944 resultados para Motori due tempi supercharger alta quota simulazione GT-POWER
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Land-use change is an important aspect of global environment change. It is, in a sense, the direct result of human activities influencing our physical environment. Supported by the dynamic serving system of national resources, including both the environment database and GIS technology, this paper analyzed the land-use change in northeastern China in the past ten years (1990 - 2000). It divides northeastern China into five land-use zones based on the dynamic degree (DD) of land-use: woodland/grassland - arable land conversion zone, dry land - paddy field conversion zone, urban expansion zone, interlocked zone of farming and pasturing, and reclamation and abandoned zone. In the past ten years, land-use change of northeastern China can be generalized as follows: increase of cropland area was obvious, paddy field and dry land increased by 74. 9 and 276. 0 thousand ha respectively; urban area expanded rapidly, area of town and rural residence increased by 76. 8 thousand ha; area of forest and grassland decreased sharply with the amount of 1399. 0 and 1521. 3 thousand ha respectively; area of water body and unused land increased by 148. 4 and 513. 9 thousand ha respectively. Besides a comprehensive analysis of the spatial patterns of land use, this paper also discusses the driving forces in each land-use dynamic zones. The study shows that some key biophysical factors affect conspicuously the conversion of different land- use types. In this paper, the relationships between land- use conversion and DEM, accnmlated temperature(>= 10 degrees C) and precipitation were analysed and represented. We conclude that the land- use changes in northeast China resulted from the change of macro social and economic factors and local physical elements. Rapid population growth and management changes, in some sense, can explain the shaping of woodland/grassland - cropland conversion zone. The conversion from dry land to paddy field in the dry land - paddy field conversion zone, apart from the physical elements change promoting the expansion of paddy field, results from two reasons: one is that the implementation of market-economy in China has given farmers the right to decide what they plant and how they plant their crops, the other factor is originated partially from the change of dietary habit with the social and economic development. The conversion from paddy field to dry land is caused primarily by the shortfall of irrigation water, which in turn is caused by poor water allocation managed by local governments. The shaping of the reclamation and abandoned zone is partially due to the lack of environment protection consciousness among pioneer settlers. The reason for the conversion from grassland to cropland is the relatively higher profits of fanning than that of pasturing in the interlocked zone of farming and pasturing. In northeastern China, the rapid expansion of built-up areas results from two factors: the first is its small number of towns; the second comes from the huge potential for expansion of existing towns and cities. It is noticeable that urban expansion in the northeastern China is characterized by gentle topographic relief and low population density. Physiognomy, transportation and economy exert great influences on the urban expansion.
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Degradation and its temperature dependence of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in the blend film of PMMA/SAN were investigated via ire-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The results show that thermal degradation of PMMA takes place at 185, 130, 80 degrees C and even room temperature due to the existence of monochromatic X-ray. Furthermore, the degradation rate depends crucially on the experiment temperature.
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A PPV derivative containing bulky tetraphenylmethane side chains was synthesised. Its optical properties were examined. Compared to its parent PPV polymer, its UV-Vis absorption and PL showed less red-shift from solution to film, its PL showed much less concentration quenching effect and higher efficiency, its EL device showed 9-fold enhanced efficiency. These improvements were attributed to weakened inter-chain interaction caused by the tetraphenylmethane group.
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A vertical 2-D water-mud numerical model is developed for estimating the rate of mud mass transport under wave action. A nonlinear semi-empirical rheology model featured by remarkable hysteresis loops in the relationships of the shear stress versus both the shear strain and the rate of shear strain of mud is applied to this water mud model. A logarithmic grid in the vertical direction is employed for numerical treatment, which increases the resolution of the flow in the neighborhood of both sides of the interface. Model verifications are given through comparisons between the calculated and the measured mud mass transport velocities as well as wave height changes. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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A geochemical study of Bohai Bay surface sediments was carried out to analyze the potential harmful element (PHE: Ge, Mo, In, Sn, Sb,Te, Tl, Bi and V) concentrations, transportation and deposition, enrichment factors and sources. Germanium, Mo, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Tl, Bi and V concentrations in the surface sediments were: 1.43-1.71, 0.52-1.43, 0.04-0.12, 2.77-4.14, 1.14-2.29, 0.027-0.085, 0.506-0.770, 0.27-0.63 and 70.35-115.90 mu g/g, respectively. The distributions of total PHE concentrations, together with sequential extraction analyses, showed that the PHEs were mainly due to natural inputs from the continental weathering delivered to the bay by rivers and atmospheric transportation and deposition. However, high Mo, Sb, Te, Bi and V occurred in non-residual fractions, suggesting some anthropogenic inputs in addition to the natural inputs. Besides sources, the distributions of PHEs were influenced by the coupling of physical, chemical and biological processes. Enrichment factor (EF) was computed for each site for each element in order to assess the polluting elements and the degree of pollution at each site. Results revealed that the EFs were generally lower than 1.0, particularly for Ge, Mo, In, Sn, Tl and V; however, the EFs were higher (>1.5), particularly for Sb, Te and Bi, revealing moderate contamination. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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In the present paper a general analytic expression has been obtained and confirmed by a computer simulation which links the surface roughness of an object under study in an emission electron microscope and it's resolution. A quantitative derivation was made for the model case when there is a step on the object surface. It was shown that the resolution is deteriorated asymmetrically relative to the step. The effect sets a practical limit to the ultimate lateral resolution obtainable in an emission electron microscope.
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Metodologia de produção de plantas livres de vírus; Indução de parte aérea; Crescimento dos microbulbos; Indexação de plantas; Produção de alho-semente livre de vírus em condições fitossanitárias controladas.
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A tecnologia de sensoriamento remoto é uma das mais importantes fontes de informação para subsídios na identificação e no monitoramento de mudanças na cobertura da Terra. Objeto dessa tecnologia, a classificação supervisionada, por meio do algoritmo da máxima verossimilhança, tem sido um dos métodos mais utilizados para a extração de informações, principalmente em imagens de média resolução espacial. Utilizando parâmetros estatísticos, esse algoritmo pressupõe a ponderação das distâncias entre as médias dos níveis digitais das classes. Este trabalho objetivou a aplicação desse algoritmo em imagem de satélite de alta resolução. Para isso, foi necessário minimizar a intensidade de informações disponibilizadas por esses sensores, alterando a resolução espacial para 4 m e a radiométrica para 8 bit e, ainda, fazer uma filtragem pós-processamento. O presente trabalho, parte integrante de um projeto de monitoramento orbital de grandes obras de engenharia em infraestrutura, avaliou um método para a extração de informações para o monitoramento dessas obras, inseridas em meio rural ou urbano. A finalidade desse procedimento é subsidiar a análise da dinâmica de desenvolvimento dessas obras em relação a situações precedentes, assim como a possíveis intervenções no seu entorno. O projeto de monitoramento dessas obras utiliza imagens de satélites de vários sensores de alta resolução espacial, captadas em diferentes datas. No entanto, a aplicação do método apresentado neste trabalho exemplifica a utilização de imagem do satélite Ikonos 2 em uma única data. Para a imagem Ikonos 2, foi obtido um índice Kappa geral de 0,84 e apenas a classe caracterizada como Pastagem apresentou concordância relativamente mais baixa (0,71) em comparação a outras classes, mas ainda assim considerada uma boa classificação. Diante disso, a padronização proposta com a finalidade de minimizar as informações em imagens de alta resolução juntamente com o algoritmo da máxima verossimilhança e a posterior filtragem mostraram-se eficientes como suporte para a avaliação da ocupação das terras tomadas pelas obras (área de influência direta) e do seu entorno.
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2008
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2004
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2004
