International analysis of the countries where Brazilian franchise chains operate

This paper aims to demonstrate which external environment factors are involved in the international commitment of Brazilian franchise chains. Our objectives herein are to understand which external country characteristics lead to international franchising operations and to ascertain the influence of such characteristics in the commitment of franchise chains in each country they operate in. The database has 54 Brazilian franchise chains with international operations in 26 countries, which implies in 157 franchises operating abroad. Regarding external environment factors, the independent variables form a group divided into market opportunity and business efficiency – trust and ease to doing business. The result of the three distinct clusters show how the market opportunity and the business efficiency (trust and ease in doing business) work as drivers to the international operation of Brazilian franchises. The paper shows that the franchise chains operating in the USA (cluster 3) have an inferior international commitment in comparison with the franchises which operate in developed countries and in small Latin American countries (cluster 2). It is also possible to notice a large number of franchises that operate in underdeveloped countries from Latin America and Africa (cluster 1) with worse business efficiency due to the advantage of learning how to operate in a country that could have some similarities with Brazil

The ability to innovate in international entrepreneurship

ABSTRACT In this article, the purpose was to analyze the ability to innovate in international entrepreneurship. Thus, a qualitative study of multiple cases was developed. Data was collected mainly by semi-structured interviews with 30 social subjects, and ATLAS.ti software supported content analysis. We observed that the entrepreneurs' innovative actions were focused on the product and production. As a result, it was found that the presence of the ability to innovate was intermittent throughout the internationalization process, except in only one of the companies, where it occurred continuously.

Education and male-female differences in later-life cognition: international evidence from latin america and the Caribbean.

This study explores the role of early-life education for differences in cognitive functioning between men and women aged 60 and older from seven major urban areas in Latin America and the Caribbean. After documenting statistically significant differences in cognitive functioning between men and women for six of the seven study sites, I assess the extent to which these differences can be explained by prevailing male-female differences in education. I decompose predicted male-female differences in cognitive functioning based on various statistical models for later-life cognition and find robust evidence that male-female differences in education are a major driving force behind cognitive functioning differences between older men and women. This study therefore suggests that early-life differences in educational attainment between boys and girls during childhood have a lasting impact on gender inequity in cognitive functioning at older ages. Increases in educational attainment and the closing of the gender gap in education in many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean may thus result in both higher levels and a more gender-equitable distribution of later-life cognition among the future elderly in those countries.

La prise en compte de la masse successorale étrangère en droit successoral suisse : étude de droit suisse et de droit comparé

Introduction : A l'heure de la mondialisation, bon nombre de relations juridiques connaissent des imbrications internationales, raison pour laquelle l'importance du droit international privé s'en trouve accrue. L'extension de l'Union européenne témoigne actuellement de la mobilité grandissante des personnes. Par le biais des accords bilatéraux, la Suisse est, dans certains domaines, directement concernée par cet espace communautaire et la règlementation européenne y relative. Nous pensons notamment aux accords de Schengen en vertu desquels la Suisse se trouve confrontée à un flux migratoire sensiblement plus important que par le passé. Sur le plan patrimonial, la principale conséquence de cette mobilité est celle de la dispersion du patrimoine des personnes sur le territoire de plusieurs Etats. En effet, la libre circulation des personnes et les facilités d'établissement dans les Etats occidentaux conduisent bon nombre d'individus à quitter leur Etat d'origine pour aller travailler et se domicilier dans un autre Etat. Ce simple cheminement a alors souvent pour effet de répartir le patrimoine du migrant entre son Etat d'origine et son Etat de domicile. Plus généralement, la liberté économique, produit essentiel du capitalisme, permet à une personne, tout en restant domiciliée dans son Etat d'origine, de placer une partie de ses biens dans un autre Etat que son Etat de domicile. Si l'existence d'un patrimoine éparpillé est certes une problématique relativement complexe du vivant de la personne, notamment en matière de droit fiscal, la transmission dudit patrimoine en matière successorale constitue un véritable casse-tête en droit civil. La présente thèse de doctorat a donc pour objet général l'observation et l'analyse du règlement des successions internationales supposant l'application du droit suisse et/ou la compétence des autorités suisses. A la lecture du livre troisième du Code civil suisse (article 457-640 CC), le règlement de la succession d'un défunt est un processus parfaitement réglé qui, s'il soulève encore un certain nombre de questions subtiles à l'instar de tous les domaines du droit, ne pose pas de problèmes fondamentaux auxquels le praticien pourrait se heurter. Selon l'art. 538 CC, la succession d'une personne s'ouvre à son dernier domicile, ce qui laisse penser que le droit successoral matériel suisse s'applique à quiconque est domicilié en Suisse. Toutefois, le droit successoral matériel prévu dans le Code civil suisse concerne avant tout les successions dites nationales, à savoir les successions de personnes décédées en étant domiciliées en Suisse et dont l'ensemble du patrimoine est situé en Suisse. Il n'est ainsi nullement fait mention d'une éventuelle prise en compte des facteurs tels que la nationalité du défunt ou le lieu de situation des biens extants. Pourtant, bien avant l'adoption du Code civil suisse, le législateur suisse a pris en compte les facteurs susmentionnés en adoptant des législations propres au droit des conflits de lois. L'actuelle réglementation suisse du droit des conflits est contenue dans la Loi fédérale du 18 décembre 1987 sur le droit international privé, dans laquelle les successions internationales font l'objet des articles 86 à 96 LDIP. Dès lors, malgré l'art. 538 CC et l'interprétation du champ d'application des art. 457-640 CC qui en découle, force est d'admettre que, au regard des art. 90 et 91 LDIP, le champ d'application du droit matériel successoral suisse ne dépend pas toujours du domicile du défunt en Suisse. Au contraire, celui-ci peut aussi résulter de la nationalité suisse du défunt ainsi que d'autres critères utilisés par le droit international privé d'un Etat étranger. Ainsi, il ressort des dispositions de la LDIP que les critères de rattachement ne sont pas immuables, en ce sens que le défunt étranger, domicilié en Suisse, peut choisir son droit national pour le règlement de sa succession et que le défunt suisse, domicilié à l'étranger, peut choisir le droit suisse pour le règlement d'une partie ou de la totalité de sa succession. Dès lors, au décès d'une personne, le premier réflexe du juriste suisse doit être de déterminer - la localisation du dernier domicile du défunt ; - la nationalité du défunt ; - la localisation des biens successoraux. Lorsque l'un de ces éléments se rattache à un Etat étranger, le juriste suisse est amené à constater' le caractère international de la succession. Si les critères de rattachement du droit des conflits de chaque Etat partie à la succession coïncident, la succession internationale peut être réglée sous l'empire d'une seule et même loi, ne soulevant ainsi pas plus de problèmes que le règlement d'une succession nationale. A l'inverse, si les critères de rattachement du droit des conflits de chaque Etat partie à la succession ne s'accordent pas, la succession internationale peut faire l'objet d'une scission successorale, selon laquelle le règlement de la succession d'une personne est soumis à une pluralité d'ordres juridiques. La survenance d'une scission successorale aboutit donc à la coexistence de plusieurs masses successorales chacune régie par un ordre juridique différent. Si ce phénomène a pour effet de mettre en échec les principes d'unité et d'universalité de la succession au profit d'un règlement constellé de la succession entre plusieurs ordres juridiques nationaux, la question se pose de savoir comment harmoniser le règlement de ces différentes masses. Pour répondre à cette interrogation, nous allons effectuer, dans un premier temps, un large tour d'horizon du droit successoral matériel suisse avant d'étudier les art. 86-96 LDIP et les règles de conflits y relatives. Dans un second temps, nous allons confronter les règles de conflit successorales suisses avec les règles de conflit successorales allemande, autrichienne, italienne, française, anglaise et liechtensteinoise afin de constater quelles peuvent être les conséquences de la scission successorale sur les expectatives des héritiers et sur les droits des créanciers. Ces constatations nous amèneront notamment à définir la nature des droits successoraux des héritiers, le rattachement des dettes successorales, ainsi que l'étendue de la responsabilité des héritiers pour le passif successoral. Finalement, nous allons nous efforcer d'imaginer un système de droit matériel suisse pour harmoniser le règlement d'une succession faisant l'objet d'une scission. En effet, après un important travail de droit comparé, nous constaterons que certains ordres juridiques prévoient des règles de droit matériel ou des règles de conflit unilatérales permettant de corriger certains effets provoqués par une scission successorale. L'intitulé de cette étude révèle donc sans équivoque notre volonté de trouver un système permettant d'appréhender les effets de la scission successorale par le biais d'une prise en compte des biens extants dévolus sous l'empire d'une loi étrangère dans le cadre du règlement de la succession en Suisse. Pareille prise en compte étant dictée, à notre sens, par le principe de droit successoral matériel suisse qu'est le principe de l'universalité de la succession.

Characteristics and determinants of outcome of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in intensive care units: the EUROBACT International Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: The recent increase in drug-resistant micro-organisms complicates the management of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (HA-BSIs). We investigated the epidemiology of HA-BSI and evaluated the impact of drug resistance on outcomes of critically ill patients, controlling for patient characteristics and infection management. METHODS: A prospective, multicentre non-representative cohort study was conducted in 162 intensive care units (ICUs) in 24 countries. RESULTS: We included 1,156 patients [mean ± standard deviation (SD) age, 59.5 ± 17.7 years; 65 % males; mean ± SD Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II score, 50 ± 17] with HA-BSIs, of which 76 % were ICU-acquired. Median time to diagnosis was 14 [interquartile range (IQR), 7-26] days after hospital admission. Polymicrobial infections accounted for 12 % of cases. Among monomicrobial infections, 58.3 % were gram-negative, 32.8 % gram-positive, 7.8 % fungal and 1.2 % due to strict anaerobes. Overall, 629 (47.8 %) isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), including 270 (20.5 %) extensively resistant (XDR), and 5 (0.4 %) pan-drug-resistant (PDR). Micro-organism distribution and MDR occurrence varied significantly (p < 0.001) by country. The 28-day all-cause fatality rate was 36 %. In the multivariable model including micro-organism, patient and centre variables, independent predictors of 28-day mortality included MDR isolate [odds ratio (OR), 1.49; 95 % confidence interval (95 %CI), 1.07-2.06], uncontrolled infection source (OR, 5.86; 95 %CI, 2.5-13.9) and timing to adequate treatment (before day 6 since blood culture collection versus never, OR, 0.38; 95 %CI, 0.23-0.63; since day 6 versus never, OR, 0.20; 95 %CI, 0.08-0.47). CONCLUSIONS: MDR and XDR bacteria (especially gram-negative) are common in HA-BSIs in critically ill patients and are associated with increased 28-day mortality. Intensified efforts to prevent HA-BSIs and to optimize their management through adequate source control and antibiotic therapy are needed to improve outcomes.

Treatment and outcomes of acute basilar artery occlusion in the Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study (BASICS): a prospective registry study.

BACKGROUND: Treatment strategies for acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO) are based on case series and data that have been extrapolated from stroke intervention trials in other cerebrovascular territories, and information on the efficacy of different treatments in unselected patients with BAO is scarce. We therefore assessed outcomes and differences in treatment response after BAO. METHODS: The Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study (BASICS) is a prospective, observational registry of consecutive patients who presented with an acute symptomatic and radiologically confirmed BAO between November 1, 2002, and October 1, 2007. Stroke severity at time of treatment was dichotomised as severe (coma, locked-in state, or tetraplegia) or mild to moderate (any deficit that was less than severe). Outcome was assessed at 1 month. Poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin scale score of 4 or 5, or death. Patients were divided into three groups according to the treatment they received: antithrombotic treatment only (AT), which comprised antiplatelet drugs or systemic anticoagulation; primary intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), including subsequent intra-arterial thrombolysis; or intra-arterial therapy (IAT), which comprised thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, stenting, or a combination of these approaches. Risk ratios (RR) for treatment effects were adjusted for age, the severity of neurological deficits at the time of treatment, time to treatment, prodromal minor stroke, location of the occlusion, and diabetes. FINDINGS: 619 patients were entered in the registry. 27 patients were excluded from the analyses because they did not receive AT, IVT, or IAT, and all had a poor outcome. Of the 592 patients who were analysed, 183 were treated with only AT, 121 with IVT, and 288 with IAT. Overall, 402 (68%) of the analysed patients had a poor outcome. No statistically significant superiority was found for any treatment strategy. Compared with outcome after AT, patients with a mild-to-moderate deficit (n=245) had about the same risk of poor outcome after IVT (adjusted RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.60-1.45) or after IAT (adjusted RR 1.29, 0.97-1.72) but had a worse outcome after IAT compared with IVT (adjusted RR 1.49, 1.00-2.23). Compared with AT, patients with a severe deficit (n=347) had a lower risk of poor outcome after IVT (adjusted RR 0.88, 0.76-1.01) or IAT (adjusted RR 0.94, 0.86-1.02), whereas outcomes were similar after treatment with IAT or IVT (adjusted RR 1.06, 0.91-1.22). INTERPRETATION: Most patients in the BASICS registry received IAT. Our results do not support unequivocal superiority of IAT over IVT, and the efficacy of IAT versus IVT in patients with an acute BAO needs to be assessed in a randomised controlled trial. FUNDING: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht.

International Update, January/Febuary 2003

Report for Economic Development

International Update, Iowa Department of Economic Development, March/April, 2003

Department Report for Economic Development

Appropriate therapy for fistulizing and fibrostenotic Crohn's disease: results of a multidisciplinary international expert panel (EPACT II)

Introduction Many therapeutic decisions in the management of fistulizing and fibrostenotic Crohn's disease (CD) have to be taken without the benefit of strong scientific evidence. For this reason, explicit appropriateness criteria for CD fistula and stenosis treatment were developed by a multidisciplinary European expert panel in 2004 with the aim of making them easily available on the Internet and thus allowing individual case scenario evaluation; these criteria were updated in 2007. Methods Twelve international experts convened in Geneva, Switzerland in December 2007. Explicit clinical scenarios, corresponding to real daily practice, were rated on a 9-point scale based on evidence from the published literature and panelists' own expertise. Median ratings were stratified into three categories: appropriate (7-9), uncertain (4-6) and inappropriate (1-3). Results Overall, panelists rated 60 indications pertaining to fistulas. Antibiotics, azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine and conservative surgery are the mainstay of therapy for simple and complex fistulas. In the event of previous failure of azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine therapy, methotrexate and infliximab were considered appropriate for complex fistulas. The panel also rated 72 indications related to the management of fibrostenotic CD. The experts considered balloon dilation, if the stricture was endoscopically accessible, stricturoplasty and bowel resection to be appropriate for small bowel fibrostenotic Crohn's disease, and balloon dilation and bowel resection appropriate for fibrostenotic colonic disease. In the presence of an ileocolonic or ileorectal anastomotic stricture of <7 cm, endoscopic balloon dilation, and bowel resection were considered appropriate. Conclusion Antibiotics, azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine, and conservative surgery are the mainstay of therapy for fistulizing Crohn's disease. Infliximab is a therapeutic option in patients without prior response to immunosuppressant therapy. In fibrostenotic Crohn's disease, endoscopic balloon dilation, if feasible, or surgical therapy should be considered. These expert recommendations are available online (www.epact.ch). Prospective evaluation is now needed to test the validity of these appropriateness criteria in clinical practice.