Ritualidad mortuoria de quichua hablantes de Otavalo y Cotacachi, Provincia de Imbabura - Ecuador

Esta tesis explora algunos aspectos del complejo ritual mortuoria de niños y adultos quichua hablantes de una zona de la Provincia de Imbabura - Ecuador a través de las imágenes del fotógrafo indígena Rafael Perez Anrango. Desde la idea de que las fotografías no necesariamente tienen capacidad discursiva por sí solas, se plantea la construcción de un contexto informativo que permita catalogar e interpretar los elementos o símbolos contenidos en cada foto para comprenderlas con más amplitud. En el presente estudio de caso, el contexto se alimenta de datos históricos, de fuentes escritas y de la recopilación de testimonios orales de algunos informantes claves de la comunidad.

Impacto de los instrumentos financieros denominados básicos, en las empresas medianas de la provincia de Pichincha, conforme a Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF para las PYMES)

La convergencia hacia las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera NIIF, rescata el análisis técnico contable – financiero que permite una mejor toma de decisiones de los usuarios interesados en el conjunto de estados financieros. El presente estudio implica el tratamiento de la norma “NIIF para las PYMES”, sección 11, referente a los instrumentos financieros básicos y sección 35 transición por primera vez a esta NIIF, cuya finalidad es la de determinar el impacto de su aplicación en el periodo de transición en las compañías medianas de la provincia de Pichincha, actividad económica “G” comercio al por mayor y menor. El capítulo primero del marco conceptual, explica quiénes son consideradas como pequeñas y medianas empresas, según el Consejo de Normas Internacionales (IASB), la estructuración de la norma en mención, así como la normativa emitida por la Superintendencia de Compañías y Valores para su aplicación. Como parte del segundo capítulo se estudia la sección 11, instrumentos financieros básicos de la “NIIF para las PYMES”, en el que se resalta el alcance, reconocimiento y medición de las mismas, su información a revelar y varios casos prácticos relacionados con su medición inicial. En el capítulo tercero se efectúa el análisis a la medición posterior relacionada con el costo amortizado aplicado a las cuentas por pagar, préstamos accionistas y relacionados y el costo menos deterioro para las cuentas por cobrar y por pagar comerciales, de los cuales se recoge varios casos prácticos. Finalmente, se aborda la actividad económica seleccionada para este estudio, su estructuración del patrimonio y el impacto de los ajustes realizados en las entidades que adoptaron por primera vez los estándares de NIIF, instrumentos financieros básicos, de cuyo estudio se obtuvo las conclusiones y recomendaciones finales.

Estrategias empresariales: problemas y desafíos para la industria carrocera de la provincia de Tungurahua frente a la competencia internacional 2007-2013

Con el crecimiento y evolución de la globalización, el comercio internacional ha sufrido grandes cambios, convirtiéndose en un intercambio cada vez más competitivo, lo que ha obligado a las naciones a fomentar el desarrollo de sus industrias, no solamente en lo económico, si no también en el desarrollo social. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamental determinar las estrategias que los empresarios del sector carrocero de Tungurahua deben manejar, así como las diferentes políticas gubernamentales que se han empleado y se las pueda complementar para lograr un mayor crecimiento y desarrollo de la industria carrocera, lograr altos niveles de productividad y competitividad, mejorando el desarrollo económico del país y el bienestar de la población, con la finalidad de afrontar la competencia internacional con la correcta implementación de tecnología e innovación, así como el uso responsable de los recursos naturales y el talento humano, con una visión a largo plazo para formar parte del mercado mundial.

Comercio, conflictos y alianzas en la frontera luso-española: Capitanía de Río Negro y provincia de Maynas, 1780-1820 (Estudios)

In the colonial period, the Spanish politics towards the American frontiers was oriented not only to recognition and military protection of the borders, but also to control trade in the regions. During the demarcation of the boundaries in the 18th Century, the smuggling in the borders degenerated in various conflicts between the Spanish and Portuguese authorities. However, illegal trade played an important role en la satisfaction of the provisions in the zone, making possible the establishment of local alliances. This article addresses these questions taking as object the study the border Luso-Spanish in the Amazon Valley, between captaincy of Negro River and the province of Maynas, 1780-1820.

La aplicación del Plan Plurinacional para eliminar la discriminación racial y la exclusión étnica en la provincia de Bolívar

Este trabajo analiza la concepción de las políticas públicas en torno a sectores históricamente marginados bajo la óptica de las acciones afirmativas. Se muestra la relación entre los pueblos y nacionalidades y el Estado, enfatizando el caso ecuatoriano y la implementación del Plan Plurinacional para Eliminar la Discriminación Racial y la Exclusión Étnica cuya propuesta plantea superar la exclusión y la discriminación de la cual han sido víctimas ciertos grupos poblacionales en el Ecuador. De esta manera, “el objetivo fundamental de este trabajo es realizar un balance de la aplicación de las políticas de acción afirmativa contenidas en el Plan Plurinacional para eliminar la Discriminación Racial y la Exclusión Étnica en la provincia de Bolívar, utilizando diferentes fuentes de consulta que van desde documentos de análisis sobre la situación del racismo y la discriminación racial a documentos oficiales y uso de entrevistas”.

Advanced functionality for radio analysis in the Offline software framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The advent of the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) necessitates the development of a powerful framework for the analysis of radio measurements of cosmic ray air showers. As AERA performs ""radio-hybrid"" measurements of air shower radio emission in coincidence with the surface particle detectors and fluorescence telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory, the radio analysis functionality had to be incorporated in the existing hybrid analysis solutions for fluorescence and surface detector data. This goal has been achieved in a natural way by extending the existing Auger Offline software framework with radio functionality. In this article, we lay out the design, highlights and features of the radio extension implemented in the Auger Offline framework. Its functionality has achieved a high degree of sophistication and offers advanced features such as vectorial reconstruction of the electric field, advanced signal processing algorithms, a transparent and efficient handling of FFTs, a very detailed simulation of detector effects, and the read-in of multiple data formats including data from various radio simulation codes. The source code of this radio functionality can be made available to interested parties on request. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Trigger and aperture of the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory consists of 1600 water-Cherenkov detectors, for the study of extensive air showers (EAS) generated by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We describe the trigger hierarchy, from the identification of candidate showers at the level of a single detector, amongst a large background (mainly random single cosmic ray muons), up to the selection of real events and the rejection of random coincidences. Such trigger makes the surface detector array fully efficient for the detection of EAS with energy above 3 x 10(18) eV, for all zenith angles between 0 degrees and 60 degrees, independently of the position of the impact point and of the mass of the primary particle. In these range of energies and angles, the exposure of the surface array can be determined purely on the basis of the geometrical acceptance. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Atmospheric effects on extensive air showers observed with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger observatory

Atmospheric parameters, Such as pressure (P), temperature (T) and density (rho proportional to P/T), affect the development of extensive air showers initiated by energetic cosmic rays. We have Studied the impact of atmospheric variations on extensive air showers by means of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The rate of events shows a similar to 10% seasonal modulation and similar to 2% diurnal one. We find that the observed behaviour is explained by a model including the effects associated with the variations of P and rho. The former affects the longitudinal development of air showers while the latter influences the Moliere radius and hence the lateral distribution of the shower particles. The model is validated with full simulations of extensive air showers using atmospheric profiles measured at the site of the Pierre Auger Observatory. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Upper limit on the cosmic-ray photon fraction at EeV energies from the Pierre Auger Observatory

From direct observations of the longitudinal development of ultra-high energy air showers performed with the Pierre Auger Observatory, upper limits of 3.8%, 2.4%, 3.5% and 11.7% (at 95% c.l.) are obtained on the fraction of cosmic-ray photons above 2, 3, 5 and 10 EeV (1 EeV equivalent to 10(18) eV), respectively. These are the first experimental limits on ultra-high energy photons at energies below 10 EeV. The results complement previous constraints on top-down models from array data and they reduce systematic uncertainties in the interpretation of shower data in terms of primary flux, nuclear composition and proton-air cross-section. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Anisotropy and chemical composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays using arrival directions measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Collaboration has reported. evidence for anisotropy in the distribution of arrival directions of the cosmic rays with energies E > E(th) = 5.5 x 10(19) eV. These show a correlation with the distribution of nearby extragalactic objects, including an apparent excess around the direction of Centaurus A. If the particles responsible for these excesses at E > E(th) are heavy nuclei with charge Z, the proton component of the sources should lead to excesses in the same regions at energies E/Z. We here report the lack of anisotropies in these directions at energies above E(th)/Z (for illustrative values of Z = 6, 13, 26). If the anisotropies above E(th) are due to nuclei with charge Z, and under reasonable assumptions about the acceleration process, these observations imply stringent constraints on the allowed proton fraction at the lower energies.

Search for first harmonic modulation in the right ascension distribution of cosmic rays detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory

We present the results of searches for dipolar-type anisotropies in different energy ranges above 2.5 x 10(17) eV with the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, reporting on both the phase and the amplitude measurements of the first harmonic modulation in the right-ascension distribution. Upper limits on the amplitudes are obtained, which provide the most stringent bounds at present, being below 2% at 99% C.L. for EeV energies. We also compare our results to those of previous experiments as well as with some theoretical expectations. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Pierre Auger Observatory scaler mode for the study of solar activity modulation of galactic cosmic rays

Since data-taking began in January 2004, the Pierre Auger Observatory has been recording the count rates of low energy secondary cosmic ray particles for the self-calibration of the ground detectors of its surface detector array. After correcting for atmospheric effects, modulations of galactic cosmic rays due to solar activity and transient events are observed. Temporal variations related with the activity of the heliosphere can be determined with high accuracy due to the high total count rates. In this study, the available data are presented together with an analysis focused on the observation of Forbush decreases, where a strong correlation with neutron monitor data is found.

The exposure of the hybrid detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It consists of a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level and a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The ""hybrid"" detection mode combines the information from the two subsystems. We describe the determination of the hybrid exposure for events observed by the fluorescence telescopes in coincidence with at least one water-Cherenkov detector of the surface array. A detailed knowledge of the time dependence of the detection operations is crucial for an accurate evaluation of the exposure. We discuss the relevance of monitoring data collected during operations, such as the status of the fluorescence detector, background light and atmospheric conditions, that are used in both simulation and reconstruction. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Update on the correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic matter

Data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory through 31 August 2007 showed evidence for anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz`min energy threshold, 6 x 10(19) eV. The anisotropy was measured by the fraction of arrival directions that are less than 3.1 degrees from the position of an active galactic nucleus within 75 Mpc (using the Veron-Cetty and Veron 12th catalog). An updated measurement of this fraction is reported here using the arrival directions of cosmic rays recorded above the same energy threshold through 31 December 2009. The number of arrival directions has increased from 27 to 69, allowing a more precise measurement. The correlating fraction is (38(-6)(+7))%, compared with 21% expected for isotropic cosmic rays. This is down from the early estimate of (69-(+11)(13))%. The enlarged set of arrival directions is examined also in relation to other populations of nearby extragalactic objects: galaxies in the 2 Microns All Sky Survey and active galactic nuclei detected in hard X-rays by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope. A celestial region around the position of the radiogalaxy Cen A has the largest excess of arrival directions relative to isotropic expectations. The 2-point autocorrelation function is shown for the enlarged set of arrival directions and compared to the isotropic expectation. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It combines a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level together with a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The fluorescence detector comprises 24 large telescopes specialized for measuring the nitrogen fluorescence caused by charged particles of cosmic ray air showers. In this paper we describe the components of the fluorescence detector including its optical system, the design of the camera, the electronics, and the systems for relative and absolute calibration. We also discuss the operation and the monitoring of the detector. Finally, we evaluate the detector performance and precision of shower reconstructions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.