The mediterranean diet pattern and its main components are associated with lower plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor receptor 60 in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease

Adherence to aMediterranean diet (MD) is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. However, themolecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. The aim of this studywas to compare the effects of 2MD with those of a lowfat- diet (LFD) on circulating inflammatory biomarkers related to atherogenesis. A total of 516 participants included in the PreventionwithMediterraneanDiet Studywere randomized into 3 intervention groups [MD supplementedwith virgin olive oil (MD-VOO); MD supplemented with mixed nuts (MD-Nuts); and LFD]. At baseline and after 1 y, participants completed FFQ and adherence to MD questionnaires, and plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers including intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), IL-6, and 2 TNF receptors (TNFR60 and TNFR80) were measured by ELISA. At 1 y, the MD groups had lower plasma concentrations of IL-6, TNFR60, and TNFR80 (P , 0.05), whereas ICAM-1, TNFR60, and TNFR80 concentrations increased in the LFD group (P , 0.002). Due to between-group differences, participants in the 2 MD groups had lower plasma concentrations of ICAM-1, IL-6, TNFR60, and TNFR80 compared to those in the LFD group (P # 0.028). When participants were categorized in tertiles of 1-y changes in the consumption of selected foods, those in the highest tertile of virgin olive oil (VOO) and vegetable consumption had a lower plasma TNFR60 concentration compared with those in tertile 1 (P,0.02).Moreover, the only changes in consumption thatwere associated with 1-y changes in the geometricmean TNFR60 concentrations were those of VOO and vegetables (P = 0.01). This study suggests that a MD reduces TNFR concentrations in patients at high cardiovascular risk.

Polymorphisms cyclooxygenase-2 -765G>C and interleukin-6 -174G>C are associated with serum inflammation markers in a high cardiovascular risk population and do not modify the response to a Mediterranean diet supplemented with virgin olive oil or nuts

Inflammation is involved in cardiovascular diseases. Some studies have found that the Mediterranean diet (MD) can reduce serum concentrations of inflammation markers. However, none of these studies have analyzed the influence of genetic variability in such a response. Our objective was to study the effect of the -765G.C polymorphism in the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene and the -174G.C polymorphism in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on serum concentrations of IL-6, C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 as well as their influence on the response toa nutritional interventionwithMD.An intervention study ina high cardiovascular riskMediterranean population (314 men and 407 women) was undertaken. Participants were randomly assigned to consume a low-fat control diet or a MD supplementedwith virgin olive oil ornuts.Measureswereobtained at baseline and after a 3-mointervention period.At baseline, the COX-2 -765G.C polymorphismwas associated with lower serum IL-6 (5.85 6 4.82 in GG vs. 4.74 6 4.14 ng/L in C-allele carriers; P ¼ 0.002) and ICAM-1 (265.8 6 114.8 in GG vs. 243.0 6 107.1 mg/L in C-carriers; P ¼ 0.018) concentrations. These differences remained significant aftermultivariate adjustment. The IL-6 -174G.C polymorphism was associatedwith higher (CC vs. G-carriers) serumICAM-1concentrations in bothmenandwomenandwithhigherserumIL-6 concentrations inmen.Following the dietary intervention, no significant gene x diet interactions were found. In conclusion, although COX-2 -765G.C and IL-6 -174G.C polymorphismswere associatedwith inflammation, consuming aMD(either supplemented with virgin olive oil or nuts) reduced the concentration of inflammation markers regardless of these polymorphisms.

A short screener is valid for assessing mediterranean diet adherence among older spanish men and women

Ensuring the accuracy of dietary assessment instruments is paramount for interpreting diet-disease relationships. The present study assessed the relative and construct validity of the 14-point Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) used in the Prevencio´n con Dieta Mediterra´nea (PREDIMED) study, a primary prevention nutrition-intervention trial. A validated FFQ and the MEDAS were administered to 7146 participants of the PREDIMED study. The MEDASderived PREDIMED score correlated significantly with the corresponding FFQ PREDIMED score (r = 0.52; intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.51) and in the anticipated directions with the dietary intakes reported on the FFQ. Using Bland Altman"s analysis, the average MEDAS Mediterranean diet score estimate was 105% of the FFQ PREDIMED score estimate. Limits of agreement ranged between 57 and 153%. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that a higher PREDIMED score related directly (P , 0.001) to HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and inversely (P , 0.038) to BMI, waist circumference, TG, the TG:HDL-C ratio, fasting glucose, and the cholesterol:HDL-C ratio. The 10-y estimated coronary artery disease risk decreased as the PREDIMED score increased (P , 0.001). The MEDAS is a valid instrument for rapid estimation of adherence to the Mediterranean diet and may be useful in clinical practice.

Is response to fire influenced by dietary specialization and mobility? A comparative study with multiple animal assemblages

Fire is a major agent involved in landscape transformation and an indirect cause of changes in species composition. Responses to fire may vary greatly depending on life histories and functional traits of species. We have examined the taxonomic and functional responses to fire of eight taxonomic animal groups displaying a gradient of dietary and mobility patterns: Gastropoda, Heteroptera, Formicidae, Coleoptera, Araneae, Orthoptera, Reptilia and Aves. The fieldwork was conducted in a Mediterranean protected area on 3 sites (one unburnt and two burnt with different postfire management practices) with five replicates per site. We collected information from 4606 specimens from 274 animal species. Similarity in species composition and abundance between areas was measured by the Bray-Curtis index and ANOSIM, and comparisons between animal and plant responses by Mantel tests. We analyze whether groups with the highest percentage of omnivorous species, these species being more generalist in their dietary habits, show weak responses to fire (i.e. more similarity between burnt and unburnt areas), and independent responses to changes in vegetation. We also explore how mobility, i.e. dispersal ability, influences responses to fire. Our results demonstrate that differences in species composition and abundance between burnt and unburnt areas differed among groups. We found a tendency towards presenting lower differences between areas for groups with higher percentages of omnivorous species. Moreover, taxa with a higher percentage of omnivorous species had significantly more independent responses of changes in vegetation. High- (e.g. Aves) and low-mobility (e.g. Gastropoda) groups had the strongest responses to fire (higher R scores of the ANOSIM); however, we failed to find a significant general pattern with all the groups according to their mobility. Our results partially support the idea that functional traits underlie the response of organisms to environmental changes caused by fire.

Massive consumption of gelatinous plankton by Mediterranean apex predators

Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were used to test the hypothesis that stomach content analysis has systematically overlooked the consumption of gelatinous zooplankton by pelagic mesopredators and apex predators. The results strongly supported a major role of gelatinous plankton in the diet of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus), spearfish (Tetrapturus belone) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius). Loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the oceanic stage and ocean sunfish (Mola mola) also primarily relied on gelatinous zooplankton. In contrast, stable isotope ratios ruled out any relevant consumption of gelatinous plankton by bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), blue shark (Prionace glauca), leerfish (Lichia amia), bonito (Sarda sarda), striped dolphin (Stenella caerueloalba) and loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the neritic stage, all of which primarily relied on fish and squid. Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) were confirmed as crustacean consumers. The ratios of stable isotopes in albacore (Thunnus alalunga), amberjack (Seriola dumerili), blue butterfish (Stromaeus fiatola), bullet tuna (Auxis rochei), dolphinfish (Coryphaena hyppurus), horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) were consistent with mixed diets revealed by stomach content analysis, including nekton and crustaceans, but the consumption of gelatinous plankton could not be ruled out completely. In conclusion, the jellyvorous guild in the Mediterranean integrates two specialists (ocean sunfish and loggerhead sea turtles in the oceanic stage) and several opportunists (bluefin tuna, little tunny, spearfish, swordfish and, perhaps, blue butterfish), most of them with shrinking populations due to overfishing.

Landscape Systems and Human Land-Use Interactions in Mediterranean Highlands and Littoral Plains during the Late Holocene: Integrated Analysis from the InterAmbAr Project (North-Eastern Catalonia).

The main goal of the InterAmbAr reseach project is to analyze the relationships between landscape systems and human land-use strategies on mountains and littoral plains from a long-term perspective. The study adopts a high resolution analysis of small-scale study areas located in the Mediterranean region of north-eastern Catalonia. The study areas are distributed along an altitudinal transect from the high mountain (above 2000m a.s.l.) to the littoral plain of Empordà (Fig. 1). High resolution interdisciplinary research has been carried out from 2010, based on the integration of palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data. The micro-scale approach is used to understand human-environmental relationships. It allows better understanding of the local-regional nature of environmental changes and the synergies between catchment-based systems, hydro-sedimentary regimes, human mobility, land-uses, human environments, demography, etc.

Sponge Mass Mortalities in a Warming Mediterranean Sea: Are Cyanobacteria-Harboring Species Worse Off?

Mass mortality events are increasing dramatically in all coastal marine environments. Determining the underlying causes of mass mortality events has proven difficult in the past because of the lack of prior quantitative data on populations and environmental variables. Four-year surveys of two shallow-water sponge species, Ircinia fasciculata and Sarcotragus spinosulum, were carried out in the western Mediterranean Sea. These surveys provided evidence of two severe sponge die-offs (total mortality ranging from 80 to 95% of specimens) occurring in the summers of 2008 and 2009. These events primarily affected I. fasciculata, which hosts both phototrophic and heterotrophic microsymbionts, while they did not affect S. spinosulum, which harbors only heterotrophic bacteria. We observed a significant positive correlation between the percentage of injured I. fasciculata specimens and exposure time to elevated temperature conditions in all populations, suggesting a key role of temperature in triggering mortality events. A comparative ultrastructural study of injured and healthy I. fasciculata specimens showed that cyanobacteria disappeared from injured specimens, which suggests that cyanobacterial decay could be involved in I. fasciculata mortality. A laboratory experiment confirmed that the cyanobacteria harbored by I. fasciculata displayed a significant reduction in photosynthetic efficiency in the highest temperature treatment. The sponge disease reported here led to a severe decrease in the abundance of the surveyed populations. It represents one of the most dramatic mass mortality events to date in the Mediterranean Sea

Interprétation du shivaïsme cachemirien non duel chez Eric Baret, Pierre Feuga, Daniel Odier : vecteur de l'émergence de nouvelles spiritualités tantriques

La présente recherche se focalise sur la production littéraire de trois auteurs francophones modernes : Éric Baret (1953-), Pierre Feuga (1942-2008) et Daniel Odier (1945-). En tant que figures de la néo-spiritualité, ces auteurs ont d'abord interprété le shivaïsme cachemirien non duel dans la zone francophone avant d'étendre leur activité à d'autres pays d'Europe et d'Amérique du Nord. Leur démarche s'inscrit dans un contexte culturel francophone qui jouit d'une longue tradition d'investigation de certaines formes philosophiques du yoga et d'études philosophiques du bouddhisme. Peu connu du public occidental, le shivaïsme cachemirien non duel est en train de devenir une pensée de référence dans les milieux de la néo-spiritualité, notamment grâce à l'interprétation donnée par les auteurs susmentionnés. Les trois auteurs se réfèrent aux mêmes traductions et commentaires écrits en français du shivaïsme cachemirien non duel, à savoir les travaux de la sanskritiste française Lilian Silburn qui a entre autres travaillé avec Lakshman Ji, grand érudit du Cachemire. Ils pratiquent et enseignent une technique corporelle (yoga, tai chi ou danse tandavà), ont voyagé en Asie, notamment en Inde et ont un ou plusieurs maîtres. Le présent travail se limite à une période historique précise de l'histoire des religions, à savoir les années 60 du 20e siècle jusqu'au milieu des années 10 du 21e siècle. Cette période suscite un regain d'intérêt et d'interrogation dans le paysage du religieux. Sur cette scène de la néo¬spiritualité, nous avons analysé les passerelles entre des sagesses orientales et des pensées occidentales et avons mis en avant la manière dont elles se sont greffées sur les enjeux liés au parcours personnel des trois auteurs. Le shivaïsme cachemirien non duel est une mystique et une philosophie qui relève de la pensée tantrique. Nous avons développé la question de la réception du tantrisme sur sol occidental depuis le début du 20e siècle puis montré les particularités tantriques issues du shivaïsme cachemirien non duel que les auteurs retenus ont développées. Nous avons choisi trois thèmes dans la production des auteurs pour parler de leur interprétation du shivaïsme cachemirien non duel. Il s'agit du voyage, du rêve et de la référence au Grand Oeuvre alchimique en tant que symbole de transformation de soi. Ces thèmes ont permis de faire ressortir quatre problématiques qui traversent la production littéraire et l'enseignement des auteurs, à savoir le féminin, la non-dualité, l'éveil et la question de l'union des deux principes, masculin et féminin. En reliant thèmes et problématiques, nous sommes parvenue à l'énoncé suivant : Le voyage ou la quête du féminin et de l'éveil Le rêve ou la quête de la non-dualité - Grand Oeuvre alchimique et tantrisme ou la quête de la non-dualité et l'union des deux principes. Nous sommes arrivées à la conclusion que les trois auteurs sont devenus des figures incontournables dans la recomposition du paysage de la néo-spiritualité en Occident, notamment en francophonie, et qu'ils ont grandement contribué à faire connaître la pensée tantrique du shivaïsme cachemirien non duel.

Characterization of thirty two microsatellite loci for three Atlanto-Mediterranean echinoderm species

Thirty two microsatellites were optimized from 454 pyrosequencing libraries for three Atlanto-Mediterranean echinoderms: Coscinasterias tenuispina, Echinaster sepositus and Arbacia lixula. We observed different frequency of microsatellite types (di-, tri-, tetra- and pentanucleotide) throughout the genome of the species, but no significant differences were observed in allele richness among different microsatellite repeats. No loci showed linkage disequilibrium. Heterozygosity deficit and departure from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium were observed for some loci, in two species, probably due to high levels of inbreeding. Heterozygosity excess observed in C. tenuispina could be explained by selection against homozygotes and/or outcrossing.

El líquid cerebroespinal. Un fluid vital per al sistema nerviós central

Moltes civilitzacions s"han desenvolupat al costat de rius i mars, uns medis fluids que han servit de vehicle de cohesió i transport i que han afavorit la supervivència de les persones que vivien a les seves ribes. Per als egipcis va ser el Nil; per als mesopotamis, el Tigris i l"Eufrates, i per als grecs i fenicis, la Mediterrània. Un dels sistemes dels animals més complexos funcionalment és el nerviós, el qual assoleix l"expressió màxima en els vertebrats, molt especialment en òrgans com el cervell. Sorprenentment, el cervell també s"organitza, des de l"inici embrionari i durant tota la vida adulta, al voltant d"un fluid extraordinàriament dinàmic i complex: el líquid cerebrospinal.

Auerbach, E. (1946), Mimesis: Dargestellte Wirklichkeit in der abedländischen Literatur. (Ressenya)

Ressenya de: Auerbach, E. (1946), Mimesis: Dargestellte Wirklichkeit in der abendländischen Literatur, Berna, Francke AG. Verlag. Edición consultada: Auerbach, E. (2002), Mímesis: La representación de la realidad en la literatura occidental (trad. de Villanueva I. e Irmaz E.), México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2002, 533 p.

Gobernanza y capacidades institucionales en la frontera pirenaica

Este trabajo pretende transmitir algunos resultados y reflexiones de una investigación realizada por un equipo de diversas universidades acerca de las capacidades institucionales de las euroregiones en la Península Ibérica. El concepto de capacidad institucional es clave para valorar el grado de eficiencia de estas entidades que hoy se dispersan por todas las fronteras europeas, si bien en su mayoría tienen un origen reciente y se encuentran en fase de desarrollo. Se presentan los resultados de las entrevistas a un conjunto de actores de una serie de estructuras ubicadas en la frontera pirenaica oriental y occidental, respectivamente. Más allá de factores externos (legales y administrativos, políticos, financieros) se han detectado otras problemáticas derivadas del análisis de las formas de gobernanza y de las capacidades institucionales. En cuanto al futuro, se sugiere avanzar en la europeización de las políticas fronterizas, y una revisión urgente de las AECT

Estudio de las virtudes y los vicios en "La Ilíada"

Aristòtil, juntament amb Plató, és considerat un dels grans pares del pensament occidental, i com a tal, les seves teories segueixen sent referents en el panorama acadèmic actual. En aquest treball es pretén analitzar les virtuts i els vicis seleccionats de l’Ètica a Nicòmac que estableixen un diàleg amb la Iliada d’Homer, i així avaluar el potencial pedagògic d’aquesta epopeia de manera especial a partir dels conceptes aristotèlics de mimesi i catarsi, que prenen com a objecte d’estudi algunes veritats universals de l’home.

Patologías colectivas en las crisis sociales: decadencia o transformación

Al present escrit tenim com objectiu desxifrar quines són les causes que porten a una societat, i concretament aquesta, fins al fracàs o fins el canvi psicològic. A partir de l’observació d’aquests canvis, hem decidit encunyar un nou terme: “patologies col·lectives”. Buscarem a tots el racons de la ment humana que tant s’està transformant en la modernitat, per trobar i descriure el més profundament possible que és el que està passant en la societat occidental i el perquè del naixement d’un nou problema en els nostres temps de crisi: les patologies col·lectives.

Converses en un espai de frontera dialectal : Estudi sobre la transició dialectal en les fronteres comarcals del Priorat i del Baix Camp

Aquest és un estudi geolingüístic en una àrea de transició entre el català occidental i l'oriental situat entre els límits comarcals del Priorat i el Baix Camp. Els pobles estudiats són Cornudella, Ulldemolins, la Morera, Prades, Capafonts i Arbolí. La descripció lingüística ens permet posar en relleu les convergències i divergències dels parlars dels pobles. L'estudi recull també el lèxic més significatiu de cada població i els mapes amb els resultats.