Urban Catalyst: Continuing the Legacy of Massachusetts Avenue

This thesis proposes a reconnection of Massachusetts Avenue to the Anacostia River waterfront in Washington, DC. An intervention at the site of Reservation 13 will reconcile a difficult urban edge and reunite the neighborhood of Lincoln Park with the river. It also addresses the discontinuity of the avenue to the southeast and proposes the development of a bridge between the Western bank and ultimately Randle Circle. Along this reconciled corridor will be a series of architectural interventions that serve to promote community involvement. Ultimately this thesis is about generating an urban continuity and the cultural vibrancy and understanding that such a connection would foster.

A gestão da floresta e o planeamento do uso do solo

A temática desta dissertação é a gestão sustentável da actividade florestal. Tem como objectivo o desenvolvimento e aplicação de metodologias de planeamento e gestão do uso do solo. As preocupações com as intervenções na paisagem e com a incorporação das componentes que a constituem no planeamento e na gestão do território tem vindo a ter um maior desenvolvimento desde a década de 70. Por sua vez, as iniciativas políticas nacionais e internacionais na área do ambiente tiveram um maior impulso a partir dessa época, conduzindo a uma situação em que as preocupações com a sua conservação, gestão e qualificação assumem um papel fundamental. Um aumento da qualidade das paisagens implica um correcto planeamento do uso do solo e um subsequente esquema de incentivos à realidade sócioeconómica, potenciadores de um desenvolvimento sustentável. A gestão e o desenvolvimento sustentável pressupõem, por um lado, uma utilização parcimoniosa dos recursos, mas também uma articulação correcta dos usos às potencialidades do território, num quadro de planeamento e gestão do espaço que permita e promova o desenvolvimento de actividades económicas viáveis. Reconhecendo a forte influência que a acção antrópica tem exercido sobre a paisagem, privilegia-se a avaliação do factor evolução do uso do solo e a relação destas alterações com origem na actividade humana e com causas naturais de forma a determinar as causas específicas das alterações de uso. Nesta perspectiva efectua-se uma avaliação retrospectiva do impacto das diversas medidas de gestão com reflexo nas paisagens do Concelho de Arganil. A metodologia desenvolvida divide-se em cinco fases e tem como resultados os cenários de evolução do uso do solo e da demografia bem como a proposta de um modelo de ocupação sustentável. A escolha deste concelho como território de estudo para aplicação da investigação produzida prende-se com o facto de se considerar que ele é representativo de toda uma realidade da actividade florestal numa região vasta e de características razoavelmente idênticas, na qual existiram mudanças acentuadas de uso do solo e do meio sócio-económico nos últimos 50 anos, e de apresentar tendências evolutivas semelhantes às dos outros concelhos envolventes, o que permitirá aplicar a metodologia desenvolvida a outras áreas.

Land use and zoning map, Jackson Brook watershed, Morris County, New Jersey /

Shows "1988 land use."

Yhteisneuvottelu ja viranomaisyhteistyö ympäristöasioissa : YVA- ja lupamenettelyjen yhteyden vahvistaminen

Tähän raporttiin on koottu Uudenmaan ELY-keskuksen ja Etelä-Suomen aluehallintoviraston (AVI) yhteisen, YVA- ja ympäristölupa-menettelyjen yhteyttä edistävän kokeiluhankkeen ensimmäisen vaiheen (9 / 2015 – 8 / 2016) tulokset. Tavoitteena on ollut mm. selvittää ympäristövaikutusten arviointia (YVA), ympäristölupaa ja mahdollista kemikaaliturvallisuuslupaa edellyttävien hankkeiden etenemis-tä nopeuttavia käytäntöjä sekä keinoja parantaa viranomaisten välistä yhteistyötä. YVA- ja lupamenettelyjen ohella tarkasteltiin kaavoitusmenettelyä ja kaavoituksen liittymäpintoja muihin ympäristömenettelyihin. Tiedonkeruumenetelminä käytettiin haastatteluja, kyselyjä ja käytännön kokeiluja. Keskeinen tarkasteltu käytäntö oli toiminnanharjoittajan ja eri viranomaisten välinen yhteisneuvottelu. Neuvottelun tavoitteena on toiminnanharjoittajan hankkeeseen liittyvien YVA-, lupa-, Natura-arviointi-, ja kaavoitusmenettelyjen yhteensovittaminen. Lisäksi neuvottelussa on tarkoitus tunnistaa hankkeeseen liittyviä (ympäristö)selvitystarpeita sekä mahdollisuuksia parantaa yhteistyötä ja tiedonvaihtoa hankkeen kanssa tekemisissä olevien tahojen välillä. Vastaavantyyppisistä neuvotteluista on aiemmissa selvityksissä käytetty termiä ennakkoneuvottelu. Yhteisneuvotteluja voidaan järjestää hankkeen ja siihen liittyvien viranomaismenettelyjen eri vaiheissa. Neuvottelujen määrä, ajoittuminen ja osallistujat suunnitellaan tapauskohtaisesti, hankkeen tarpeista ja siihen liittyvistä viranomaismenettelyistä riippuen. Kaikissa hankkeissa yhteisneuvotteluja ei välttämättä tarvita. Tulosten perusteella raportissa suositellaan viranomaisten välisen yhteistyön parantamista mm. verkostoitumisen ja tiiviimmän yhteydenpidon keinoin. Samoin suositellaan viranomaismenettelyjen yhteensovittamista yhteisneuvottelujen avulla, menettelyjen tiiviimmän yhdistämisen kokeiluja, toiminnan asiakaslähtöisyyden lisäämistä ja viranomaistiedon saatavuuden parantamista. Neuvottelujen onnistumiseksi osallistujilta edellytetään luottamusta, yhteistyöhalukkuutta sekä vastuunottoa yhteensovittamiselle asetettujen tavoitteiden saavuttamisesta. Lisäksi suositellaan, että yhteisneuvottelu säädetään lailla joustavaksi ja tapauskohtaisen harkinnan mahdollistavaksi. Kokeiluhankkeen toisessa vaiheessa (9 / 2016 – 2 / 2017) selvitetään tarkemmin YVA- ja lupamenettelyjen yhteyden vahvistamista ja viranomaisyhteistyön parantamismahdollisuuksia lupavaiheen näkökulmasta. Hankkeen loppuraportti ilmestyy alkuvuodesta 2017.

Stochastic simulation of time-series models combined with geostatistics to predict water-table scenarios in a Guarani Aquifer System outcrop area, Brazil

Stochastic methods based on time-series modeling combined with geostatistics can be useful tools to describe the variability of water-table levels in time and space and to account for uncertainty. Monitoring water-level networks can give information about the dynamic of the aquifer domain in both dimensions. Time-series modeling is an elegant way to treat monitoring data without the complexity of physical mechanistic models. Time-series model predictions can be interpolated spatially, with the spatial differences in water-table dynamics determined by the spatial variation in the system properties and the temporal variation driven by the dynamics of the inputs into the system. An integration of stochastic methods is presented, based on time-series modeling and geostatistics as a framework to predict water levels for decision making in groundwater management and land-use planning. The methodology is applied in a case study in a Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) outcrop area located in the southeastern part of Brazil. Communication of results in a clear and understandable form, via simulated scenarios, is discussed as an alternative, when translating scientific knowledge into applications of stochastic hydrogeology in large aquifers with limited monitoring network coverage like the GAS.

Transfer function-noise modeling and spatial interpolation to evaluate the risk of extreme (shallow) water-table levels in the Brazilian Cerrados

Water regimes in the Brazilian Cerrados are sensitive to climatological disturbances and human intervention. The risk that critical water-table levels are exceeded over long periods of time can be estimated by applying stochastic methods in modeling the dynamic relationship between water levels and driving forces such as precipitation and evapotranspiration. In this study, a transfer function-noise model, the so called PIRFICT-model, is applied to estimate the dynamic relationship between water-table depth and precipitation surplus/deficit in a watershed with a groundwater monitoring scheme in the Brazilian Cerrados. Critical limits were defined for a period in the Cerrados agricultural calendar, the end of the rainy season, when extremely shallow levels (< 0.5-m depth) can pose a risk to plant health and machinery before harvesting. By simulating time-series models, the risk of exceeding critical thresholds during a continuous period of time (e.g. 10 days) is described by probability levels. These simulated probabilities were interpolated spatially using universal kriging, incorporating information related to the drainage basin from a digital elevation model. The resulting map reduced model uncertainty. Three areas were defined as presenting potential risk at the end of the rainy season. These areas deserve attention with respect to water-management and land-use planning.

Designing Happiness: Architecture and urban design for joy and well-being

Scientific studies exploring the environmental and experiential elements that help boost human happiness have become a significant and expanding body of work. Some urban designers, architects and planners are looking to apply this knowledge through policy decisions and design, but there is a great deal of room for further study and exploration. This paper looks at definitions of happiness and happiness measurements used in research. The paper goes on to introduce six environmental factors identified in a literature review that have design implications relating to happiness: Nature, Light, Surprise, Access, Identity, and Sociality. Architectural precedents are examined and design strategies are proposed for each factor, which are then applied to a test case site and building in Baltimore, Maryland. It is anticipated that these factors and strategies will be useful to architects, urban designers and planners as they endeavor to design positive user experiences and set city shaping policy.

Unidades de manejo para pinus: desenvolvimento e aplicação de metodologia em áreas de produção no oeste catarinense.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivos desenvolver e aplicar, no oeste catarinense, uma metodologia de estabelecimento de unidades de manejo para pinus a partir do mapeamento semi-detalhado de solos das áreas de estudo. Duas hipóteses de trabalho foram modeladas, ambas utilizando o sistema de produção de pinus local, que não faz correção da deficiência de nutrientes (ΔN): uma interpretação baseada na ausência de resposta ao melhoramento do ΔN, ou seja, que os tetos de produtividade independem dessa ação, sendo esse o modelo atual; e uma segunda interpretação considerando que a ausência do melhoramento do ΔN interfere nos tetos de produtividade do cultivo de pinus para as terras estudadas, modelo que representa um novo paradigma a ser testado. Cada polígono do mapa de solos detalhado foi associado a uma base de dados, que permitiu a definição dos graus de limitação das terras (ΔN, deficiência de água, deficiência de oxigênio, suscetibilidade à erosão e impedimentos ao manejo) para o cultivo do pinus. Conjuntos de critérios, considerando os diferentes graus de limitação alcançados para cada faixa de terra (polígonos do mapeamento de solos), definiram os guias para as classes de unidades de manejo para o cultivo de pinus. O mapeamento de solos semi-detalhado das áreas de produção identificou áreas mapeáveis associadas às classes de solos, em nível de ordem, Latossolos, Nitossolos, Cambissolos, Neossolos e Gleissolos. Essas cinco ordens geraram 36 unidades de mapeamento de solos. As limitações associadas aos atributos profundidade efetiva, relevo e presença de pedregosidade/rochosidade fizeram dos impedimentos ao manejo os fatores de limitação mais importantes para o cultivo de pinus das áreas mapeadas. Os quantitativos das classes de unidades de manejo para pinus dependeram de se considerar ou não a hipótese de resposta ao melhoramento do ΔN no sistema de manejo em uso na região. Na hipótese da ausência de resposta ao melhoramento do ΔN para a produção de pinus, temos os seguintes quantitativos: Apta superior com 113,14 ha (ou 7,5% da área mapeada); Apta inferior com 644,73 (ou 42,8% da área mapeada); Marginal superior com 408,35 (ou 27,1% da área mapeada); Marginal inferior com 277,58 ha (ou 18,4% da área mapeada) e Inapta com 63,2 ha (ou 4,2% da área mapeada). Ao se considerar a hipótese de uma resposta positiva ao melhoramento de ΔN para a produção de pinus e que o atual sistema de manejo não faz esse melhoramento, ocorre uma piora dos resultados, com muitas terras migrando das classes de unidades de manejo Apta (superior e inferior) para a classe Marginal superior.

El patrimonio cultural tangible e intangible articulado a la ordenación territorial aplicado al caso del cantón Paltas provincia de Loja

En el Ecuador la base legal como la Constitución del 2008 y el Código Orgánico de Organización Territorial, Autonomía y descentralización (COOTAD), establecen la organización político administrativa del territorio en diferentes niveles de gobierno, sean estos regiones, provincias, cantones, parroquias rurales y también de régimen especial, para ello estos niveles adquieren funciones de integridad para realizar legislación, ejecución, fiscalización y de participación ciudadana, en donde se alcanzará y se promoverá el desarrollo sustentable en el marco del plan nacional del buen vivir. Para lograr este legado, los diferentes Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados deben elaborar y ejecutar el Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT) y el Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial (PDOT), de acuerdo a sus competencias de circunscripción territorial. Por competencia exclusiva les corresponde a los gobiernos municipales " formular, aprobar y evaluar los planes, programas y proyectos destinados a la preservación, mantenimiento y difusión del patrimonio arquitectónico, cultural y natural de su circunscripción..... Para el efecto, el patrimonio en referencia será considerado en todas sus expresiones tangibles e intangible...” (COOTAD Art. 144). Lamentablemente la mayoría de estos gobiernos municipales poco o nada han incorporado el patrimonio cultural tangible e intangible en sus fases de análisis de, diagnóstico, propuesta y modelo gestión. Como base fundamental tomaremos la guía metodológica para la elaboración de planes de desarrollo y ordenamiento que presenta la SENPLADES en el año 2014y la propuesta que realiza el Dr. Domingo Gómez Orea en su libro Ordenación Territorial 2da edición, de ahí se propone una alternativa metodológica de articulación del patrimonio cultural y ordenamiento territorial. Y para lograr este objetivo, utilizaremos la información disponible que cuenta el Instituto nacional de Patrimonio Cultural (INPC) en su sistema informatizado que se encuentra en la página Web www.inpc.gob.ec, denominado Sistema de Información Patrimonial Cultural del Ecuador (SIPCE), esta base de información que contiene fichas de inventario en sus diferentes ámbitos culturales como inmuebles, muebles, documentos. Arqueológicos y manifestaciones inmateriales, previamente analizadas y georreferenciadas nos permitirán territorializar en el espacio cantonal y con ello poder realizar un análisis integrado con los otros componentes como es el medio físico, poblacional, económico, núcleos de población etc. Esta nueva metodología permitirá visualizar, conocer, aprender y empodéranos del patrimonio cultural material e inmaterial, con aquellas manifestaciones culturales y tradicionales que existen y se encuentran en vigencia. También poder recuperar y rescatar aquellas que están en peligro de desaparecer, este potencial cultural será una gran posibilidad de generar emprendimientos y desarrollo sustentable. La manera más idónea de concretar y fomentar este desarrollo sustentable en territorio será a través de la formulación de programas, planes y proyectos que deberán plantearse en los planes de ordenamiento territorial y los planes de desarrollo territorial. Finalmente para comprobar esta nueva propuesta metodológica de articulación entre el patrimonio cultural y el ordenamiento territorial, la aplicaremos al cantón Paltas de la provincia de Loja.

High spatial resolution land use and land cover mapping of the Brazilian Legal Amazon in 2008 using Landsat-5/TM and MODIS data.

Understanding spatial patterns of land use and land cover is essential for studies addressing biodiversity, climate change and environmental modeling as well as for the design and monitoring of land use policies. The aim of this study was to create a detailed map of land use land cover of the deforested areas of the Brazilian Legal Amazon up to 2008. Deforestation data from and uses were mapped with Landsat-5/TM images analysed with techniques, such as linear spectral mixture model, threshold slicing and visual interpretation, aided by temporal information extracted from NDVI MODIS time series. The result is a high spatial resolution of land use and land cover map of the entire Brazilian Legal Amazon for the year 2008 and corresponding calculation of area occupied by different land use classes. The results showed that the four classes of Pasture covered 62% of the deforested areas of the Brazilian Legal Amazon, followed by Secondary Vegetation with 21%. The area occupied by Annual Agriculture covered less than 5% of deforested areas; the remaining areas were distributed among six other land use classes. The maps generated from this project ? called TerraClass - are available at INPE?s web site (http://www.inpe.br/cra/projetos_pesquisas/terraclass2008.php)

Hazard Mitigation Element Quality in Coastal Comprehensive Plans in a State with Strong Requirements for Hazard Mitigation Plan Elements

This dissertation examines the quality of hazard mitigation elements in a coastal, hazard prone state. I answer two questions. First, in a state with a strong mandate for hazard mitigation elements in comprehensive plans, does plan quality differ among county governments? Second, if such variation exists, what drives this variation? My research focuses primarily on Florida’s 35 coastal counties, which are all at risk for hurricane and flood hazards, and all fall under Florida’s mandate to have a comprehensive plan that includes a hazard mitigation element. Research methods included document review to rate the hazard mitigation elements of all 35 coastal county plans and subsequent analysis against demographic and hazard history factors. Following this, I conducted an electronic, nationwide survey of planning professionals and academics, informed by interviews of planning leaders in Florida counties. I found that hazard mitigation element quality varied widely among the 35 Florida coastal counties, but were close to a normal distribution. No plans were of exceptionally high quality. Overall, historical hazard effects did not correlate with hazard mitigation element quality, but some demographic variables that are associated with urban populations did. The variance in hazard mitigation element quality indicates that while state law may mandate, and even prescribe, hazard mitigation in local comprehensive plans, not all plans will result in equal, or even adequate, protection for people. Furthermore, the mixed correlations with demographic variables representing social and disaster vulnerability shows that, at least at the county level, vulnerability to hazards does not have a strong effect on hazard mitigation element quality. From a theory perspective, my research is significant because it compares assumptions about vulnerability based on hazard history and demographics to plan quality. The only vulnerability-related variables that appeared to correlate, and at that mildly so, with hazard mitigation element quality, were those typically representing more urban areas. In terms of the theory of Neo-Institutionalism and theories related to learning organizations, my research shows that planning departments appear to have set norms and rules of operating that preclude both significant public involvement and learning from prior hazard events.

Analysis of Land Use Change as a Method of Predicting Water Demands in an Urbanizing Environment: Redland, Miami-Dade County, Florida

The fluctuation in water demand in the Redland community of Miami-Dade County was examined using land use data from 2001 and 2011 and water estimation techniques provided by local and state agencies. The data was converted to 30 m mosaicked raster grids that indicated land use change, and associated water demand measured in gallons per day per acre. The results indicate that, first, despite an increase in population, water demand decreased overall in Redland from 2001 to 2011. Second, conversion of agricultural lands to residential lands actually caused a decrease in water demand in most cases while acquisition of farmland by public agencies also caused a sharp decline. Third, conversion of row crops and groves to nurseries was substantial and resulted in a significant increase in water demand in all such areas converted. Finally, estimating water demand based on land use, rather than population, is a more accurate approach.

Land use change from rainforests to oil palm plantations and food gardens in Papua New Guinea: Effects on soil properties and S fractions

Changes in soil sulfur (S) fractions were assessed in oil palm and food garden land use systems developed on forest vegetation in humid tropical areas of Popondetta in northern Province. The study tested a hypothesis that S in food gardens are limiting nutrient factor and are significantly lower than in plantations and forests. Subsistence food gardens are under long-term slash and burn practice of cropping and such practice is expected to accelerate loss of biomass S from the ecosystem. From each land use, surface soil (0–15 cm) samples were characterised and further pseudocomplete fractionated for S. Conversion of forest to oil palm production decreased (p<0.001) soil pH and electrical conductivity values. The reserve S fraction in soil increased significantly (p<0.05) due to oil palm production ( 28 %) and food gardening activity (∼ 54 %). However, plant available SO42--S was below 15 mg kg^(−1) in the food garden soils and foliar samples of sweet potato crop indicating deficiency of plant available S. Soil organic carbon content (OC) was positively and significantly correlated to total S content (r=0.533; p<0.001) among the land use systems. Thus, crop management practices that affect OC status of the soils would potentially affect the S availability in soils. The possible changes in the chemical nature of mineralisable organic S compounds leading to enhanced mineralisation and leaching losses could be the reasons for the deficiency of S in the food garden soils. The results of this study conclude that long-term subsistence food gardening activity enriched top soils with reserve S or total S content at the expense of soluble S fraction. The subsistence cropping practices such as biomass burning in food gardens and reduced fallow periods are apparently threatening food security of oil palm households. Improved soil OC management strategies such as avoiding burning of fallow vegetation, improved fallows, mulching with fallow biomass, use of manures and S containing fertilisers must be promoted to sustain food security in smallholder oil palm system.

El proceso urbano territorial de Quibdó: una relación entre la gestión de los servicios públicos domiciliarios y las acciones de ordenamiento 2001-2014

El propósito de este trabajo es analizar el proceso urbano territorial del Municipio de Quibdó con respecto a las acciones de ordenamiento y la gestión de los servicios públicos en sus unidades de estudio, Zona Centro, Zona Norte y barrio Niño Jesús. En la primera parte, se describe la importancia de los servicios públicos en la mejora de la calidad de vida de la gente y se desarrolla un recuento histórico de las formas de prestación de los servicios públicos y su situación actual en el municipio. En la segunda parte se describen los principales acciones de Ordenamiento Territorial y, se analiza la forma como estos pudieron guiar, o no, el proceso de ordenamiento territorial del municipio. Finalmente, a partir de elementos como el POT, encuestas focalizadas y fenómenos como el desplazamiento, se analizan los principales factores que afectaron el proceso de ordenamiento territorial y moldearon un nuevo territorio.

Intereses económicos y políticos versus identidad cultural del corregimiento de Belén de Bajirá

En Colombia, el ordenamiento territorial debe ser una política de estado, un instrumento estratégico para el desarrollo del país que debe tener una visión de largo plazo y debe tener como objetivos la sostenibilidad de recursos naturales, la preservación de la biodiversidad y reconocimiento de servicios eco sistémicos, la equidad en el acceso a los servicios e infraestructura, la preservación del patrimonio étnico y cultural además de incentivar la competitividad con perspectiva de responsabilidad territorial. Es precisamente en la zona de Urabá, entre el límite entre Chocó y Antioquia donde existe un corregimiento llamado Belén de Bajirá, el cual se encuentra en un conflicto territorial hace 16 años. Los dos departamentos se disputan la posesión de este corregimiento que tiene un censo de 16 mil habitantes, un inspector de policía, rector de colegio, recaudador de impuestos que no se pueden cobrar, asimilando un gobierno paralelo; este trabajo de grado busca explicar o dilucidar las causas por las cuales esta diferencia limítrofe ocurrió y dar posibles soluciones.