding, this research can contribute to the diagnostic knowledge for further studies that are needed in order to evaluate the effect of recent and future protective measures.

Realisierung des 3 He-Kreislaufs zur 3 He-Magnet-Resonanz-Tomographie

Realisierung des 3He-Kreislaufs zur 3He-Magnet-Resonanz-Tomographie In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde ein 3He-Kreislauf für die 3He-Magnet-Resonanz-Tomographie realisiert. Dazu wurde eine einfache Methode entwickelt, mit deren Hilfe es möglich ist,die Kernspinpolarisation von hyperpolarisiertem 3He bei hohen Drucken zu bestimmen.Bei einem Druck von ca. 3 bar konnte die Polarisation bis auf einen relativen Fehlervon etwa 5 % genau bestimmt werden. Zum Transport des polarisierten 3He wurden Magnetfelder konstruiert, die in einem Volumenbis zu V = 13,8 l ein homogenes Führungsfeld bereitstellen. Diese besitzen eineabschirmende Wirkung auf äußere Felder, und die benötigten magnetischen Flußdichten vonetwa 8 Gauá werden durch Permanentmagneten erzeugt. Bei geschwindigkeitsgewichteten Untersuchungen an zylindrischen Phantomen und Probandenkonnte laminare Strömung von 3He-Luftgemischen mit der Methode der 3He-vMRT bestimmtwerden. Bei zweidimensionalen Untersuchungen ließen sich laminare Strömungsprofile mitihren absoluten, ortsabhängigen Geschwindigkeiten ermitteln, während eindimensionalenMessungen ebenfalls laminare Strömungsprofile zeigten. Mit einer eigens entwickelten He-Aufbereitung wurden bis zu 95,8 % des eingeatmetenHeliums aus dem ausgeatmeten Gas zurückgewonnen. Der Anfangsgehalt an Helium betrugetwa 2 % und konnte um mehr als 6 Größenordnungen angereichert werden. Die Gasreinheitreichte aus, um eine erneute Polarisation des 3He zu ermöglichen. Die erreichteMaximalpolarisation lag dabei nur geringfügig unter der mit originalem 3He.

Sviluppo delle tecnologie del circuito a metallo liquido del modulo di blanket HCLL del reattore a fusione ITER e DEMO

Lo scopo della presente tesi di dottorato è di illustrare il lavoro svolto nella progettazione del circuito a metallo liquido del Test Blanket System (TBS) Helium Cooled Lithium Lead (HCLL), uno dei sistemi fondamentali del reattore sperimentale ITER che dovrà dimostrare la fattibilità di produrre industrialmente energia elettrica da processi di fusione nucleare. Il blanket HCLL costituisce una delle sei configurazioni che verranno testate in ITER, sulla base degli esperimenti condotti nei 10 dieci anni di vita del reattore verrà selezionata la configurazione che determinerà la costituzione del primo reattore dimostrativo per la produzione di un surplus di energia elettrica venti volte superiore all’energia consumata, DEMO. Il circuito ausiliario del blanket HCLL è finalizzato, in DEMO all’estrazione del trizio generato mediante il TES; ed in ITER alla dimostrazione della fattibilità di estrarre il trizio generato e di poter gestire il ciclo del trizio. Lo sviluppo dei componenti, svolto in questa tesi, è accentrato su tale dispositivo, il TES. In tale ambito si inseriscono le attività che sono descritte nei capitoli della seguente tesi di dottorato: selezione e progettazione preliminare del sistema di estrazione del trizio dalla lega eutettica Pb15.7Li del circuito a metallo liquido del TBM HCLL; la progettazione, realizzazione e qualifica dei sensori a permeazione per la misura della concentrazione di trizio nella lega eutettica Pb15.7Li; la qualificazione sperimentale all’interno dell’impianto TRIEX (TRItium EXtarction) della tecnologia selezionata per l’estrazione del trizio dalla lega; la progettazione della diagnostica di misura e controllo del circuito ausiliario del TBM HCLL.

New path integral simulation algorithms and their application to creep in the quantum sine-Gordon chain

A path integral simulation algorithm which includes a higher-order Trotter approximation (HOA)is analyzed and compared to an approach which includes the correct quantum mechanical pair interaction (effective Propagator (EPr)). It is found that the HOA algorithmconverges to the quantum limit with increasing Trotter number P as P^{-4}, while the EPr algorithm converges as P^{-2}.The convergence rate of the HOA algorithm is analyzed for various physical systemssuch as a harmonic chain,a particle in a double-well potential, gaseous argon, gaseous helium and crystalline argon. A new expression for the estimator for the pair correlation function in the HOA algorithm is derived. A new path integral algorithm, the hybrid algorithm, is developed.It combines an exact treatment of the quadratic part of the Hamiltonian and thehigher-order Trotter expansion techniques.For the discrete quantum sine-Gordon chain (DQSGC), it is shown that this algorithm works more efficiently than all other improved path integral algorithms discussed in this work. The new simulation techniques developed in this work allow the analysis of theDQSGC and disordered model systems in the highly quantum mechanical regime using path integral molecular dynamics (PIMD)and adiabatic centroid path integral molecular dynamics (ACPIMD).The ground state phonon dispersion relation is calculated for the DQSGC by the ACPIMD method.It is found that the excitation gap at zero wave vector is reduced by quantum fluctuations. Two different phases exist: One phase with a finite excitation gap at zero wave vector, and a gapless phase where the excitation gap vanishes.The reaction of the DQSGC to an external driving force is analyzed at T=0.In the gapless phase the system creeps if a small force is applied, and in the phase with a gap the system is pinned. At a critical force, the systems undergo a depinning transition in both phases and flow is induced. The analysis of the DQSGC is extended to models with disordered substrate potentials. Three different cases are analyzed: Disordered substrate potentials with roughness exponent H=0, H=1/2,and a model with disordered bond length. For all models, the ground state phonon dispersion relation is calculated.

Erzeugung höchster 3 He-Kernspinpolarisation durch metastabiles optisches Pumpen

In dieser Arbeit wird zum Erreichen hoher Kernspinpolarisationen die Methode des metastabilen optischen Pumpens benutzt. Das Verfahren beruht auf dem "Ubertrag des Drehimpulses absorbierter Photonen auf das hierbei angeregte Valenzelektron, welches durch Hyperfeinkopplung den Drehimpuls weiter auf den $^3$He-Kern transferiert. Da der Polarisationsprozess nur bei Dr"ucken von ca. 1~mbar effizient funktioniert, f"ur die meisten Anwendungen aber polarisiertes $^3$He bei einem Druck von $geq 1$~bar ben"otigt wird, muss das Gas nach der Aufpolarisation komprimiert werden. In unserer Arbeitsgruppe steht eine Maschine ("`Polarisator"') zur Verf"ugung, die das Gas polarisiert und anschlie"send komprimiert. Ziel dieser Dissertation ist, einerseits die Leistungsf"ahigkeit des Polarisators bez"uglich Maximalpolarisation und Gasfluss zu verbessern und andererseits den metastabilen Pumpprozess selbst genauer zu untersuchen.\ noindent Durch die Verwendung neuer Laser auf Basis der Fasertechnologie sowie einer systematischen Optimierung der optischen Komponenten konnten in abgeschlossenen Pumpzellen Rekord-Polarisationsgrade von $91pm 2$% erzielt werden.\ noindent Mit der Implementierung neuartiger Optiken und Laser am Mainzer Polarisator konnte die Leistungscharakteristik entscheidend verbessert werden. So wurde die erreichbare Polarisation bei identischer Produktionsrate um 20 Prozentpunkte gesteigert. Zurzeit sind maximale Polarisationsgrade von mehr als 75% im optischen Pumpvolumen erreichbar. Eine am Mainzer Triga-Reaktor durchgef"uhrte Polarisationsbestimmung ergab einen Wert von $72.7pm 0.7$%. Dies veranschaulicht die geringen Polarisationsverluste infolge der Gaskompression, des Transports und einer Lagerung "uber mehrere Stunden.\ noindent Zur Dynamik der geschwindigkeitsver"andernden St"o"se sowie zur Bestimmung der mittleren Photonen-Absorptionsrate wurde ein Modell entwickelt, welches auch experimentell best"atigt wurde. Damit konnte erstmalig das gemessene Absorptionsverhalten einer spektral schmalbandigen Laserdiode korrekt beschrieben werden.\ noindent Zudem stimmen die an so genannten abgeschlossenen Pumpzellen gemessenen extrem hohen Polarisationswerte mit theoretischen Vorhersagen "uberein, sofern der Druck im optischen Pumpvolumen geringer als 1~mbar ist und das $^3$He nicht durch Fremdgase verunreinigt ist. Bei derartigen Pumpzellen ist die gemessene Abh"angigkeit der Polarisation von Laserleistung, Metastabilendichte und falscher Zirkularkomponente mit der Theorie kompatibel.\

Weiterentwicklung einer Produktionsanlage und der Speicherungs- bzw. Transportkonzepte für hochpolarisiertes 3He

Der Bedarf an hyperpolarisiertem 3He in Medizin und physikalischer Grundlagenforschung ist in den letzten ca. 10-15 Jahren sowohl in Bezug auf die zu Verfügung stehende Menge, als auch auf den benötigten Grad der Kernspinpolarisation stetig gestiegen. Gleichzeitig mußten Lösungen für die polarisationserhaltende Speicherung und den Transport gefunden werden, die je nach Anwendung anzupassen waren. Als Ergebnis kann mit dieser Arbeit ein in sich geschlossenes Gesamtkonzept vorgestellt werden, daß sowohl die entsprechenden Mengen für klinische Anwendungen, als auch höchste Polarisation für physikalische Grundlagenfor-schung zur Verfügung stellen kann. Verschiedene unabhängige Polarimetriemethoden zeigten in sich konsistente Ergebnisse und konnten, neben ihrer eigenen Weiterentwicklung, zu einer verläßlichen Charakterisierung des neuen Systems und auch der Transportzellen und –boxen eingesetzt werden. Die Polarisation wird mittels „Metastabilem Optischen Pumpen“ bei einem Druck von 1 mbar erzeugt. Dabei werden ohne Gasfluß Werte von P = 84% erreicht. Im Flußbetrieb sinkt die erreichbare Polarisation auf P ≈ 77%. Das 3He kann dann weitgehend ohne Polarisationsver-luste auf mehrere bar komprimiert und zu den jeweiligen Experimenten transportiert werden. Durch konsequente Weiterentwicklung der vorgestellten Polarisationseinheit an fast allen Komponenten kann somit jetzt bei einem Fluß von 0,8 barl/h eine Polarisation von Pmax = 77% am Auslaß der Apparatur erreicht werden. Diese skaliert linear mit dem Fluß, sodaß bei 3 barl/h die Polarisation immer noch bei ca. 60% liegt. Dabei waren die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Verbesserungen an den Lasern, der Optik, der Kompressionseinheit, dem Zwischenspeicher und der Gasreinigung wesentlich für das Erreichen dieser Polarisatio-nen. Neben dem Einsatz eines neuen Faserlasersystems ist die hohe Gasreinheit und die lang-lebige Kompressionseinheit ein Schlüssel für diese Leistungsfähigkeit. Seit Herbst 2001 er-zeugte das System bereits über 2000 barl hochpolarisiertes 3He und ermöglichte damit zahl-reiche interdisziplinäre Experimente und Untersuchungen. Durch Verbesserungen an als Prototypen bereits vorhandenen Transportboxen und durch weitgehende Unterdrückung der Wandrelaxation in den Transportgefäßen aufgrund neuer Erkenntnisse über deren Ursachen stellen auch polarisationserhaltende Transporte über große Strecken kein Problem mehr dar. In unbeschichteten 1 Liter Kolben aus Aluminosilikatglä-sern werden nun problemlos Speicherzeiten von T1 > 200h erreicht. Im Rahmen des europäi-schen Forschungsprojektes „Polarized Helium to Image the Lung“ wurden während 19 Liefe-rungen 70barl 3He nach Sheffield (UK) und bei 13 Transporten 100 barl nach Kopenhagen (DK) per Flugzeug transportiert. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Problematik der Kernspinpolarisationser-zeugung von 3He, die Speicherung, der Transport und die Verwendung des polarisierten Ga-ses in klinischer Diagnostik und physikalischen Grundlagenexperimenten weitgehend gelöst ist und das Gesamtkonzept die Voraussetzungen für allgemeine Anwendungen auf diesen Gebieten geschaffen hat.

NMR spectroscopy and imaging of hyperpolarized gases

Since the discovery of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomenon, countless NMR techniques have been developed that are today indispensable tools in physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. As one of the main obstacles in NMR is its notorious lack of sensitivity, different hyperpolarization (HP) methods have been established to increase signals up to several orders of magnitude. In this work, different aspects of magnetic resonance, using HP noble gases, are studied, hereby combining different disciplines of research. The first part examines new fundamental effects in NMR of HP gases, in theory and experiment. The spin echo phenomenon, which provides the basis of numerous modern experiments, is studied in detail in the gas phase. The changes of the echo signal in terms of amplitude, shape, and position, due to the fast translational motion, are described by an extension of the existing theory and computer simulations. With this knowledge as a prerequisite, the detection of intermolecular double-quantum coherences was accomplished for the first time in the gas phase. The second part of this thesis focuses on the development of a practical method to enhance the dissolution process of HP 129Xe, without loss of polarization or shortening of T1. Two different setups for application in NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are presented. The continuous operation allows biological and multidimensional spectroscopy in solutions. Also, first in vitro MRI images with dissolved HP 129Xe as contrast agent were obtained at a clinical scanner.

Constructing correlated spin states with neutral atoms in optical lattices

This thesis reports on the experimental investigation of controlled spin dependent interactions in a sample of ultracold Rubidium atoms trapped in a periodic optical potential. In such a situation, the most basic interaction between only two atoms at one common potential well, forming a micro laboratory for this atom pair, can be investigated. Spin dependent interactions between the atoms can lead to an intriguing time evolution of the system. In this work, we present two examples of such spin interaction induced dynamics. First, we have been able to observe and control a coherent spin changing interaction. Second, we have achieved to examine and manipulate an interaction induced time evolution of the relative phase of a spin 1/2-system, both in the case of particle pairs and in the more general case of N interacting particles. The first part of this thesis elucidates the spin-changing interaction mechanism underlying many fascinating effects resulting from interacting spins at ultracold temperatures. This process changes the spin states of two colliding particles, while preserving total magnetization. If initial and final states have almost equal energy, this process is resonant and leads to large amplitude oscillations between different spin states. The measured coupling parameters of such a process allow to precisely infer atomic scattering length differences, that e.g. determine the nature of the magnetic ground state of the hyperfine states in Rubidium. Moreover, a method to tune the spin oscillations at will based on the AC-Zeeman effect has been implemented. This allowed us to use resonant spin changing collisions as a quantitative and non-destructive particle pair probe in the optical lattice. This led to a series of experiments shedding light on the Bosonic superfluid to Mott insulator transition. In a second series of experiments we have been able to coherently manipulate the interaction induced time evolution of the relative phase in an ensemble of spin 1/2-systems. For two particles, interactions can lead to an entanglement oscillation of the particle pair. For the general case of N interacting particles, the ideal time evolution leads to the creation of spin squeezed states and even Schrödinger cat states. In the experiment we have been able to control the underlying interactions by a Feshbach resonance. For particle pairs we could directly observe the entanglement oscillations. For the many particle case we have been able to observe and reverse the interaction induced dispersion of the relative phase. The presented results demonstrate how correlated spin states can be engineered through control of atomic interactions. Moreover, the results point towards the possibility to simulate quantum magnetism phenomena with ultracold atoms in optical traps, and to realize and analyze many novel quantum spin states which have not been experimentally realized so far.

Probing strongly correlated states of ultracold atoms in optical lattices

This thesis describes experiments which investigate ultracold atom ensembles in an optical lattice. Such quantum gases are powerful models for solid state physics. Several novel methods are demonstrated that probe the special properties of strongly correlated states in lattice potentials. Of these, quantum noise spectroscopy reveals spatial correlations in such states, which are hidden when using the usual methods of probing atomic gases. Another spectroscopic technique makes it possible to demonstrate the existence of a shell structure of regions with constant densities. Such coexisting phases separated by sharp boundaries had been theoretically predicted for the Mott insulating state. The tunneling processes in the optical lattice in the strongly correlated regime are probed by preparing the ensemble in an optical superlattice potential. This allows the time-resolved observation of the tunneling dynamics, and makes it possible to directly identify correlated tunneling processes.

Experimental and computational study of methane and methyl formate pyrolysis and oxidation in a flow reactor

A study of the pyrolysis and oxidation (phi 0.5-1-2) of methane and methyl formate (phi 0.5) in a laboratory flow reactor (Length = 50 cm, inner diameter = 2.5 cm) has been carried out at 1-4 atm and 300-1300 K temperature range. Exhaust gaseous species analysis was realized using a gas chromatographic system, Varian CP-4900 PRO Mirco-GC, with a TCD detector and using helium as carrier for a Molecular Sieve 5Å column and nitrogen for a COX column, whose temperatures and pressures were respectively of 65°C and 150kPa. Model simulations using NTUA [1], Fisher et al. [12], Grana [13] and Dooley [14] kinetic mechanisms have been performed with CHEMKIN. The work provides a basis for further development and optimization of existing detailed chemical kinetic schemes.