Using the comet and micronucleus assays for genotoxicity studies: a review

Physical, chemical and biological agents can act in the DNA, resulting in mutation involved in cancer. Thus, genotoxic tests are required by regulatory agencies in order to evaluate potential risk of cancer. Among these tests, the comet assay (CA) and micronucleus assay (MNA) are the most commonly used. However, there are different protocols and recommendations already published. This is the first review, after the inclusion of CA in S2R1 guidance and OECD 489, which summarizes the main technical recommendations of both CA and MNA.

O comércio internacional de tecnologias ambientais: a inserção do Brasil e da China

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Corrositex®, BCOP and HET-CAM as alternative methods to animal experimentation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Toxicidade de imidacloprid e carbofuran para organismos aquáticos de diferentes níveis tróficos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Gestão da escola pública municipal e utilização do IDEB: as "traduções" no contexto da prática

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

Análise morfológica do cérebro de abelhas sem ferrão Melipona Scutellarias expostas ao Tiametoxam

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

ESSAYS ON INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SPILLOVERS

The dissertation consists of three essays on international research and development spillovers. In the first essay, I investigate the degree to which differences in institutional arrangements among Sub-Saharan African countries determine the extent of benefits they derive from foreign research and development spillovers. In particular, I compare the international research and development spillovers for English common law and French civil law Sub-Saharan African countries. I show that differences in the legal origin of the company law or commercial codes in these countries may reflect the extent of barriers they place in the paths of firms that engage in the investment process. To tests this hypothesis, I constructed foreign R&D spillovers variable using imports as weights and employed the endogenous growth framework to estimate elasticities of productivity with respect to foreign R&D spillovers for a sample of 17 English common law and French Civil law Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 1980-2004. My results find support for the hypothesis. In particular, foreign R&D spillovers were higher in the English common law countries than in the French civil law countries. In the second essay, I examine the question of whether technical cooperation grants and overseas development assistance grants induce R&D knowledge spillovers in Sub-Saharan African countries. I test this hypothesis using data for 11 Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 1980-2004. I constructed foreign R&D spillovers using the technical cooperation grants and overseas development assistance grants as weights and employed the endogenous growth framework to provide quantitative estimates of foreign R&D spillover effects in 11 Sub-Saharan African countries. I find that technical cooperation grants and overseas development assistance grants are major mechanisms through which returns to R&D investments in G7 countries flows to Sub-Saharan African countries. However, their influence has declined over the years. Finally, the third essay tests the hypothesis that the relationship between a country's exporters and their foreign purchasing agents may lead to the exchange of ideas and thereby improve the manufacturing process and productivity in the exporting country. I test this hypothesis using disaggregated export data from OECD countries. The foreign R&D capital stock in this essay was constructed as exports weighted average of domestic R&D capital stock. I find empirical support for the hypothesis. In particular, capital goods exports generate more learning effects and therefore best explain productivity in OECD countries than non-capital goods exports.

Análise morfológica do cérebro de abelhas sem ferrão Melipona Scutellarias expostas ao Tiametoxam

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Employment Effects of Product and Labour Market Reforms: Are There Synergies?

This article investigates the effect of product market liberalisation on employment allowing for interactions between policies and institutions in product and labour markets. Using panel data for OECD countries over the period 19802002, we present evidence that product market deregulation is more effective at the margin when labour market regulation is high. The data also suggest that product market liberalisation may promote employment-enhancing labour market reforms.

Sensitivity of Eisenia andrei (Annelida, Oligochaeta) to a commercial formulation of abamectin in avoidance tests with artificial substrate and natural soil under tropical conditions

Obtaining ecotoxicological data on pesticides in tropical regions is imperative for performing more realistic risk analysis, and avoidance tests have been proposed as a useful, fast and cost-effective tool. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the avoidance behavior of Eisenia andrei to a formulated product, Vertimec(A (R)) 18 EC (a.i abamectin), in tests performed on a reference tropical artificial soil (TAS), to derive ecotoxicological data on tropical conditions, and a natural soil (NS), simulating crop field conditions. In TAS tests an adaptation of the substrate recommended by OECD and ISO protocols was used, with residues of coconut fiber as a source of organic matter. Concentrations of the pesticide on TAS test ranged from 0 to 7 mg abamectin/kg (dry weight-d.w.). In NS tests, earthworms were exposed to samples of soils sprayed in situ with: 0.9 L of Vertimec(A (R)) 18 EC/ha (RD); twice as much this dosage (2RD); and distilled water (Control), respectively, and to 2RD: control dilutions (12.5, 25, 50, 75%). All tests were performed under 25 +/- A 2A degrees C, to simulate tropical conditions, and a 12hL:12hD photoperiod. The organisms avoided contaminated TAS for an EC50,48h = 3.918 mg/kg soil d.w., LOEC = 1.75 mg/kg soil d.w. and NOEC = 0.85 mg/kg soil d.w. No significant avoidance response occurred for any NS test. Abamectin concentrations in NS were rather lower than EC50, 48h and LOEC determined in TAS tests. The results obtained contribute to overcome a lack of ecotoxicological data on pesticides under tropical conditions, but more tests with different soil invertebrates are needed to improve pesticides risk analysis.

Occurrence and sorption of fluoroquinolones in poultry litters and soils from sao Paulo State, Brazil

Animal production is one of the most expressive sectors of Brazilian agro-economy. Although antibiotics are routinely used in this activity, their occurrence, fate, and potential impacts to the local environment are largely unknown. This research evaluated sorption-desorption and occurrence of four commonly used fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, and enrofloxacin) in poultry litter and soil samples from Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The sorption-desorption studies involved batch equilibration technique and followed the OECD guideline for pesticides. All compounds were analyzed by HPLC, using fluorescence detector. Fluoroquinolones' sorption potential to the poultry litters (K-d <= 65 L kg(-1)) was lower than to the soil (K-d similar to 40,000 L kg(-1)), but was always high (>= 69% of applied amount) indicating a higher specificity of fluoroquinolones interaction with soils. The addition of poultry litter (5%) to the soil had not affected sorption or desorption of these compounds. Desorption was negligible in the soil (<= 0.5% of sorbed amount), but not in the poultry litters (up to 42% of sorbed amount). Fluoroquinolones' mean concentrations found in the poultry litters (1.37 to 6.68 mg kg(-1)) and soils (22.93 mu g kg(-1)) were compatible to those found elsewhere (Austria, China, and Turkey). Enrofloxacin was the most often detected compound (30% of poultry litters and 27% of soils) at the highest mean concentrations (6.68 mg kg(-1) for poultry litters and 22.93 mu g kg(-1) for soils). These results show that antibiotics are routinely used in poultry production and might represent one potential source of pollution to the environment that has been largely ignored and should be further investigated in Brazil. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

QSAR models for inhibitors of physiological impact of Escherichia coli that leads to diarrhea

Quantitative structure – activity relationships (QSARs) developed to evaluate percentage of inhibition of STa-stimulated (Escherichia coli) cGMP accumulation in T84 cells are calculated by the Monte Carlo method. This endpoint represents a measure of biological activity of a substance against diarrhea. Statistical quality of the developed models is quite good. The approach is tested using three random splits of data into the training and test sets. The statistical characteristics for three splits are the following: (1) n = 20, r2 = 0.7208, q2 = 0.6583, s = 16.9, F = 46 (training set); n = 11, r2 = 0.8986, s = 14.6 (test set); (2) n = 19, r2 = 0.6689, q2 = 0.5683, s = 17.6, F = 34 (training set); n = 12, r2 = 0.8998, s = 12.1 (test set); and (3) n = 20, r2 = 0.7141, q2 = 0.6525, s = 14.7, F = 45 (training set); n = 11, r2 = 0.8858, s = 19.5 (test set). Based on the proposed here models hypothetical compounds which can be useful agents against diarrhea are suggested.

Arbetet mot kvinnlig könsstympning - en fallstudie i Nyköpings kommun

Syftet med denna uppsats var att utforska om och hur den nationella handlingsplanen mot kvinnlig könsstympning efterlevs inom socialtjänsten i Nyköpings kommun. Kommunen som studien avgränsats till valdes för att den hade en ökad invandring under 1990-talet från länder där ingreppet är omfattande. Studien har avgränsats till att undersöka en familjecentral, vuxen- och ungdomsenheten och barn och familj. Studien omfattar en fallstudie för att få ett kvalitativt resultat. Det som framkommit i studien är paradoxen att Nyköpings kommun genomför ett förebyggande arbete mot kvinnlig könsstympning men kommunen har föga kunskap om handlingsplanen. På grund av att en implementering inte har skett är de anställda omedvetna om arbetets relevans till den nationella handlingsplanen. Behovet av ett förebyggande arbete beträffande kvinnlig könsstympning har påträffats då individer i bostadsområdet Brandkärr bett om hjälp. Arbetet som utförs i kommunen mot kvinnlig könsstympning har sitt ankare i en person, därmed gör sig eldsjälsproblematiken gällande.

Tecniche di risparmio idrico a livello locale e mondiale. Approfondimento sulle buone pratiche agricole per un uso sostenibile dell'acqua

Oltre un miliardo di persone non ha oggi accesso all’acqua potabile; più di due miliardi è il numero di coloro che vivono in condizioni igienico-sanitarie realmente proibitive. Sono 80 i paesi nel mondo (con il 40% della popolazione totale) in cui si riscontra difficoltà di approvvigionamento e presenza di risorse idriche che mancano dei requisiti che dovrebbero essere assicurati per la tutela della salute: quotidianamente e sistematicamente il diritto di accesso all’acqua, che nessun individuo dovrebbe vedersi negato, viene violato. Scarsità di acqua e non omogenea distribuzione sulla superficie terrestre sono fattori che concorrono alla crisi della risorsa, cui contribuiscono processsi di natura ambientale (cambiamenti climatici, desertificazione), di natura economica (le sorti dell’industria agroalimentare, la globalizzazione degli scambi, il bisogno crescente di energia), di natura sociale (migrazioni, urbanizzazione, crescita demografica, epidemie), di natura culturale (passaggio dal rurale all’urbano, dall’agricoltura di sussistenza a quella di profitto). Nell’ottica di uno sviluppo sostenibile un aumento indiscriminato dell’offerta non può costituire soluzione al continuo incremento della domanda di acqua. Si rende pertanto necessaria la definizione di politiche e strumenti di cambiamento nei modelli di consumo e nella pianificazione che consentano una riduzione degli squilibri nella distribuzione e nella gestione della risorsa a livello domestico e civile, industriale, agricolo. L’uso efficiente, e quindi sostenibile, dell’acqua è da perseguirsi secondo le modalità: • Risparmio, inteso come minore consumo di acqua all’inizio del ciclo. • Riciclo dell’acqua in circuito chiuso, inteso come riuso dell’acqua di scarico, o uso multiplo dell’acqua. Una idonea utilizzazione dipende da una idonea progettazione, che abbia come finalità: • La destinazione in via prioritaria delle fonti e delle risorse di più elevata qualità agli usi idropotabili, con una graduale sostituzione del consumo per altri usi con risorse di minore pregio. • La regolamentazione dell’uso delle acque sotterranee, mediante la limitazione del ricorso all’impiego di pozzi solo in mancanza di forniture alternative per uso civile, industriale, agricolo. • L’incentivazione ad un uso razionale della risorsa, anche mediante l’attuazione di idonee politiche tariffarie. • L’aumento dell’efficienza delle reti di adduzione e distribuzione, sia civili che irrigue. • La promozione di uso efficiente, riciclo e recupero di acqua nell’industria. • Il miglioramento dell’efficienza ed efficacia delle tecniche di irrigazione. • La promozione del riutilizzo delle acque nei vari settori. • La diffusione nella pratica domestica di apparati e tecnologie progettati per la riduzione degli sprechi e dei consumi di acqua. In ambito agricolo la necessità di un uso parsimonioso della risorsa impone il miglioramento dell’efficienza irrigua, pari appena al 40%. La regione Emilia Romagna a livello locale, Israele a livello internazionale, forniscono ottimi esempi in termini di efficacia dei sistemi di trasporto e di distribuzione, di buona manutenzione delle strutture. Possibili soluzioni verso le quali orientare la ricerca a livello mondiale per arginare la progressiva riduzione delle riserve idriche sono: • Revisione dei costi idrici. • Recupero delle riserve idriche. • Raccolta dell’acqua piovana. • Miglioramento degli impianti di distribuzione idrica. • Scelta di metodi di coltivazione idonei alle caratteristiche locali. • Scelta di colture a basso fabbisogno idrico. • Conservazione della risorsa attraverso un sistema di irrigazione efficiente. • Opere di desalinizzazione. • Trasferimento idrico su vasta scala da un’area all’altra. Si tratta di tecniche la cui attuazione può incrementare la disponibilità media pro capite di acqua, in particolare di coloro i quali non ne posseggono in quantità sufficiente per bere o sono privi di sistemi igienico-sanitari sufficienti.

Il contributo dell’Unione europea all’affermazione dello stato di diritto nella comunità internazionale

This thesis is aimed at analysing EU external relations from the perspective of the promotion of the rule of law in order to evaluate the effectiveness and consistency of its action within the international community. The research starts with an examination of the notion of the rule of law from a theoretical point of view. The first chapter initially describes the historical-political evolution of the establishment of the notion of the rule of law. Some of the most significant national experiences (France, the UK, Germany and Austria) are discussed. Then, the focus is put on the need to propose interpretations which explain the grounds of the rule of law, by highlighting the different formal and substantive interpretations. This philosophical-historical analysis is complemented by a reconstruction of how the notion of the rule of law was developed by the international community, with a view to searching a common notion at the international level by comparing theory and practice within the main international organisations such as the UN, OECD and the Council of Europe. Specific mention is made of the EU experience, whose configuration as a Community based on the rule of law is often debated, starting from the case law of the European Court of Justice. The second chapter deals with the conditionality policy and focuses on the development and scope of democratic conditionality according to the dominant approach of the doctrine. First, the birth of conditionality is analysed from an economic point of view, especially within international financial organisations and the different types of conditionality recreated in the scientific sector. Then an analysis is provided about the birth of democratic conditionality in the EC – in relation to its external relations – firstly as a mere political exercise to be then turned into a standardised system of clauses. Specific reference is made to the main scope of conditionality, that is to say enlargement policy and the development of the Copenhagen criteria. The third chapter provides further details about the legal questions connected to the use of democratic clauses: on the one hand, the power of the EC to include human rights clauses in international agreements, on the other, the variety and overlapping in the use of the legal basis. The chapter ends with an analysis of the measures of suspension of agreements with third countries in those rare but significant cases in which the suspension clause, included in the Lomè Convention first and in the Cotonou Agreement then, is applied. The last chapter is devoted to the analysis of democratic clauses in unilateral acts adopted by the European Union which affect third countries. The examination of this practice and the comparison with the approach analysed in the previous chapter entails a major theoretical question. It is the clear-cut distinction between conditionality and international sanction. This distinction is to be taken into account when considering the premises and consequences, in terms of legal relations, which are generated when democratic clauses are not complied with. The chapter ends with a brief analysis of what, according to the reconstruction suggested, can be rightly labelled as real democratic conditionality, that is to say the system of incentives, positive measures developed within the community GSP. The dissertation ends with a few general considerations about the difficulties experienced by the EU in promoting the rule of law. The contradictory aspects of the EU external actions are manifold, as well as its difficulties in choosing the most appropriate measures to be taken which, however, reflect all the repercussions and tension resulting from the balance of power within the international community. The thesis argues that it is difficult to grant full credibility to an entity like the EU which, although it proclaims itself as the guardian and promoter of the rule of law, in practice, is too often biased in managing its relations with third countries. However, she adds, we must acknowledge that the EU is committed and constantly strives towards identifying new spaces and strategies of action.